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1
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- Grace P. Bianchi Movarekhi =
MD, PD
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2
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- The end of periods
- The end of the ovarian activity
- The end of reproductive capacity
- The transition from childbe=
aring
years to non-childbearing years
- The term derives the Greek words menos (month) and pausis (pause)
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3
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- The term defines the period that precedes (pre-menopause) and follows
menopause (post-menopause)
- Is characterised by progressive decrease in ovarian function and the
appearance of the clinical and biological signs associated to this e=
vent
- Can last several years and =
must
be related to the concept of life expectancy
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4
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- Mean age of menopause varies according to studies
- MWHS : 51.3 years
- Mostly between 48 and 52 years
- 90% of women are menopaused between 45 and 55 years of age
- Mean age at perimenopause : 47.5 years of age
- Duration of postmenopause : life expectancy is 33 years after the ag=
e of
50.
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- Endocrine mechanisms
- Ovarian reserve
- Oocyte quality
- Implantation
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6
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- Aging of oocytes (starts in uterus)
- Decrease of the oocyte reserve
- (25000) by the age of 37.=
5y old
- Critical threshold 1000 oocytes (51 y)
- Aging of the granulosa cells
- Aging of ovarian vascular system
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8
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- The post-menopausal ovary ( at 6-12 months of amenorrhea) is constit=
uted
mainly of hyperplasic connective tissue
- Some follicles will still be present and will disappear progressively
between 24 and 48
- months of amenorrhea
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9
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10
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11
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- In contrast to the timing of onset of the menstrual cycle for which a
considerable genetic influence has been shown data are not so clear =
for
menopause.
- Attempts to relate menopause with different behavioural, reproductive
and anthropometrical factors failed to show a consistent and replica=
ble
influence.
- Only smoking advances menopause of ~1.5-2 years
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- Smoking (early onset)
- Ethnic origin and climate (early)
- Malnutrition (early)
- Hysterectomy (early)
- Fibroids ? (late)
- Alcohol (late)
- Obesity (late)
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14
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- Age at puberty
- Oral contraception
- Ovarian stimulation
- Number of pregnancies
- Age at last pregnancy
- Lifestyle
- Height
- Weight
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15
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- In post-menopausal women estrogen levels are down to one tenth than
their level during reproductive years
- Progesterone is nearly absent
- The small amounts of circulating hormones are produced not by the
ovaries but by the adrenal glands and the fat cells
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- Bone
- Cardiovascular system
- Breast
- Uterus
- Ovary
- And muscle, skin, brain, etc.
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- Absence of period
- Hot flashes
- Night sweats
- Sleeplessness
- Vaginal dryness
- Mood changes
- Skin and hair modifications
- Fatigue
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18
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- Short and long term treatments
- Different indications and possibly
- different risks
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- They can have different effects in different tissues
- Estrogens are extra and intra cellular messengers and stimulate cell
growth
- In general they have a proliferative effect
- Progesterone has a trophic effect
- Progestins have mostly an atrophic effect
- on the endometrium
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- Estradiol
- (17 b estradiol, estrogen valerate)
- oral, transdermal, vaginally,i.m.
- Conjugated estrogens
- (50% estrone sulfate, 23%
equiline)
- oral, vaginal
- Estriol
- oral, vaginal
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- Natural progesterone
- Progestins derived from progesterone
- Acetate of medroxiprogesterone
- Medrogestone,
- Cyproteron acetate
- Dihydrogesterone
- Progestins derived from nortestosterone
- Norethisterone
- Norgestrel, desogestrel, levonorgestrel, desogen, dienogest
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Possible
therapeutic schemes=
div>
- Estrogens only
- 1__________ 14 _____________28
- Gestogens as cyclic monotherapy
- 1 14_____________ 28
- Cyclic combined HRT
- 1__________
14
____________ 28
- _____________ 28
- Continuous combined HRT
- 1__________
14
_____________28
- 1__________
14_____________28
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- About 8 million women in the USA take estrogen alone and about 6 mil=
lion
are on the combined hormone regimen
- 45% of US women born between 1897 and 1950 used HRT for at least one
month and 20% for 5 or more years
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- Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) only doubles the estrogen and progesterone levels of a
post-menopausal woman thus by no means it restores the previous horm=
one
environment of that woman or is capable of restoring any ovarian
activity
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25
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- Aim of the study was to define risks and benefits of strategies that
could reduce the incidence of heart disease, breast and colon cancer=
and
fractures in post-menopausal women
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- 161 809 women aged between 50 and 79 years old were enrolled between
1993 and 1998 for a set of clinical studies on low-fat dietary patte=
rns,
Calcium and Vit D supplementation, 2 trials of post-menopausal hormo=
ne
use and an observational study at 40 USA clinical centres
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- Type of studied HRT
- Continuous combined HRT
- Conjugated equine estrogens administered orally
- Type of study
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- 16 608 women with no history of hysterectomy had been enrolled for a
randomised trial on continuous hormonal replacement treatment with
equine estrogens and acetate of medroxiprogesterone
- The trial was stopped early because evidence of health risks exceeding health be=
nefits
over an average follow-up of 5.2 years
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29
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- The arm of the study on combined HRT
- was stopped after 5,2 years instead of
8
- as intermediate monitoring of results
- showed that the risks outweighted the
- benefits
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30
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- Risk included small but significant increase in
- breast cancer
- coronary heart disease
- stroke
- blood clots
- Benefits included lower risk for
- hip fractures
- colon cancer
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- WHI completely stopped
- No benefits for the cardiovascular system
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- The risk was 29% higher for the group taking combined HRT than the group on placebo
- The annual increased risk for an individual women was still relative=
ly
small
- In 1 year 37 heart disease events per 10.000 women were reported in =
the
combined HRT protocol versus 30 in the placebo group
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- Risk was 26% higher in the treated group
- On average in one year 8 additional cases were observed in this grou=
p
- The increase was apparent after 4 years and the risk appeared to be
cumulative
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- 41% of increased risk for the group on HRT
- On average 29 cases per 10000 women vs. 20 cases
- The risk appeared in the 2nd year of treatment
- 2 fold greater rates of blood clots than the group on placebo
- On average 34 cases per 10000 women vs. 16 cases
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- Colon cancer
- Reduction of 37% in the HRT group
- On average 10 cases per 10000 women vs 16 cases in the placebo grou=
p
- Benefit appeared after 3 years of use and became more significant with time
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- Bone fractures
- First study to show a decreased
risk of vertebral a=
nd
other osteoporotic fractures
- 24% reduction in total fractures
and 34% reduction in hip fractures
- 10 vs. 15 cases (5 fewer cases per 10000 per year)
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- Prolonged exposure of the uterus to estrogens in the absence of
progesterone increases the risk of endometrial cancer
- Progesterone or progestins must be used for at least 10 days to prov=
ide
protection statistically
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- One recent study suggested that combined
HRT do not increase the risk if Progesterone is used at least=
for
15 days a month
- Estrogens increases the risk of ovarian cancer and the risk increase
with time of use (less or m=
ore
than 20 y of treatment)
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- HRT reduces of 30% the risk=
of
hip fractures and 50% those of vertebrae
- One of the women over 80 will suffer of fractures
- A protective effect seems to exist and is time dependent (less and o=
ver
10 y)
- The time of treatment seems also to play a role
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- JAMA Nov. 2002
- 41% reduction in risk of AD (26 cases out of 1066 women who had used
HRT vs 58 cases out of 800 non users)=
li>
- Women who had used HRT for 10 or more years has a risk comparable with the r=
isk
observed in men
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41
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- Phyto – hormones
- Black cohosh (cimifuga racemosa), lignins
- (flaxseeds), coumestans (sunflower seeds, red clover),
- isoflavones (soya), yam
(extracts)
- Androgens
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
- Testosterone
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42
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- (Selective estrogen receptors modulators)
- Raloxifene
- SSRI and NRI
- SERM
- Modulators of the serotonin levels and 5-HT 2a receptors
- Fluoxitine
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43
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- Hot flashes
- Sweating
- Dizziness
- Headaches
- Vaginal dryness
- Dyspareunia
- Decreases FSH
- Increases libido
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44
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- No estrogenic activity on endometrium ??
- 12% of cases irregular bleeding (unexplained)
- Endometrium has showed to be atrophic at US and biopsy
- No impact on fibroids
- Can be associated to LHRH analogues to limit hypoestrogenic symptoms=
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- Effective on bone
- Reduces by 50% bone remodelling
- but increases thromboembolic events
(Thebes study data presented in Buenos Aires 2005)
- less effects on breast
- Until the One million women
study (Lancet 2003) showed that this was not the case
- Has an inotropic effect on heart and no impact on blood pressure
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46
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- Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake (1000 to 1500 and exercise
- If at risk:
- Livial ??
- recent results showed that as it increases bone density it increases
also thromboembolic risk in older women (LIFT study) and that it could cause endometr=
ial
cancer (THEBES study)
- Evista ??
- important vasomotor side e=
ffects
- Fosamax ??
- Mandibular osteodistrophy
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47
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- Derived from tamoxifene and mainly used for prevention of breast can=
cer
recurrency
- Effects: agonists or antagonists on different tissues
- Used essentially for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
- Effects also on the vascular system and metabolism
- Ongoing studies (Ruth, More=
)
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48
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- They decrease osteoclasts activity
- They are fixed by the bone
- Very little absorption
- Some side effects
- The effect last on bone up to one year after end of treatment
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49
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- Don’t smoke
- Eat a healthy diet
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Get adequate exercise
- Reduce stress
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50
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- Lifestyle changes
- Soy foods
- Antidepressants
- (Effexor, Prozac, Paxil)
- Hypotensive drugs
- (Catapresan)
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51
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- Vaginal lubricants
- Vaginal estrogen products
- (creams, gels, ovules, vaginal ring)
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52
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- Control and maintain low cholesterol levels
- Control and maintain low blood pressure levels
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53
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- Will low doses of estrogens and progestin have lower risks?
- Do other types of estrogens and progestins or other ways of
administering them have different risks?
- Which place for physiological HRT?
- What is the best method to stop taking estrogens and progestins
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54
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- More research is needed and welcomed
- A standard, perfect and safe dose for all women probably does not ex=
ist
- The best dose is the lowest capable of treating the symptoms in each
patient
- Genetic and personal risks must be carefully evaluated
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