Infertility and spontaneous abortion
Specific diagnoses of infertility, by developing status and region (WHO study)
| Categories | Developed | Africa | Asia | Latin America | East Mediterranean |
| Female diagnosis | |||||
| No demonstrable cause | 40 | 16 | 31 | 35 | 26 |
| Bilateral tubal occlusion | 11 | 49 | 14 | 15 | 20 |
| Pelvic adhesions | 13 | 24 | 13 | 17 | 13 |
| Acquired tubal abnormality | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 |
| Anovulatory regular cycles | 10 | 14 | 9 | 9 | 15 |
| Anovulatory oligomenorrhea | 9 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 11 |
| Ovulatory oligomenorrhea | 7 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 8 |
| Hyperprolactinemia | 7 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 |
| Endometriosis | 6 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 1 |
| Male diagnosis | |||||
| No demonstrable cause | 49 | 46 | 58 | 41 | 28 |
Cates W, Farley TMM, Rowe PJ. Patterns of infertility in the developed and developing worlds. In: Rowe PJ, Vikhlyaeva EM, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Toronto: Hans Huber Publishers; 1988. p. 57-67.