Female genital mutilation

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Female genital mutilation

Africa

• BMJ Global Health
  • The socioeconomic dynamics of trends in female genital mutilation/cutting across Africa [2020]

• Cureus
  • An Overview of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: Are the Women Beneficiaries or Victims? [2020]

• F1000Research
  • Adolescent girls’ attitudes toward female genital mutilation: a study in seven African countries [2018]

• Global Health Action
  • Female genital mutilation: a systematic review of research on its economic and social impacts across four decades [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Hierarchical modelling of factors associated with the practice and perpetuation of female genital mutilation in the next generation of women in Africa [2021]

• WHO African Region
  • Female Genital Mutilation

Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia

• PLoS Medicine
  • The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies [2022]

Africa, Europe

• BMJ Global Health
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the consequences of female genital mutilation on maternal and perinatal health outcomes in European and African countries [2020]

Africa, Middle East

• BMJ Global Health
  • Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries [2022]
  • Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis [2018]

Arab countries

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Female genital mutilation and cutting in the Arab League and diaspora: A systematic review of preventive interventions [2022]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Female Genital Mutilation in Humanitarian Settings in the Arab Region [2021]

Australia

• Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • Female genital mutilation in children presenting to Australian paediatricians [2017]

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Towards estimating the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in Australia [2019]
  • Discussion of female genital mutilation/cutting data in Australia [2019]

• Reproductive Health
  • Commentary: What should referral pathways have to improve healthcare experiences of women with female genital mutilation in Australia? [2021]
  • Evidence-based policy responses to strengthen health, community and legislative systems that care for women in Australia with female genital mutilation / cutting [2017]

• SA Health
  • Female Genital Mutilation

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) [2023]

Canada

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Female Genital Cutting [2020]

Chad

• BMC Public Health
  • Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0–14 in Chad: a mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014–2015 Chad demographic and health survey data [2021]

Denmark

• Reproductive Health
  • Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark [2018]

Djibouti

• African Health Sciences
  • Female genital mutilation in Djibouti [2012]

Egypt

• BMC Public Health
  • Women's position and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Egypt: A secondary analysis of the Egypt demographic and health surveys, 1995-2014 [2015]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Effect of parental attitudes on the practice and medicalization of female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey, 2015 [2022]
  • The decline of FGM in Egypt since 1987: a cohort analysis of the Egypt Demographic and Health Surveys [2020]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Trends in attitudes towards female genital mutilation among ever-married Egyptian women, evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys, 1995–2014: paths of change [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Community gender systems and a daughter’s risk of female genital mutilation/cutting: Multilevel findings from Egypt [2020]

• World Bank
  • Female Genital Cutting in Egypt : Drivers and Potential Responses [2017]

• World Health Organization
  • Men's and women's perception of the relationship between female genital mutilation and women's sexuality in three communities in Egypt: social science policy brief [2010]

Ethiopia

• BMC Public Health
  • Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis [2021]
  • Trends and Spatio-temporal variation of female genital mutilation among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: a Spatio-temporal and multivariate decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health surveys [2020]

• Heliyon
  • Prevalence of female genital mutilation among women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• International Journal of Women's Health
  • Trends and Determinants of Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia: Multilevel Analysis of 2000, 2005 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Does previous circumcision and wealth index influence women's attitude to discontinue the practice of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) in Ethiopia? [2022]
  • Changing prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation in Ethiopia: Data from the 2000, 2005 and 2016 national demographic health surveys [2020]
  • Geographic Variation and Factors Associated with Female Genital Mutilation among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia: A National Population Based Survey [2016]

Europe

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Addressing female genital mutilation in Europe: a scoping review of approaches to participation, prevention, protection, and provision of services [2018]

• Reproductive Health
  • Transforming social norms to end FGM in the EU: an evaluation of the REPLACE Approach [2020]
  • Towards a better estimation of prevalence of female genital mutilation in the European Union: a situation analysis [2020]

France

• BMC Medical Education
  • Female genital mutilation/cutting: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among key caregivers: a French national survey [2025]

Gambia

• African Health Sciences
  • Obstetric outcome of female genital mutilation in the Gambia - an observational study [2022]

Gambia, Senegal

• World Health Organization
  • Dynamics of decision-making and change in the practice of female genital mutilation in the Gambia and Senegal: social science policy brief [2010]

Ghana

• BioMed Research International
  • Female Genital Mutilation in Ghana: Prevalence and Socioeconomic Predictors [2021]

High-income countries

• Reproductive Health
  • Woman and girl-centred care for those affected by female genital mutilation: a scoping review of provider tools and guidelines [2022]
  • Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: a systematic review of the evidence [2019]

International

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Health sector involvement in the management of female genital mutilation/cutting in 30 countries [2018]

• BMC International Health and Human Rights
  • Female genital mutilation and cutting: a systematic literature review of health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice [2015]
  • Female genital cutting (FGC) and the ethics of care: community engagement and cultural sensitivity at the interface of migration experiences [2014]

• BMC Public Health
  • Exploring the health complications of female genital mutilation through a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Effectiveness of health education intervention on intention not to perform female genital mutilation/cutting in the future among key decision-makers: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health
  • Factors associated with female genital mutilation: a systematic review and synthesis of national, regional and community-based studies [2022]

• Health Care for Women International
  • A Tradition in Transition: Factors Perpetuating and Hindering the Continuance of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Summarized in a Systematic Review [2013]

• Healthcare
  • Attitudes toward Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Joint Statement on International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [2015]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women [2021]
  • Decision-Making Process in Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review [2020]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Management of health outcomes of female genital mutilation: Systematic reviews and evidence syntheses [2017]

• International Planned Parenthood Federation
  • Capability Statement: Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  • Addressing the needs of women & girls affected by FGM in service delivery facilities handbook [2018]
  • IMAP statement on the elimination of female genital mutilation [2015]

• Med
  • The role of the health sector in contributing to the abandonment of female genital mutilation [2021]

• Obstetrics and Gynecology International
  • The Obstetric Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2013]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Painful gynecologic and obstetric complications of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Advancing the measurement of knowledge, attitudes and practices of health workers who care for women and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C): A qualitative exploration of expert opinion [2023]

• Qualitative Health Research
  • The Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation on Psycho-Social Well-Being: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Debating medicalization of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): learning from (policy) experiences across countries [2019]
  • Understanding the motivations of health-care providers in performing female genital mutilation: an integrative review of the literature [2017]
  • Gender equality and human rights approaches to female genital mutilation: a review of international human rights norms and standards [2017]
  • Female genital mutilation/cutting: sharing data and experiences to accelerate eradication and improve care [2017]
  • The ongoing violence against women: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting [2016]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Mental Health Disorders in Circumcised Reproductive-age Women, Legal Dimensions and Prevention Strategies: A Narrative Review [2023]

• UN Women
  • Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation: Report of the Secretary-General (2024) [2024]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Female genital mutilation

• United Nations Population Fund
  • 2023 Annual Report of FGM Joint Programme: Addressing global challenges with local solutions to eliminate female genital mutilation [2024]
  • Technical Note: Developing Anti-FGM Laws Aligned with Human Rights [2023]
  • Research agenda and ethical guidance on FGM research [2022]
  • Technical Guidance: A Comprehensive Approach to Accelerating the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation [2021]
  • Effectiveness of Interventions Designed to Prevent or Respond to Female Genital Mutilation [2021]
  • Cost and impact of scaling up female genital mutilation prevention and care programs:  Estimated resource requirements and impact on incidence and prevalence [2021]
  • Towards the elimination of FGM by 2030: A statistical assessment [2020]
  • Primer : Conducting Public Inquiries to Eliminate Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  • Policy Brief: Enabling Environments for Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  • Compendium of Indicators on Female Genital Mutilation [2020]
  • Beyond the Crossing: Female genital mutilation across borders [2019]
  • Seventeen Ways to End FGM/C [2017]
  • Female genital mutilation

• World Bank
  • Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation, Eighth Edition [2024]

Iran

• PLoS ONE
  • Daughters at Risk of Female Genital Mutilation: Examining the Determinants of Mothers’ Intentions to Allow Their Daughters to Undergo Female Genital Mutilation [2016]

Iraq

• BMC Women's Health
  • Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018 [2021]

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Geographical variation in the prevalence of female genital mutilation in the Kurdistan region of Iraq [2019]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Management of Female Genital Mutilation [2019]

Italy

• BMC Public Health
  • Female genital mutilation/cutting in Italy: an enhanced estimation for first generation migrant women based on 2016 survey data [2018]

Kenya

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • A Spatial Analysis of the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among 0–14-Year-Old Girls in Kenya [2019]

• Journal of Health and Social Behavior
  • Community Influences on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: Norms, Opportunities, and Ethnic Diversity [2019]

Low and middle income countries

• PLoS ONE
  • Calculating age-specific prevalence rates of female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM/C) for use as an input variable in extrapolation calculations and as predictors of future prevalence in countries of origin [2025]

Malaysia

• PLoS Medicine
  • Medicalization of female genital cutting in Malaysia: A mixed methods study [2020]

Mauritania

• PLoS ONE
  • A Description of Female Genital Mutilation and Force-Feeding Practices in Mauritania: Implications for the Protection of Child Rights and Health [2013]

Netherlands

• BJGP Open
  • Female genital mutilation — a blind spot in Dutch general practice? A case–control study [2021]

• BMC Public Health
  • Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Netherlands: a comparison between a nationwide survey in midwifery practices and extrapolation-model [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • The prevalence and risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among migrant women and girls in the Netherlands: An extrapolation method [2020]

Nigeria

• BMC Public Health
  • Comparison of FGM prevalence among Nigerian women aged 15-49 years using two household surveys conducted before and after the COVID-19 pandemic [2024]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Cohort analysis of the state of female genital cutting in Nigeria: prevalence, daughter circumcision and attitude towards its discontinuation [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Evaluating changes in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among 0-14 years old girls in Nigeria using data from multiple surveys: A novel Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal model [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Female genital mutilation and sexual behaviour by marital status among a nationally representative sample of Nigerian women [2022]

• Tzu-Chi Medical Journal
  • Female genital mutilation; culture, religion, and medicalization, where do we direct our searchlights for it eradication: Nigeria as a case study [2019]

• WHO African Region
  • Elimination of Female Genital Circumcision in Nigeria [2017]

Northeast Africa

• African Health Sciences
  • Combating female genital mutilation in Northeast (Horn) Africa and its challenges [2020]

Norway

• BMC Public Health
  • Estimating the magnitude of female genital mutilation/cutting in Norway: an extrapolation model [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • A system analysis of the mental health services in Norway and its availability to women with female genital mutilation [2020]

• Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
  • Female genital cutting in women living in Norway – consequences and treatment [2021]

OECD countries

• Midwifery
  • Pre-service education and continuous professional development on female genital mutilation/cutting for maternal health professionals in OECD countries: A scoping review [2024]

Republic of Guinea

• PLoS ONE
  • Attitudes of health care providers regarding female genital mutilation and its medicalization in Guinea [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Involving the health sector in the prevention and care of female genital mutilation: results from formative research in Guinea [2022]

Saudi Arabia

• Cureus
  • Female Genital Mutilation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review [2021]
  • Awareness of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among the General Population in 2019: A Survey-based Study in Saudi Arabia [2020]

Senegal

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Trends in female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal: what can we learn from successive household surveys in sub-Saharan African countries? [2019]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Analysing Normative Influences on the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among 0–14 Years Old Girls in Senegal: A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical Regression Approach [2021]

• World Health Organization
  • Sociocultural motivations for female genital mutilation: matrimonial strategies, family motivations and religious justifications among the Al Pulaar and the Soninké in the River Senegal Valley [2011]

Sierra Leone

• BMC International Health and Human Rights
  • Female genital mutilation/cutting in Sierra Leone: are educated women intending to circumcise their daughters? [2020]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Women’s empowerment and female genital mutilation intention for daughters in Sierra Leone: a multilevel analysis [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Do educated women in Sierra Leone support discontinuation of female genital mutilation/cutting? Evidence from the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey [2020]

Somaliland

• BMC Public Health
  • Attitudes towards the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting in Somaliland: evidence from the Somali Demographic Health Survey 2020 [2025]

Sri Lanka

• Ceylon Medical Journal
  • The need for an evidence-informed, multi-sectoral and community participatory action framework to address the practice of female genital mutilation in Sri Lanka [2018]

• Reproductive Health
  • Insights into preventing female genital mutilation/cutting in Sri Lanka: a qualitative interpretative study [2021]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence and determinants of female genital mutilation: current insights from ten at-risk countries in Sub-Saharan Africa [2025]
  • The perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic on female genital mutilation/cutting and child or forced marriages in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Senegal [2022]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance among women in sub-Saharan Africa [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Is there a relationship between female genital mutilation/cutting and fistula? A statistical analysis using cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys in 10 sub-Saharan Africa countries [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Female genital mutilation and safer sex negotiation among women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of demographic and health survey data [2024]
  • Understanding the association between parental attitudes and the practice of female genital mutilation among daughters [2020]

• Reproductive Health
  • Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys [2020]
  • Episiotomy and obstetric outcomes among women living with type 3 female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis [2016]

• SSM - Population Health
  • Economic status, a salient motivator for medicalisation of FGM in sub-Saharan Africa: Myth or reality from 13 national demographic health surveys [2020]

Sudan

• BMJ Global Health
  • Turning the tide on female genital mutilation in a high prevalence country: a programmatic data analysis for Sudan's comprehensive health sector response, 2016-2018 [2022]

• Sexuality & Culture
  • Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan: is a new era starting? [2021]

Sweden

• PLoS ONE
  • Risk of obstetric anal sphincter tear among primiparous women with a history of female genital mutilation, giving birth in Sweden [2022]

Switzerland

• BMC Public Health
  • Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) coding capacities in Swiss university hospitals using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) [2021]
  • Estimating the indirect prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in Switzerland [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Diagnoses and procedures of inpatients with female genital mutilation/cutting in Swiss University Hospitals: a cross-sectional study [2022]

Tanzania

• BMC Public Health
  • Female genital mutilation and its associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS) [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation/cutting among Tanzanian women who gave birth in the five years prior to the survey: A population-based study [2024]
  • Trend in female genital mutilation and its associated adverse birth outcomes: A 10-year retrospective birth registry study in Northern Tanzania [2021]

United Arab Emirates

• BMC Women's Health
  • Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practices of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) among United Arab Emirates population [2020]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Legal Awareness and Practices of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) among United Arab Emirates Medical Practitioners [2023]

United Kingdom

• BMJ Open
  • Conversations about FGM in primary care: a realist review on how, why and under what circumstances FGM is discussed in general practice consultations [2021]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Multi-agency statutory guidance on female genital mutilation
  • Female genital mutilation (FGM): resources for healthcare staff

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Views of female genital mutilation survivors, men and health-care professionals on timing of deinfibulation surgery and NHS service provision: qualitative FGM Sister Study [2023]

• Home Office
  • Female genital mutilation

• International Journal of Impotence Research
  • Available evidence suggests that prevalence and risk of female genital cutting/mutilation in the UK is much lower than widely presumed - policies based on exaggerated estimates are harmful to girls and women from affected communities [2023]

• Legislation.gov.uk
  • Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 [2003]

• NHS Digital
  • Female Genital Mutilation

• NHS England
  • Genital Surgery to improve clitoral sensation for women who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation [2015]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Compassionate and Proactive Interventions by Health Workers in the United Kingdom: A Better Approach to Prevent and Respond to Female Genital Mutilation? [2016]

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Female Genital Mutilation and its Management [2015]

• Scottish Government
  • Eradicating female genital mutilation - national action plan 2016-2020: equality impact assessment [2017]

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting in Girls [2020]

• American Family Physician
  • Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting [2018]

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Public Health Research Priorities to Address Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting in the United States [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • The women's health needs study among women from countries with high prevalence of female genital mutilation living in the United States: Design, methods, and participant characteristics [2024]

Western countries

• Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Cultural change after migration: Circumcision of girls in Western migrant communities [2016]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO guideline on the prevention of female genital mutilation and clinical management of complications [2025]
  • Person-centred communication for female genital mutilation prevention: a facilitator’s guide for training health-care providers [2022]
  • Integrating female genital mutilation content into nursing and midwifery curricula: a practical guide [2022]
  • Ethical considerations in research on female genital mutilation [2021]
  • Female genital mutilation: Evidence brief [2019]
  • Care of girls and women living with female genital mutilation [2018]
  • WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation [2016]
  • Understanding and addressing violence against women: female genital mutilation [2012]
  • An update on WHO's work on female genital mutilation (FGM): progress report [2011]
  • Global strategy to stop health-care providers from performing female genital mutilation [2010]
  • Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO [2008]
  • Management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum in the presence of female genital mutilation [2001]
  • Female genital mutilation: Fact sheet
  • Female genital mutilation
  • FGM Cost Calculator

Yemen

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence and drivers of female genital mutilation/cutting in three coastal governorates in Yemen [2023]