Obstetrics, gynecology, andrology, sexual and reproductive health

Ethics, jurisprudence

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Ethics, jurisprudence: reproductive techniques

Africa

• Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
  • Global justice in the context of transnational surrogacy: an African bioethical perspective [2022]

Australia

• Medical Journal of Australia
  • Mitochondrial donation: is Australia ready? [2022]

• National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Ethical guidelines for Assisted Reproductive Technology
  • Embryo research licensing

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Surrogacy in Australia and New Zealand [2021]
  • Cross-border reproductive care [2021]

Austria, Israel

• Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
  • Patterns of globalized reproduction: Egg cells regulation in Israel and Austria [2012]

Brazil

• JBRA Assisted Reproduction
  • Quality of information provided by Brazilian Fertility Clinic websites: Compliance with Brazilian Medical Council (CFM) and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) Guidelines [2023]
  • Critical Analysis of The Changes in CFM Resolution 2294/21 And Its Impacts on Assisted Human Reproduction [2022]
  • Assisted Conception Services and Regulation within the Brazilian Context [2015]

Canada

• Canadian Fertility & Andrology Society
  • Guidelines for Third Party Reproduction [2016]

• CMAJ
  • “CRISPR babies”: What does this mean for science and Canada? [2019]

• Frontiers in Medicine
  • Canada's Assisted Human Reproduction Act: Pragmatic Reforms in Support of Research [2019]

• Health Canada
  • Assisted human reproduction

• Human Reproduction
  • Assisted reproduction involving gestational surrogacy: an analysis of the medical, psychosocial and legal issues: experience from a large surrogacy program [2014]

• Justice Laws Website
  • Assisted Human Reproduction Act [2004]

• Reproductive Health Matters
  • Hidden from view: Canadian gestational surrogacy practices and outcomes, 2001-2012 [2016]

China

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Surrogacy: a family-building option in search of legitimacy [2016]

Costa Rica

• Health and Human Rights Journal
  • The Moderating Influence of International Courts on Social Movements: Evidence from the IVF Case Against Costa Rica [2017]

• JBRA Assisted Reproduction
  • IVF in Costa Rica [2017]

Czech Republic

• Biomedical Papers
  • Gestational surrogacy in the Czech Republic [2019]

Estonia

• Reproductive Health
  • Quality of IVF status registration in the Estonian Medical Birth Registry: a national record linkage study [2018]

Europe

• BioMed Research International
  • The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members [2014]

• European Society of Human Genetics
  • Responsible innovation in human germline gene editing: Background document to the recommendations of ESHG and ESHRE [2018]
  • Human germline gene editing: Recommendations of ESHG and ESHRE [2018]
  • Current issues in medically assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe: research, clinical practice, ethics, legal issues and policy [2013]

• European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
  • Good practice recommendations for information provision for those involved in reproductive donation [2022]
  • The ethics of preconception expanded carrier screening in patients seeking assisted reproduction [2021]
  • ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 23: medically assisted reproduction in singles, lesbian and gay couples, and transsexual people [2014]
  • ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 21: genetic screening of gamete donors: ethical issues [2014]
  • Oocyte cryopreservation for age-related fertility loss [2012]
  • Intrafamilial medically assisted reproduction [2011]
  • ESHRE's good practice guide for cross-border reproductive care for centers and practitioners [2011]
  • Lifestyle-related factors and access to medically assisted reproduction [2010]
  • ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 12: Oocyte donation for non-reproductive purposes [2007]
  • II. The cryopreservation of human embryos: ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law [2001]
  • I. The moral status of the pre-implantation embryo [2001]
  • Statements by the Task Force Ethics and Law

• La Clinica Terapeutica
  • Advances in Medically-assisted procreation technologies: can malpractice claims and “reproductive damage” be identified? [2020]

• Medical Law Review
  • Parenthood and Cross-Border Surrogacy: What Is ‘New’? The ECtHR’s First Advisory Opinion [2020]

France

• Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online
  • At the nation's doorstep: the fate of children in France born via surrogacy [2018]

Iceland

• Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online
  • Legalizing altruistic surrogacy in response to evasive travel? An Icelandic proposal [2016]

India

• BMJ Global Health
  • Regulation of surrogacy in India: whenceforth now? [2018]

• Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
  • Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016: A commentary [2018]
  • Ending commercial surrogacy in India: significance of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 [2018]
  • Assisted reproductive technologies: Conundrums and challenges [2018]

• Indian Journal of Public Health
  • Surrogacy and women's right to health in India: Issues and perspective [2013]

• Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
  • Upper age limit for assisted reproductive technologies: Ethics opinion [2018]
  • Insight into Different Aspects of Surrogacy Practices [2018]

• Qualitative Social Work
  • The impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on surrogacy in India: The role of social work [2021]

Indian subcontinent

• Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
  • Postmortem sperm retrieval in context of developing countries of Indian subcontinent [2016]

International

• Medicina
  • Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives? [2021]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview [2022]

Iran

• Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
  • The process of justifying assisted reproductive technologies in Iran [2015]

• Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine
  • Using fertile couples as embryo donors: An ethical dilemma [2014]

• Journal of Reproduction & Infertility
  • Embryo Donation in Iranian Legal System: A Critical Review [2015]

Ireland

• Health Research Policy and Systems
  • The evolution of health policy guidelines for assisted reproduction in the Republic of Ireland, 2004-2009 [2011]

Israel

• Ministry of Health Israel
  • Fertility Treatments and Surrogacy

• Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online
  • Thirty-five years of assisted reproductive technologies in Israel [2016]

Israel, Spain

• Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
  • Regulatory responses to assisted reproductive technology: a comparative analysis of Spain and Israel [2019]

Israel, United States

• Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
  • Incidence of surrogacy in the USA and Israel and implications on women’s health: a quantitative comparison [2019]

Italy

• Acta Biomedica
  • A child of two mothers: what about the father? Italian overview [2019]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Italian law on medically assisted reproduction: do women’s autonomy and health matter? [2016]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • An Update on Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation (POC) in Italy: Medical, Epidemiological and Legal Consideration [2022]

• Journal of Public Health Research
  • Medically Assisted Procreation and Fast-Moving Developments in Science and Law: Ethical and Legal Issues in Heterologous Procreation in Italy [2015]

• La Clinica Terapeutica
  • Recent Judgement of the Italian Judiciary about medical assisted procreation (MAP): is informed consent valid after parents separation? [2021]
  • No more only one mom? European Court of Human Rights and Italian jurisprudences’ ongoing evolution [2020]
  • 2014-2017. How medically assisted reproduction changed in Italy. A short comparative synthesis with European countries [2017]

• Open Medicine
  • Ethical and Legal Issues in Gestational Surrogacy [2018]

Netherlands

• Journal of Medical Ethics
  • What constitutes a reasonable compensation for non-commercial oocyte donors: an analogy with living organ donation and medical research participation [2019]

New Zealand

• Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology
  • Publications and resources

• Ministry of Health New Zealand
  • Second Round of Consultation on the Proposed Donation and Surrogacy Guidelines: further changes since ACART’s 2017 consultation [2019]
  • Posthumous Reproduction: A review of the current Guidelines for the Storage, Use, and Disposal of Sperm from a Deceased Man to take into account gametes and embryos [2018]
  • Informed Consent and Assisted Reproductive Technology: Proposed advice to the Minister of Health: Consultation document [2015]

Nigeria

• Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
  • Parenthood: Is the law in Nigeria fit for assisted reproductive technology? [2018]

• Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice
  • Ethical issues in newer assisted reproductive technologies: A view from Nigeria [2015]

Portugal

• JBRA Assisted Reproduction
  • The new Portuguese law on surrogacy - The story of how a promising law does not really regulate surrogacy arrangements [2017]

Singapore

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Application of legal principles and medical ethics: multifetal pregnancy and fetal reduction [2014]

South Africa

• South African Medical Journal
  • Posthumous conception: Recent legal developments in South Africa [2018]

• Southern African Society of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Endoscopy
  • SASREG guidelines for Egg Donation agencies  [2018]

South America

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • A review of surrogate motherhood regulation in south American countries: pointing to a need for an international legal framework [2019]

Sweden

• Bioethics
  • Positioning uterus transplantation as a ‘more ethical’ alternative to surrogacy: Exploring symmetries between uterus transplantation and surrogacy through analysis of a Swedish government white paper [2018]

• Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
  • The Ethics of the Societal Entrenchment-approach and the case of live uterus transplantation-IVF [2019]

• Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences
  • Use of in vitro fertilization—ethical issues [2020]

Taiwan

• PLoS ONE
  • Use of assisted reproductive technologies before and after the Artificial Reproduction Act in Taiwan [2018]

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • A survey of judicial decisions concerning surrogacy disputes in Taiwan [2018]

Thailand

• Asian Bioethics Review
  • Non-commercial Surrogacy in Thailand: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications in Local and Global Contexts [2020]

• Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health
  • Protection for Children Born Through Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act, B.E. 2558: The Changing Profile of Surrogacy in Thailand [2017]

Turkey

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Opportunities for reproductive tourism: cost and quality advantages of Turkey in the provision of in-vitro Fertilization (IVF) services [2016]

Ukraine

• European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
  • The armed conflict in Ukraine and the risks of inter-country surrogacy: the unsolved dilemma [2022]

United Kingdom

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Human fertilisation and embryology
  • Having a child through surrogacy

• Human Reproduction
  • What can we learn from a decade of promoting safe embryo transfer practices? A comparative analysis of policies and outcomes in the UK and Australia, 2001–2010 [2013]

• Journal of Medical Ethics
  • Is it acceptable to contact an anonymous egg donor to facilitate diagnostic genetic testing for the donor-conceived child? [2019]

• Legislation.gov.uk
  • The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations 2015 [2015]

• Life Sciences, Society and Policy
  • Sharpening the cutting edge: additional considerations for the UK debates on embryonic interventions for mitochondrial diseases [2017]

• Medical Law Review
  • Artificial Womb Technology and the Choice to Gestate Ex Utero: Is Partial Ectogenesis the Business of the Criminal Law? [2020]

• Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
  • Options for acquiring motherhood in absolute uterine factor infertility; adoption, surrogacy and uterine transplantation [2021]

• Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online
  • Can the UK’s birth registration system better serve the interests of those born following collaborative assisted reproduction? [2017]

United Kingdom, United States

• EMBO Molecular Medicine
  • Ethical and legal issues in mitochondrial transfer [2016]

• Fertility and Sterility
  • Addressing legal issues in cross-border gestational surrogacy: current topics and trends [2021]

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction [2017]
  • Family Building Through Gestational Surrogacy [2016]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Kamakahi vs ASRM and the future of compensation for human eggs [2015]
  • Creating and Selling Embryos for “Donation”: Ethical Challenges [2014]

• American Society for Reproductive Medicine
  • Use of reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons: an Ethics Committee opinion [2022]
  • Updated terminology for gamete and embryo donors: directed (identified) to replace "known" and nonidentified to replace "anonymous": a committee opinion [2022]
  • Reproductive and infertility care in times of public health crises: an Ethics Committee opinion [2022]
  • Recommendations for practices using gestational carriers: a committee opinion [2022]
  • Provision of fertility services for women at increased risk of complications during fertility treatment or pregnancy: an Ethics Committee opinion [2022]
  • Cross-border reproductive care: an Ethics Committee opinion [2022]
  • Moving innovation to practice: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Guidance regarding gamete and embryo donation [2021]
  • Guidance on the use of social media in reproductive medicine practice [2021]
  • Guidance for using text, email, and video communication in practices devoted to reproductive medicine [2021]
  • Financial compensation of oocyte donors: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Ethical issues in oocyte banking for nonautologous use: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Disposition of unclaimed embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Access to fertility treatment irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity: an Ethics Committee opinion [2021]
  • Repetitive oocyte donation: a committee opinion [2020]
  • Ethics in embryo research: a position statement by the ASRM Ethics in Embryo Research Task Force and the ASRM Ethics Committee [2020]
  • Compassionate transfer: patient requests for embryo transfer for nonreproductive purposes [2020]
  • Interests, obligations, and rights in gamete and embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion [2019]
  • Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile: an Ethics Committee opinion [2019]
  • Posthumous retrieval and use of gametes or embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion [2018]
  • Misconduct in third-party assisted reproduction: an Ethics Committee opinion [2018]
  • Informing offspring of their conception by gamete or embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion [2018]
  • Ethical obligations in fertility treatment when intimate partners withhold information from each other: an Ethics Committee opinion [2018]
  • Consideration of the gestational carrier: an Ethics Committee opinion [2018]
  • American Society for Reproductive Medicine position statement on uterus transplantation: a committee opinion [2018]
  • Using family members as gamete donors or gestational carriers [2017]
  • Child-rearing ability and the provision of fertility services: an Ethics Committee opinion [2017]
  • Oocyte or embryo donation to women of advanced reproductive age: an Ethics Committee opinion [2016]
  • Financial “risk-sharing” or refund programs in assisted reproduction: an Ethics Committee opinion [2016]
  • Disclosure of medical errors involving gametes and embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion [2016]
  • Defining embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion [2016]
  • Third-Party Reproduction
  • Gestational Carrier or Surrogacy
  • Embryo Donation
  • Egg Donation

• Fertility and Sterility
  • Storage, transport, and disposition of gametes and embryos: legal issues and practical considerations [2021]
  • Business law issues for assisted reproductive technology practices and practitioners: considerations for sales or mergers of fertility practices [2021]

• Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
  • The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gestational carriers [2022]
  • Revisiting selected ethical aspects of current clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) practice [2022]
  • Liability for embryo mix-ups in fertility practices in the USA [2021]
  • Cryostorage failures: a medicolegal review [2019]
  • “One for Sorrow, Two for Joy?”: American embryo transfer guideline recommendations, practices, and outcomes for gestational surrogate patients [2017]

• Journal of Reproductive Medicine
  • Egg Donation Brokers [2014]

• Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online
  • Differences in the utilization of gestational surrogacy between states in the U.S. [2018]

• Reproductive Sciences
  • Inequities in Medically Assisted Reproduction: a Scoping Review [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Current practices and controversies in assisted reproduction [2002]

{Related topics}

• Guidelines
  • Preimplantation diagnosis
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: obstetrics, gynecology
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: fetus, newborn
  • Cloning, stem cells
  • Assisted reproductive techniques