Genital infections, sexually transmitted diseases

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Sexually transmitted infections: screening, diagnosis

Australia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Wide variation in sexually transmitted infection testing and counselling at Aboriginal primary health care centres in Australia: analysis of longitudinal continuous quality improvement data [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • Point-of-Care Testing for Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea: Implications for Clinical Practice [2014]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Comprehensive testing for, and diagnosis of, sexually transmissible infections among Australian gay and bisexual men: findings from repeated, cross-sectional behavioural surveillance, 2003–2012 [2013]

Brazil

• Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
  • Sexually transmitted infections - laboratory diagnosis [2019]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Approach to sexually transmitted infection testing for men who have sex with men [2024]

• Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
  • Recommendation on screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in primary care for individuals not known to be at high risk [2021]
  • Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (2021) [2021]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Summary of the National Advisory Committee on Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections (NAC-STBBI) Statement: Recommendations on Screening for Syphilis in Non-Pregnant Adults and Adolescents [2024]

Croatia

• Central European Journal of Public Health
  • Digital technology and HIV, HCV and STI voluntary counselling and testing: good practice example from Croatia [2022]

Eastern Europe

• Acta Dermato-Venereologica
  • Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasma genitalium infections in East European countries [2010]

Europe

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Recommendations for collection and integration of community-based testing and linkage to care data into national surveillance, monitoring and evaluation systems for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections: results from the INTEGRATE Joint Action [2021]

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Technologies, strategies and approaches for testing populations at risk of sexually transmitted infections in the EU/EEA [2021]
  • STI laboratory diagnostics in Europe [2013]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on testing services for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections in the WHO European Region, March to August 2020 [2020]

• F1000Research
  • Screening is not associated with reduced incidence of gonorrhoea or chlamydia in men who have sex with men (MSM); an ecological study of 23 European countries [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Changes in the prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted bacterial infections from 2010 and 2017 in two large European samples of men having sex with men–is it time to re-evaluate STI-screening as a control strategy? [2021]

France

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Factors associated with bacterial sexually transmitted infection screening uptake and diagnosis among men who have sex with men in France [2024]

Hong Kong

• Centre for Health Protection
  • Recommendations on STI Testing for MSM in Hong Kong [2020]

International

• Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
  • Point-of-Care Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections A Review of Recent Developments [2020]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Independent clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care testing for the screening of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis in women-at-risk in Australia, Guatemala, Morocco, and South Africa [2024]

• BMC Medicine
  • Diagnostic accuracy of pooling urine, anorectal, and oropharyngeal specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• BMJ Global Health
  • At-home specimen self-collection as an additional testing strategy for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Multiplexed technologies for sexually transmitted infections: global evidence on patient-centered and clinical health outcomes [2021]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • The diagnostic accuracy of pooled testing from multiple individuals for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review [2022]

• Journal of Infection and Public Health
  • HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis self-testing among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Missed opportunities for HIV testing among those who accessed sexually transmitted infection (STI) services, tested for STIs and diagnosed with STIs: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Advancing prevention of sexually transmitted infections through point-of-care testing: target product profiles and landscape analysis [2017]
  • Advancing point of care diagnostics for the control and prevention of STIs: the way forward [2017]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Facilitators and barriers to point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2022]

• World Health Organization
  • The diagnostics landscape for sexually transmitted infections [2023]

Nepal

• BMJ Open
  • Availability and readiness to provide sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing and counselling services in Nepal: evidence from comprehensive health facility survey [2020]

Netherlands

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Frequency and determinants of consistent STI/HIV testing among men who have sex with men testing at STI outpatient clinics in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study [2017]

Pakistan

• Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
  • Challenges in screening of sexually transmitted viral infections of the female genital tract: Where do we stand? - A scoping review [2022]

South Africa

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Impact of Point-of-Care Testing on the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections in South Africa: Evidence from the HVTN702 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Trial [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• PLoS Medicine
  • Aetiology of vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-regression [2024]

United Kingdom

• British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
  • Guidance on STI Testing, 2021 and 2023 [2023]
  • Guidance for the design of self-sampling packs and associated support for self-sampling processes within Sexually Transmitted Infection and Blood Borne Virus testing [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Colli-Pee for first void urine collection [2021]

• Public Health England
  • Use of dual nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Assessment of online self-testing and self-sampling service providers for sexually transmitted infections against national standards in the UK in 2020 [2023]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea infection – testing by Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) [2024]
  • Sexually transmitted infections reference laboratory (STIRL): Clinical reference and surveillance services
  • Monkeypox: semen testing for viral DNA

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force [2021]

• American Family Physician
  • Binx IO Point-of-Care Test for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections [2022]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2016]

• American Journal of Medicine
  • STI/HIV Testing and Prevalence of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Among Persons with Their Specified-Type Sex Partner [2022]

• American Journal of Preventive Medicine
  • Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening in the U.S. [2021]

• American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association
  • Direct-to-Consumer Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Services: A Position Statement from the American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association [2021]

• Archives of Sexual Behavior
  • Changes in Sexual Behaviors with Opposite-Sex Partners and Sexually Transmitted Infection Outcomes Among Females and Males Ages 15-44 Years in the USA: National Survey of Family Growth, 2008-2019 [2023]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Detection of STIs in Special Populations - STI Treatment Guidelines [2021]

• Clinical Microbiology Reviews
  • Medical and Legal Implications of Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Children [2010]

• Family Medicine and Community Health
  • Sexually transmitted infection laboratory testing and education trends in US outpatient physician offices, 2009–2016 [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Primary care screening for sexually transmitted infections in the United States from 2019 to 2021 [2025]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Trends in Follow-up Testing Among Patients Positive for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in the Veterans Health Administration, 2013 to 2019 [2023]
  • Can Diagnostic Codes in Health Care Claims Data Identify Confirmed Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections? A Retrospective Cohort Study, 2003 to 2017 [2021]
  • A Narrative Review of Where We Are With Point-of-Care Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in the United States [2021]
  • A Comparison of US Clinical Laboratory Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing Practices Before and After the 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Testing Recommendations [2021]
  • Testing for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in US Public Health Laboratories, 2016 [2020]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Screening [2021]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Integration of HIV and syphilis testing services as part of Mpox response: standard operating procedures [2025]
  • Surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for mpox (monkeypox): Interim guidance, March 2024 [2024]
  • Self-testing implementation toolkit for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections [2024]
  • Point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections: target product profiles [2023]
  • Laboratory and point-of-care diagnostic testing for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV [2023]
  • Self-collection of samples for sexually transmitted infections [2020]
  • Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus [2013]
  • Manual for the standardization of colposcopy for the evaluation of vaginal products. Update 2004 [2004]
  • Global Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme - Testing & diagnostics

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Summary report on the Policy dialogue on scaling up testing for HIV, hepatitis and STIs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo, Egypt, 22-24 October 2024 [2024]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sexually transmitted infections