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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Gender, sexuality and vaginal =
practices study
• Adriane Martin Hilber
• =
• Training Cour=
se in
Sexual Health Research
• Geneva 2006
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Gender, sexuality =
and
Vaginal practices study
• WHO has launched a four country compa=
rative
study on gend=
er,
sexuality and vaginal practices to build the knowledge base on the extent to which=
they
impact on sexu=
al and
reproductive health outcomes.
•
• The study has been organised in 2 pha=
ses: a
qualitative phase
1 to better understand the nature, motivations and circumstances about the practices; an=
d a
phase 2 hou=
sehold
survey to determine the estimated prevalence for the study provinces in the four
countries.
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Objectives of the
Study
1. What
vaginal practices (efforts to modify, cut, dry, cleanse, enhance, <=
/span>tighten, lubricate or loosen the vagina, labia, cl=
itoris
or hymen) are found a=
mong
women in the study communities?
2. What is the prevalence and frequency of these vagi=
nal
practices within=
each
study population?
3. What are the reasons women undertake these vaginal
practices?
4. What
impact do these practices have on women’s and men’s self- perceived sexual and reproductive health?
=
5. What
impact do these practices have on women’s and men’s self- =
perceived sexual satisfaction and experience?
=
6. To
what extent are the practices promoted or opposed by women’s sexual partners, or by other members of the commun=
ity,
including traditional and mod=
ern
health service providers?
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
The
most significant findings of the study =
related to commonality of the practices , motivations for the practices<=
/u> , implicit =
health consequences of the pra=
ctices , and apparent prevalence . In addition, the study =
found that the term "dry sex=
"
which is commonly
used in the literature is an over simplification of the practices and does not <=
/b> =
adequately reflect the diversity =
of the practices nor the motivations for=
use of
the p=
ractices.
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Commonalities
• In all four countries, the fol=
lowing
practices were reported:
washing, cleansing, smo=
king
or steaming (fogging), ins=
ertion
of substances, application of
substances, and ingestion of
substances for the pur=
poses
of tightening, drying and/or warm=
ing
the vagina.
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Commonalities
• Common motivations include hygiene=
, to increase sexual satisfaction of ma=
le =
partners, self satisfaction and bo=
dy
image.
• Other common motivations related t=
o other sexual and reproductive health con=
cerns =
such as fertility, pregnancy and
post-partum care,
and control of suspected STIs/ HIV and =
to induce abortion.
=
• The motivations were also often as=
sociated
w=
ith
specific time periods or events (menses, =
pregnancy, menopause) in a woman's=
life.
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Commonalities
• The he=
alth
implications which can be deduced from the reports of women included
• i) a willingness to endure pain before, during =
and
after =
intercourse
to achieve the desired effects of the practices -- most likely due to abrasions, l=
esions,
and or the application
of astringent substances on these wounds;
• ii) that women that practice are less likely to=
use a
condom o=
r other
barrier methods for contraception or for dual protection as the practice necessa=
rily
implies "skin to skin" contact to achieve the desired effec=
t;
• iii)
significant use of a myriad of practices to address of other SRH concerns including induc=
ed
abortion and self treatment
of vaginal discharge and other symptoms of STIs, both which could have signif=
icant
health c=
onsequences
.
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
Commonalities
• =
In
all countries, all women were familiar with the majority of the practices and =
many
knew of=
others
or they themselves had done the practices at some point in their lives. We =
=
estimate the prevalence of "E=
ver
use" of at least
one vaginal practice is close to 100% =
and ever use of a potential harmful
practice such
as insertion of substances could =
range <=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:88%'>as high as 70% of women in some of=
the =
sites.
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------=_NextPart_01C64E6E.57551280
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var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
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var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
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These functions control slide navigation
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document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
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obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
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return;
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narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
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GoToSldNum(ii)
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gCurSld =3D num;
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gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
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There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
implemented as function objects. They share
a similiar interface so the event handlers
can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
object without needing to know exactly=20
what type of button it is.
**********************************************/
//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
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obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{ =20
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{ =20
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1=20
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
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Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices study - Adriane Martin Hilbe=
r
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No=
tes
1
Adriane Martin Hilber
Training Course in Sexual Health Research
Geneva 2006
2
WHO has launched a four country comparative study on gender, sexuali=
ty
and vaginal practices to build the knowledge base on the extent to w=
hich
they impact on sexual and reproductive health outcomes.
The study has been organised in 2 phases: a qualitative phase 1 to
better understand the nature, motivations and circumstances about the
practices; and a phase 2 household survey to determine the estimated
prevalence for the study provinces in the four countries.
3
What vaginal practices (efforts to modify, cut, dry, cleanse, enhanc=
e,
tighten, lubricate or loosen the vagina, labia, clitoris or hymen) a=
re
found among women in the study communities?
What is the prevalence and frequency of these vaginal practices with=
in
each study population?
What are the reasons women undertake these vaginal practices?
What impact do these practices have on women’s and men’s self-percei=
ved
sexual and reproductive health?
What impact do these practices have on women’s and men’s self-percei=
ved
sexual satisfaction and experience?
To what extent are the practices promoted or opposed by women’s sexu=
al
partners, or by other members of the community, including traditional
and modern health service providers?
4
5
In all four countries, the following practices were reported: washin=
g,
cleansing, smoking or steaming (fogging), insertion of substances,
application of substances, and ingestion of substances for the purpo=
ses
of tightening, drying and/or warming the vagina.
6
Common motivations include hygiene, to increase sexual satisfaction =
of
male partners, self satisfaction and body image.
Other common motivations related to other sexual and reproductive he=
alth
concerns such as fertility, pregnancy and post-partum care, and cont=
rol
of suspected STIs/ HIV and to induce abortion.
The motivations were also often associated with specific time period=
s or
events (menses, pregnancy, menopause) in a woman's life.
7
The health implications which can be deduced from the reports of wom=
en
included
i) a willingness to endure pain before, during and after intercourse=
to
achieve the desired effects of the practices -- most likely due to
abrasions, lesions, and or the application of astringent substances =
on
these wounds;
ii) that women that practice are less likely to use a condom or other
barrier methods for contraception or for dual protection as the prac=
tice
necessarily implies "skin to skin" contact to achieve the
desired effect;
iii) significant use of a myriad of practices to address of other SRH
concerns including induced abortion and self treatment of vaginal
discharge and other symptoms of STIs, both which could have signific=
ant
health consequences .
8
In all countries, all women were familiar with the majority of the
practices and many knew of others or they themselves had done the
practices at some point in their lives. We estimate the prevalence of
"Ever use" of at least one vaginal practice is close to 10=
0%
and ever use of a potential harmful practice such as insertion of
substances could range as h=
igh as
70% of women in some of the sites.
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tes![](3D"buttons.gif")
