Female genital mutilation

Guidelines, reviews, epidemiology

Africa - Africa, Asia - Africa, Europe - Africa, Middle East - Arab countries - Australia - Australia, New Zealand - Canada - Chad - Denmark - Djibouti - Egypt - Ethiopia - Europe - France - Gambia - Gambia, Senegal - Germany - Ghana - High-income countries - International - Iran - Iraq - Ireland - Italy - Kenya - Kenya, Tanzania - Low and middle income countries - Malaysia - Mali - Mauritania - Netherlands - Nigeria - Northeast Africa - Norway - OECD countries - Republic of Guinea - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Sierra Leone - Somalia - Somaliland - Sri Lanka - Sub-Saharan Africa - Sudan - Sweden - Switzerland - Tanzania - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States - Western countries - WHO - Yemen

Africa
- BMJ Global Health
  - The socioeconomic dynamics of trends in female genital mutilation/cutting across Africa [2020]
- Cureus
  - An Overview of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: Are the Women Beneficiaries or Victims? [2020]
- F1000Research
  - Adolescent girls’ attitudes toward female genital mutilation: a study in seven African countries [2018]
- Global Health Action
  - Female genital mutilation: a systematic review of research on its economic and social impacts across four decades [2016]
- International Journal for Equity in Health
  - Female genital mutilation: trends, economic burden of delay and basis for public health interventions [2024]
- PLoS ONE
  - Hierarchical modelling of factors associated with the practice and perpetuation of female genital mutilation in the next generation of women in Africa [2021]
- Systematic Reviews
  - Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women and girls in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
- WHO African Region
  - Female Genital Mutilation
Africa, Asia
- BMJ Global Health
  - Daughter circumcision and maternal life satisfaction: a cultural moderation effect revealed across two multicountry studies [2024]
Africa, Europe
- BMJ Global Health
  - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the consequences of female genital mutilation on maternal and perinatal health outcomes in European and African countries [2020]
Africa, Middle East
- BMJ Global Health
  - Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries [2022]
  - Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis [2018]
Arab countries
- Tropical Medicine & International Health
  - Female genital mutilation and cutting in the Arab League and diaspora: A systematic review of preventive interventions [2022]
- United Nations Population Fund
  - Female Genital Mutilation in Humanitarian Settings in the Arab Region [2021]
Australia
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
  - Female genital mutilation in children presenting to Australian paediatricians [2017]
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  - Towards estimating the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in Australia [2019]
  - Discussion of female genital mutilation/cutting data in Australia [2019]
- NSW Health
  - Maternity-Pregnancy and Birthing Care for Women Affected by Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting
- Reproductive Health
  - Commentary: What should referral pathways have to improve healthcare experiences of women with female genital mutilation in Australia? [2021]
  - Evidence-based policy responses to strengthen health, community and legislative systems that care for women in Australia with female genital mutilation / cutting [2017]
- SA Health
  - Female Genital Mutilation
Australia, New Zealand
- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  - Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) [2023]
Canada
- Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  - Female Genital Cutting [2020]
Chad
- BMC Public Health
  - Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0–14 in Chad: a mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014–2015 Chad demographic and health survey data [2021]
Denmark
- Reproductive Health
  - Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark [2018]
Djibouti
- African Health Sciences
  - Female genital mutilation in Djibouti [2012]
Egypt
- BMC Public Health
  - Women's position and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Egypt: A secondary analysis of the Egypt demographic and health surveys, 1995-2014 [2015]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Effect of parental attitudes on the practice and medicalization of female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey, 2015 [2022]
  - The decline of FGM in Egypt since 1987: a cohort analysis of the Egypt Demographic and Health Surveys [2020]
- International Journal for Equity in Health
  - Trends in attitudes towards female genital mutilation among ever-married Egyptian women, evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys, 1995–2014: paths of change [2016]
- PLoS ONE
  - Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt [2020]
- World Bank
  - Female Genital Cutting in Egypt : Drivers and Potential Responses [2017]
- World Health Organization
  - Men's and women's perception of the relationship between female genital mutilation and women's sexuality in three communities in Egypt: social science policy brief [2010]
Ethiopia
- BMC Public Health
  - Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis [2021]
  - Trends and Spatio-temporal variation of female genital mutilation among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: a Spatio-temporal and multivariate decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health surveys [2020]
- Heliyon
  - Prevalence of female genital mutilation among women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
- International Journal of Women's Health
  - Trends and Determinants of Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia: Multilevel Analysis of 2000, 2005 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys [2021]
- Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  - Modelling the risk factors associated with female genital mutilation among the under-five children in Ethiopia, a retrospective study [2025]
- PLoS ONE
  - Female genital mutilation among children in Ethiopia: A time-to-event analysis of age at circumcision [2025]
  - Does previous circumcision and wealth index influence women's attitude to discontinue the practice of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) in Ethiopia? [2022]
  - Changing prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation in Ethiopia: Data from the 2000, 2005 and 2016 national demographic health surveys [2020]
  - Geographic Variation and Factors Associated with Female Genital Mutilation among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia: A National Population Based Survey [2016]
Europe
- International Journal for Equity in Health
  - Addressing female genital mutilation in Europe: a scoping review of approaches to participation, prevention, protection, and provision of services [2018]
- Reproductive Health
  - Transforming social norms to end FGM in the EU: an evaluation of the REPLACE Approach [2020]
  - Towards a better estimation of prevalence of female genital mutilation in the European Union: a situation analysis [2020]
France
- BMC Medical Education
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among key caregivers: a French national survey [2025]
- Haute Autorité de Santé
  - Management of female genital mutilation by primary healthcare professionals [2020]
- International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting in women delivering in France: An observational national study [2025]
Gambia
- African Health Sciences
  - Obstetric outcome of female genital mutilation in the Gambia - an observational study [2022]
Gambia, Senegal
- World Health Organization
  - Dynamics of decision-making and change in the practice of female genital mutilation in the Gambia and Senegal: social science policy brief [2010]
Germany
- Bundesärztekammer
  - Recommendations on the management of patients with a history of female genital mutilation (FGM) [2016]
Ghana
- BioMed Research International
  - Female Genital Mutilation in Ghana: Prevalence and Socioeconomic Predictors [2021]
High-income countries
- Reproductive Health
  - Woman and girl-centred care for those affected by female genital mutilation: a scoping review of provider tools and guidelines [2022]
  - Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: a systematic review of the evidence [2019]
- Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  - "All you Gain is Pain and Sorrow": Facilitators and Barriers to the Prevention of Female Genital Mutilation in High-income Countries [2024]
International
- BMC Health Services Research
  - Health sector involvement in the management of female genital mutilation/cutting in 30 countries [2018]
- BMC International Health and Human Rights
  - Female genital mutilation and cutting: a systematic literature review of health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice [2015]
  - Female genital cutting (FGC) and the ethics of care: community engagement and cultural sensitivity at the interface of migration experiences [2014]
- BMC Public Health
  - Exploring the health complications of female genital mutilation through a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Effectiveness of health education intervention on intention not to perform female genital mutilation/cutting in the future among key decision-makers: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
- BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health
  - Factors associated with female genital mutilation: a systematic review and synthesis of national, regional and community-based studies [2022]
- Health Care for Women International
  - A Tradition in Transition: Factors Perpetuating and Hindering the Continuance of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Summarized in a Systematic Review [2013]
- Healthcare
  - Attitudes toward Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]
- International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  - Joint Statement on International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [2015]
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  - FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women [2021]
  - Decision-Making Process in Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review [2020]
- International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  - Impact of female genital mutilation laws, policies, and professional codes of conduct on healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes, skills, and quality of care: A mixed-method review [2026]
  - Management of health outcomes of female genital mutilation: Systematic reviews and evidence syntheses [2017]
- International Planned Parenthood Federation
  - Capability Statement: Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  - Addressing the needs of women & girls affected by FGM in service delivery facilities handbook [2018]
  - IMAP statement on the elimination of female genital mutilation [2015]
- Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  - What is currently known about female genital mutilation and incontinence: a narrative literature review [2025]
- Med
  - The role of the health sector in contributing to the abandonment of female genital mutilation [2021]
- Obstetrics and Gynecology International
  - The Obstetric Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2013]
- PLoS Medicine
  - Painful gynecologic and obstetric complications of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
- PLoS ONE
  - COVID-19 and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting and child marriage: An online multi-country cross sectional survey [2024]
  - Advancing the measurement of knowledge, attitudes and practices of health workers who care for women and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C): A qualitative exploration of expert opinion [2023]
- Qualitative Health Research
  - The Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation on Psycho-Social Well-Being: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research [2021]
- Reproductive Health
  - Debating medicalization of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): learning from (policy) experiences across countries [2019]
  - Understanding the motivations of health-care providers in performing female genital mutilation: an integrative review of the literature [2017]
  - Gender equality and human rights approaches to female genital mutilation: a review of international human rights norms and standards [2017]
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting: sharing data and experiences to accelerate eradication and improve care [2017]
  - The ongoing violence against women: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting [2016]
- Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  - Mental Health Disorders in Circumcised Reproductive-age Women, Legal Dimensions and Prevention Strategies: A Narrative Review [2023]
- UN Women
  - Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation: Report of the Secretary-General (2024) [2024]
- United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  - Female genital mutilation
- United Nations Population Fund
  - 2023 Annual Report of FGM Joint Programme: Addressing global challenges with local solutions to eliminate female genital mutilation [2024]
  - Technical Note: Developing Anti-FGM Laws Aligned with Human Rights [2023]
  - Research agenda and ethical guidance on FGM research [2022]
  - Technical Guidance: A Comprehensive Approach to Accelerating the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation [2021]
  - Effectiveness of Interventions Designed to Prevent or Respond to Female Genital Mutilation [2021]
  - Cost and impact of scaling up female genital mutilation prevention and care programs: Estimated resource requirements and impact on incidence and prevalence [2021]
  - Towards the elimination of FGM by 2030: A statistical assessment [2020]
  - Primer : Conducting Public Inquiries to Eliminate Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  - Policy Brief: Enabling Environments for Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  - Compendium of Indicators on Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  - Beyond the Crossing: Female genital mutilation across borders [2019]
  - Seventeen Ways to End FGM/C [2017]
  - Female genital mutilation
- World Bank
  - Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation, Eighth Edition [2024]
Iran
- PLoS ONE
  - Daughters at Risk of Female Genital Mutilation: Examining the Determinants of Mothers’ Intentions to Allow Their Daughters to Undergo Female Genital Mutilation [2016]
Iraq
- BMC Women's Health
  - Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018 [2021]
- Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  - Geographical variation in the prevalence of female genital mutilation in the Kurdistan region of Iraq [2019]
Ireland
- Ireland's Health Services
  - Female Genital Mutilation Information for Healthcare Professionals Working in Ireland [2021]
  - Management of Female Genital Mutilation [2019]
Italy
- BMC Public Health
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting in Italy: an enhanced estimation for first generation migrant women based on 2016 survey data [2018]
- Journal of Biosocial Science
  - A revised estimation of female genital mutilation/cutting among migrants in Italy for the year 2023 [2025]
- PLoS ONE
  - Exploring support for medicalized female genital mutilation/cutting: A study on migrant women living in Italy [2025]
Kenya
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  - A Spatial Analysis of the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among 0–14-Year-Old Girls in Kenya [2019]
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
  - Community Influences on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: Norms, Opportunities, and Ethnic Diversity [2019]
- PLoS ONE
  - Female genital mutilation and its effects among women of reproductive age in Kenya: Insights from Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022 [2025]
Kenya, Tanzania
- BMC Public Health
  - Trends and determinants of female genital mutilation prevalence among women of reproductive age in Tanzania and Kenya: a demographic and health survey analysis (2008-2022) [2025]
Low and middle income countries
- PLoS Medicine
  - The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies [2022]
- PLoS ONE
  - Calculating age-specific prevalence rates of female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM/C) for use as an input variable in extrapolation calculations and as predictors of future prevalence in countries of origin [2025]
Malaysia
- PLoS Medicine
  - Medicalization of female genital cutting in Malaysia: A mixed methods study [2020]
Mali
- BMC Women's Health
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting among girls aged 0-14: evidence from the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey data [2024]
Mauritania
- PLoS ONE
  - A Description of Female Genital Mutilation and Force-Feeding Practices in Mauritania: Implications for the Protection of Child Rights and Health [2013]
Netherlands
- BJGP Open
  - Female genital mutilation — a blind spot in Dutch general practice? A case–control study [2021]
- BMC Public Health
  - Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Netherlands: a comparison between a nationwide survey in midwifery practices and extrapolation-model [2020]
- PLoS ONE
  - The prevalence and risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among migrant women and girls in the Netherlands: An extrapolation method [2020]
Nigeria
- BMC Public Health
  - Comparison of FGM prevalence among Nigerian women aged 15-49 years using two household surveys conducted before and after the COVID-19 pandemic [2024]
- BMC Research Notes
  - Evaluating the effectiveness of the violence against persons prohibition act in reducing female genital mutilation/cutting in Nigeria: a multi-year policy impact analysis [2026]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Cohort analysis of the state of female genital cutting in Nigeria: prevalence, daughter circumcision and attitude towards its discontinuation [2021]
- Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal
  - Prevalence, Socio-economic Factors and Correlates of Mother-to-Daughter Female Genital Cutting in Nigeria [2025]
- PLoS ONE
  - Evaluating changes in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among 0-14 years old girls in Nigeria using data from multiple surveys: A novel Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal model [2021]
- Reproductive Health
  - Contextual determinants of generational continuation of female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: analysis of the 2018 demographic and health survey [2024]
  - Female genital mutilation and sexual behaviour by marital status among a nationally representative sample of Nigerian women [2022]
- Tzu-Chi Medical Journal
  - Female genital mutilation; culture, religion, and medicalization, where do we direct our searchlights for it eradication: Nigeria as a case study [2019]
- WHO African Region
  - Elimination of Female Genital Circumcision in Nigeria [2017]
- Women's Health
  - A robust cross-sectional assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of female genital mutilation among 0-14 years old girls in Nigeria [2025]
Northeast Africa
- African Health Sciences
  - Combating female genital mutilation in Northeast (Horn) Africa and its challenges [2020]
Norway
- BMC Public Health
  - Estimating the magnitude of female genital mutilation/cutting in Norway: an extrapolation model [2016]
- PLoS ONE
  - A system analysis of the mental health services in Norway and its availability to women with female genital mutilation [2020]
- Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
  - Female genital cutting in women living in Norway – consequences and treatment [2021]
OECD countries
- Midwifery
  - Pre-service education and continuous professional development on female genital mutilation/cutting for maternal health professionals in OECD countries: A scoping review [2024]
Republic of Guinea
- PLoS ONE
  - Attitudes of health care providers regarding female genital mutilation and its medicalization in Guinea [2021]
- Reproductive Health
  - Involving the health sector in the prevention and care of female genital mutilation: results from formative research in Guinea [2022]
Saudi Arabia
- Cureus
  - Female Genital Mutilation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review [2021]
  - Awareness of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among the General Population in 2019: A Survey-based Study in Saudi Arabia [2020]
Senegal
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  - Self-report and proxy reports in survey data on female genital mutilation, Senegal [2025]
- International Journal for Equity in Health
  - Trends in female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal: what can we learn from successive household surveys in sub-Saharan African countries? [2019]
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  - Analysing Normative Influences on the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among 0–14 Years Old Girls in Senegal: A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical Regression Approach [2021]
- World Health Organization
  - Sociocultural motivations for female genital mutilation: matrimonial strategies, family motivations and religious justifications among the Al Pulaar and the Soninké in the River Senegal Valley [2011]
Sierra Leone
- BMC International Health and Human Rights
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting in Sierra Leone: are educated women intending to circumcise their daughters? [2020]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Women’s empowerment and female genital mutilation intention for daughters in Sierra Leone: a multilevel analysis [2021]
- PLoS ONE
  - Early childhood female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone, 2008-2019 [2025]
- Reproductive Health
  - Do educated women in Sierra Leone support discontinuation of female genital mutilation/cutting? Evidence from the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey [2020]
Somalia
- Atención Primaria
  - Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among daughters using Somalia Demographic Health Survey Data, SDHS 2020 [2025]
- International Health
  - Attitudes towards wife-beating justification and its association with female genital mutilation - analysis of ever-married Somali women in the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey [2025]
Somaliland
- BMC Public Health
  - Attitudes towards the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting in Somaliland: evidence from the Somali Demographic Health Survey 2020 [2025]
Sri Lanka
- Ceylon Medical Journal
  - The need for an evidence-informed, multi-sectoral and community participatory action framework to address the practice of female genital mutilation in Sri Lanka [2018]
- Reproductive Health
  - Insights into preventing female genital mutilation/cutting in Sri Lanka: a qualitative interpretative study [2021]
Sub-Saharan Africa
- BMC Public Health
  - Prevalence and determinants of female genital mutilation: current insights from ten at-risk countries in Sub-Saharan Africa [2025]
  - The perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic on female genital mutilation/cutting and child or forced marriages in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Senegal [2022]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance among women in sub-Saharan Africa [2022]
- BMJ Open
  - Is there a relationship between female genital mutilation/cutting and fistula? A statistical analysis using cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys in 10 sub-Saharan Africa countries [2019]
- Global Public Health
  - The feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness and impact of implementing person-centered communication for prevention of female genital mutilation in antenatal care settings in Guinea, Kenya and Somalia [2024]
- PLoS ONE
  - Female genital mutilation and safer sex negotiation among women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of demographic and health survey data [2024]
  - Understanding the association between parental attitudes and the practice of female genital mutilation among daughters [2020]
- Reproductive Health
  - Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys [2020]
  - Episiotomy and obstetric outcomes among women living with type 3 female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis [2016]
- Scientific Reports
  - Machine learning based classification of female genital mutilation in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries using demographic and health survey data [2026]
- SSM - Population Health
  - Economic status, a salient motivator for medicalisation of FGM in sub-Saharan Africa: Myth or reality from 13 national demographic health surveys [2020]
- Women & Health
  - The psychosocial effects of Female Genital Mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review [2025]
Sudan
- BMJ Global Health
  - Turning the tide on female genital mutilation in a high prevalence country: a programmatic data analysis for Sudan's comprehensive health sector response, 2016-2018 [2022]
- Sexuality & Culture
  - Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan: is a new era starting? [2021]
Sweden
- PLoS ONE
  - Risk of emergency cesarean section when giving birth in Sweden: A nationwide cohort study comparing women born in countries practicing female genital mutilation, with Swedish-born women [2025]
  - Risk of obstetric anal sphincter tear among primiparous women with a history of female genital mutilation, giving birth in Sweden [2022]
Switzerland
- BMC Public Health
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) coding capacities in Swiss university hospitals using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) [2021]
  - Estimating the indirect prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in Switzerland [2021]
- Reproductive Health
  - Diagnoses and procedures of inpatients with female genital mutilation/cutting in Swiss University Hospitals: a cross-sectional study [2022]
Tanzania
- BMC Public Health
  - Female genital mutilation and its associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS) [2024]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Factors associated with female genital mutilation/cutting in Tanzania: insights from Tanzania demographic and health survey 2022 [2025]
- PLoS ONE
  - Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation/cutting among Tanzanian women who gave birth in the five years prior to the survey: A population-based study [2024]
  - Trend in female genital mutilation and its associated adverse birth outcomes: A 10-year retrospective birth registry study in Northern Tanzania [2021]
United Arab Emirates
- BMC Women's Health
  - Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practices of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) among United Arab Emirates population [2020]
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  - Legal Awareness and Practices of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) among United Arab Emirates Medical Practitioners [2023]
United Kingdom
- BMJ Open
  - Conversations about FGM in primary care: a realist review on how, why and under what circumstances FGM is discussed in general practice consultations [2021]
- Crown Prosecution Service
  - Female Genital Mutilation
- Department of Health and Social Care
  - Female Genital Mutilation Risk and Safeguarding; Guidance for professionals [2016]
  - Multi-agency statutory guidance on female genital mutilation
  - Female genital mutilation (FGM): resources for healthcare staff
- Health Expectations
  - Listening to Women's Voices: A Patient and Public Involvement Exercise Exploring Vulval Reconstructive Surgery for UK Women With Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [2025]
- Health Technology Assessment
  - Views of female genital mutilation survivors, men and health-care professionals on timing of deinfibulation surgery and NHS service provision: qualitative FGM Sister Study [2023]
- Home Office
  - Female genital mutilation
- Institute of Health Promotion and Education
  - IHPE Position Statement: Female genital mutilation (FGM) [2025]
- International Journal of Impotence Research
  - Available evidence suggests that prevalence and risk of female genital cutting/mutilation in the UK is much lower than widely presumed - policies based on exaggerated estimates are harmful to girls and women from affected communities [2023]
- Legislation.gov.uk
  - Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 [2003]
- Maturitas
  - What are the health needs of women with female genital mutilation going through menopause? [2024]
- NHS Digital
  - Female Genital Mutilation
- NHS England
  - Female Genital Mutilation: Standards for training healthcare professionals [2018]
  - Genital Surgery to improve clitoral sensation for women who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation [2015]
- PLoS Medicine
  - Compassionate and Proactive Interventions by Health Workers in the United Kingdom: A Better Approach to Prevent and Respond to Female Genital Mutilation? [2016]
- Royal College of Emergency Medicine
  - A universal FGM flowchart and reporting tool [2017]
- Royal College of Nursing
  - Female Genital Mutilation - RCN guidance for travel health services [2023]
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  - Female Genital Mutilation and its Management [2015]
- Scottish Government
  - Responding to female genital mutilation: multi-agency guidance [2017]
  - Eradicating female genital mutilation - national action plan 2016-2020: equality impact assessment [2017]
- WISDOM
  - Female Genital Mutilation Guideline [2024]
United States
- American Academy of Pediatrics
  - Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting in Girls [2020]
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  - Female Genital Mutilation [2022]
- American Family Physician
  - Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting [2018]
- American Journal of Public Health
  - Public Health Research Priorities to Address Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting in the United States [2019]
- BMC Women's Health
  - Female genital mutilation and cutting: a survey of child abuse pediatricians [2024]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  - Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
- Congress.gov
  - STOP FGM Act of 2020 [2020]
- PLoS ONE
  - The women's health needs study among women from countries with high prevalence of female genital mutilation living in the United States: Design, methods, and participant characteristics [2024]
- Reproductive Health
  - Female genital mutilation/cutting experiences and attitudes among women from countries with high prevalence of FGM/C living in the United States: findings from the women's health needs study [2026]
- Travel.State.Gov
  - U.S. Government Fact Sheet on Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Office on Women's Health
  - Female genital mutilation or cutting
Western countries
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  - Cultural change after migration: Circumcision of girls in Western migrant communities [2016]
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  - Investigating Factors Associated with Migration and Cultural Adaptation in Relation to Change in Attitudes and Behavior towards Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) among Populations from FGM/C-Practicing Countries Living in Western Countries: A Scoping Review [2024]
WHO
- World Health Organization
  - WHO guideline on the prevention of female genital mutilation and clinical management of complications [2025]
  - Person-centred communication for female genital mutilation prevention: a facilitator’s guide for training health-care providers [2022]
  - Integrating female genital mutilation content into nursing and midwifery curricula: a practical guide [2022]
  - Ethical considerations in research on female genital mutilation [2021]
  - Female genital mutilation: Evidence brief [2019]
  - Care of girls and women living with female genital mutilation [2018]
  - WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation [2016]
  - Understanding and addressing violence against women: female genital mutilation [2012]
  - An update on WHO's work on female genital mutilation (FGM): progress report [2011]
  - Global strategy to stop health-care providers from performing female genital mutilation [2010]
  - Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO [2008]
  - Management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum in the presence of female genital mutilation [2001]
  - Female genital mutilation: Fact sheet
  - Female genital mutilation (FGM) prevention and care – A resource kit for the health sector
  - Female genital mutilation
  - FGM Cost Calculator
Yemen
- BMC Public Health
  - Prevalence and drivers of female genital mutilation/cutting in three coastal governorates in Yemen [2023]