Obstetrics, gynecology, andrology, sexual and reproductive health

Obesity, eating disorders

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Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology

 

Arab countries

• Nutrición Hospitalaria
  • Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in eight Arab countries: comparison between two international standards (ARABEAT-2) [2016]

Australia

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents [2020]

• BMJ Open
  • Body composition: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Trends in the Prevalence of Morbid and Severe Obesity in Australian Children Aged 7-15 Years, 1985-2012 [2016]

Austria

• Obesity Surgery
  • Trends of Overweight and Obesity in Male Adolescents: Prevalence, Socioeconomic Status, and Impact on Cardiovascular Risk in a Central European Country [2022]

Austria, Germany

• Journal of Diabetes Research
  • Overweight and Obesity Based on Four Reference Systems in 18,382 Paediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes from Germany and Austria [2015]

Bahrain

• Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
  • Overweight and Obesity among Children (10-13 years) in Bahrain:A comparison between Two International Standards [2014]

Bangladesh

• BMC Public Health
  • Obesity and overweight in Bangladeshi children and adolescents: a scoping review [2014]

• BMJ Open
  • Changing trends in nutritional status of adolescent females: a cross-sectional study from urban and rural Bangladesh [2021]

Brazil

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from the Age Range of 2 to 19 Years Old in Brazil [2014]

• Jornal de Pediatria
  • Prevalence of childhood obesity in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Sao Paulo Medical Journal
  • Prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity among Brazilian children according to different epidemiological scenarios: systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

Cameroon

• Journal of Obesity
  • Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Thinness in Cameroon Urban Children and Adolescents [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Children Aged 6–59 Months in Cameroon: A Multistage, Stratified Cluster Sampling Nationwide Survey [2015]

Canada

• CMAJ
  • Recent trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian children [2016]

• Obesity
  • Body mass index trajectories from ages 1 to 20: Results from two nationally representative canadian longitudinal cohorts [2015]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Childhood overweight and obesity trends in Canada [2016]

Canada, Europe, United States

• European Journal of Public Health
  • Trends in overweight prevalence among 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds in 25 countries in Europe, Canada and USA from 2002 to 2010 [2015]

China

• Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
  • Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity, Associated Behaviors, and Weight-related Perceptions in a National Survey of Primary School Children in China [2018]
  • A Scan of Obesogenic Environments and a Spatial Inference of Obesity Prevalence in Chinese Children and Adolescents: Based on the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey 2011 Data [2018]

• BMJ Open
  • 25-year trends in gender disparity for obesity and overweight by using WHO and IOTF definitions among Chinese school-aged children: a multiple cross-sectional study [2016]

• Chinese Medical Journal
  • Epidemics of overweight and obesity among growing childhood in China between 1997 and 2009: Impact of Family Income, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Dynamics [2015]

• Food & Nutrition Research
  • Prevalence of obesity among students aged 6 to 12 in China: a meta-analysis [2015]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Nationwide Trends of Pediatric Obesity and BMI z-Score From 2017-2021 in China: Comparable Findings From Real-World Mobile- and Hospital-Based Data [2022]

• International Journal of Obesity
  • Spatiotemporal Predictions of Obesity Prevalence in Chinese Children and Adolescents: Based on Analyses of Obesogenic Environmental Variability and Bayesian Model [2019]

• Obesity
  • Risk factors for obesity and overweight in Chinese children: a nationwide survey [2022]
  • Secular trends of obesity prevalence in Chinese children from 1985 to 2010: Urban–rural disparity [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Secular Trends of Obesity Prevalence in Urban Chinese Children from 1985 to 2010: Gender Disparity [2013]

• Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy
  • Spatial and Temporal Changes in Prevalence of Obesity Among Chinese Children and Adolescents, 1985–2005 [2019]

• Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
  • Obesity detection rate among primary school students in the People’s Republic of China: a meta-analysis [2013]

• World Journal of Pediatrics
  • Trends of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents in China [2023]

Croatia

• Acta Clinica Croatica
  • Regional and sociodemographic determinants of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 7-9 years in Croatia [2020]

Cyprus

• Hormones
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of weight status among adolescents in Cyprus: scrutinizing the data for the years 2000-2010 [2014]

Czech Republic

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends and correlates of overweight/obesity in Czech adolescents in relation to family socioeconomic status over a 12-year study period (2002–2014) [2018]

• Central European Journal of Public Health
  • Trends in Overweight and Obesity in Czech Schoolchildren from 1998 to 2014 [2017]

• European Journal of Public Health
  • Trends of overweight and obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Czech schoolchildren: HBSC study [2014]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Temporal Trends in Overweight and Obesity, Physical Activity and Screen Time among Czech Adolescents from 2002 to 2014: A National Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study [2015]

Denmark

• PLoS ONE
  • Trends in Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Danish Infants, Children and Adolescents – Are We Still on a Plateau? [2013]

Developed countries

• BMC Medicine
  • Unexpected plateauing of childhood obesity rates in developed countries [2014]

Egypt

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among under-five children in Egypt [2022]

Ethiopia

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors among under-five children in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis of nationally representative sample [2022]

Europe

• Nutrients
  • Prevalence of Childhood Obesity by Country, Family Socio-Demographics, and Parental Obesity in Europe: The Feel4Diabetes Study [2022]
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among European Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression by Food Group Consumption [2019]

• Obesity Facts
  • Prevalence of Severe Obesity among Primary School Children in 21 European Countries [2019]

• WHO Regional Office for Europe
  • Report on the fifth round of data collection, 2018-2020: WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) [2022]
  • Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative COSI - Fact sheet highlights 2018-2020 [2022]
  • WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) Report on the fourth round of data collection, 2015-2017 [2021]
  • Adolescent obesity and related behaviours: trends and inequalities in the WHO European Region, 2002-2014: observations from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) WHO collaborative cross-national study [2017]

Finland

• Obesity Facts
  • Prevalence of thinness, overweight, obesity and central obesity in Finnish school-aged children: a comparison of national and international reference values [2021]

France

• BMC Research Notes
  • French youth trends in prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight from 2008 to 2018 [2022]

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight in French children, aged 4–12 years, from 2013 to 2017 [2020]

Germany

• BMC Public Health
  • Updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in 11- to 17-year-old adolescents in Germany. Results from the telephone-based KiGGS Wave 1 after correction for bias in self-reports [2015]

• Obesity Facts
  • Changing Characteristics of Obese Children and Adolescents Entering Pediatric Lifestyle Intervention Programs in Germany over the Last 11 Years: An Adiposity Patients Registry Multicenter Analysis of 65,453 Children and Adolescents [2017]

Ghana

• Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Childhood Obesity and Overweight in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

Greece

• Children
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece [2022]

• Hormones
  • Ten-year obesity and overweight prevalence in Greek children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2001-2010 data [2013]

India

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: A systematic review [2016]

• Nutrients
  • Overweight/Obesity Prevalence among Under-Five Children and Risk Factors in India: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the National Family Health Survey (2015-2016) [2022]

International

• Clinical Epidemiology
  • Differences in Classification Standards For the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Global Trends in Child Obesity: Are Figures Converging? [2020]

• Obesity Facts
  • The Global Spread of Severe Obesity in Toddlers, Children and Adolescents – a Systematic Review & Meta Analysis [2022]
  • Epidemiological Influences and Requirements of Global Childhood Obesity Research [2021]

• Pediatric Obesity
  • Exploring an algorithm to harmonize International Obesity Task Force and World Health Organization child overweight and obesity prevalence rates [2022]

Iran

• Iranian Journal of Pediatrics
  • A Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity, in Iranian Children and Adolescents [2016]

• Journal of Tehran University Heart Center
  • Trends in Obesity among Iranian Children and Adolescents: 2000–2016 [2020]

• Korean Journal of Pediatrics
  • Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Iranian Children under 5 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2019]

Ireland

• BMC Public Health
  • School sociodemographic characteristics and obesity in schoolchildren: does the obesity definition matter? [2018]
  • Trends and prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school aged children in the Republic of Ireland from 2002-2012: a systematic review [2014]

• Pediatric Obesity
  • Prevalence of early childhood obesity in Ireland: Differences over time, between sexes and across child growth criteria [2022]

Israel

• Cardiovascular Diabetology
  • The opposing trends of body mass index and blood pressure during 1977–2020; nationwide registry of 2.8 million male and female adolescents [2021]

Italy

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Trends in overweight and obesity prevalence in Tuscan schoolchildren (2002–2012) [2015]

Jordan

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence of short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity among school children in Jordan [2016]

Kuwait

• Children
  • Trend and Causes of Overweight and Obesity among Pre-School Children in Kuwait [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti adolescents and the perception of body weight by parents or friends [2022]

Macedonia

• Prilozi
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children: Variation in Different Ethnicities, Age, and Sex in North Macedonia [2022]

Malaysia

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Lifestyle indices of body composition and obesity risk and prevalence among multi-ethnic adolescents in Malaysia [2022]

Mauritius

• Globalization and Health
  • Prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness in 9-10 year old children in Mauritius [2012]

New Zealand

• International Journal of Obesity
  • Further reductions in the prevalence of obesity in 4-year-old New Zealand children from 2017 to 2019 [2022]

Palestine

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among Palestinian school-age children and the associated risk factors: a cross sectional study [2019]

Peru

• BMC Obesity
  • Early rapid weight gain and subsequent overweight and obesity in middle childhood in Peru [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • Geographic differences in overweight and obesity prevalence in Peruvian children, 2010–2015 [2018]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study [2022]

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and associated factors in Peru [2015]

Poland

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Obesity-Related Risk Factors in Polish Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study [2021]

Portugal

• Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
  • Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 3-to-10-year-old children: assessment of different cut-off criteria WHO-IOTF [2020]

Puerto Rico

• BMC Public Health
  • High prevalence of overweight and obesity among a representative sample of Puerto Rican children [2015]

Republic of Korea

• Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
  • Temporal trends in the prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and obesity in Korean youth: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2019 [2022]
  • Change of obesity prevalence and lifestyle patterns before and during COVID-19 among Korean adolescents [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends in childhood obesity and central adiposity between 1998-2001 and 2010-2012 according to household income and urbanity in Korea [2016]

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea [2016]

• Epidemiology and Health
  • Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Korean adolescents: the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) 2006 to 2020 [2023]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Trends in Obesity and Obesity-Related Risk Factors among Adolescents in Korea from 2009 to 2019 [2022]

• Journal of Epidemiology
  • Trends in Measures of Childhood Obesity in Korea From 1998 to 2012 [2016]

Romania

• Obesity Facts
  • Overweight and Underweight Prevalence Trends in Children from Romania - Pooled Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies between 2006 and 2015 [2016]

Saudi Arabia

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Prevalence of overweight and obesity among saudi children: A comparison of two widely used international standards and the national growth references [2022]

• Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences
  • Prevalence of Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Population-Based Study [2023]

Seychelles

• BMC Public Health
  • Secular trends in height and weight among children and adolescents of the Seychelles, 1956-2006 [2008]

South Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity among South African and European adolescents: a comparative outlook [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Spatial-temporal trends and risk factors for undernutrition and obesity among children (<5 years) in South Africa, 2008-2017: findings from a nationally representative longitudinal panel survey [2020]

• Pediatric Obesity
  • Sex differences in obesity incidence: 20-year prospective cohort in South Africa [2015]

Spain

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Origin in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study [2022]
  • Has the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Spain Plateaued? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain [2021]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Archives of Public Health
  • Prevalence, incidence, and trends of childhood overweight/obesity in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic scoping review [2020]

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Prevalence and determinants of overweight/obesity among under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Prevalence and differentials of overweight and obesity in preschool children in Sub-Saharan Africa [2015]

• Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association
  • Socioeconomic inequalities in hidden hunger, undernutrition, and overweight among under-five children in 35 sub-Saharan Africa countries [2020]

Sweden

• European Journal of Public Health
  • Increased incidence of overweight and obesity among preschool Swedish children during the COVID-19 pandemic [2023]

• International Journal of Obesity
  • A secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change among Swedish adolescents [2022]

• Public Health Agency of Sweden
  • Overweight and obesity are common and increase with age in 6–9 year olds [2021]
  • Overweight and obesity among school children 11–15-year-old continues to increase [2020]
  • The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is high and increases with age [2019]

Switzerland

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Excess weight among children and adolescents in Switzerland--prevalence and correlates for the early 2010s [2014]

Turkmenistan

• WHO Regional Office for Europe
  • WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: COSI Turkmenistan 2016/2017 [2020]

Uganda

• BMC Public Health
  • Factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity in Uganda: a national survey [2021]

Ukraine

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Secular Trends of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from Ukraine [2021]

United Arab Emirates

• BMJ Open
  • Prevalence and determinants of overweight/obesity among school-aged adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study of private and public schools [2020]

United Kingdom

• Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • Childhood obesity trends from primary care electronic health records in England between 1994 and 2013: population-based cohort study [2015]

• BMJ Open
  • Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old children, 2011–2018: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study [2021]

• European Journal of Public Health
  • Mid-adolescent ethnic variations in overweight prevalence in the UK Millennium Cohort Study [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Body Mass Index, Underweight and Obesity among English Children, 2007–2008 to 2011–2012 [2016]

United States

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Systematic Review of Prevalence of Young Child Overweight and Obesity in the United States—Affiliated Pacific Region Compared With the 48 Contiguous States: The Children's Healthy Living Program [2015]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Longitudinal Trends in Body Mass Index Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Persons Aged 2–19 Years — United States, 2018–2020 [2021]
  • State-Specific Prevalence of Obesity Among Children Aged 2–4 Years Enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children — United States, 2010–2016 [2019]
  • Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household — United States 2011–2014 [2018]
  • Trends in Obesity Among Participants Aged 2–4 Years in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children — United States, 2000–2014 [2016]
  • Childhood Obesity Facts

• International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS
  • Social Determinants of Overweight and Obesity Among Children in the United States [2020]

• JAMA
  • Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 Through 2013-2014 [2016]

• New England Journal of Medicine
  • Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States [2014]

• Pediatrics
  • Changes in the Incidence of Childhood Obesity [2022]

• Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy
  • US States’ Childhood Obesity Surveillance Practices and Recommendations for Improving Them, 2014–2015 [2016]

Vietnam

• PLoS ONE
  • Overweight and obesity among Vietnamese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates based on the World Health Organization and International Obesity Task Force definition [2020]

Western Pacific

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Informal Consultation on Childhood Obesity Surveillance in the Western Pacific Region, Tokyo, Japan, 21-22 March 2016 : meeting report [2016]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents, BMI > +1 standard deviations above the median (crude estimate) (%)
  • Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents, BMI > +2 standard deviations above the median (crude estimate) (%)
  • Overweight prevalence in children aged < 5 years (%) (Health Inequality Monitor)
  • Overweight prevalence among children under 5 years of age (%) (% weight-for-height >+2 SD)  (survey-based estimates)
  • Overweight prevalence among children under 5 years of age (% weight-for-height >+2 SD)
  • Overweight among children under 5 years of age (number in millions) (model-based estimates)

{Related topics}

• Guidelines
  • Obesity: epidemiology
  • Obesity in children and adolescents