Hepatitis

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Hepatitis C: prevention, screening, diagnosis

Asia-Pacific

• Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver
  • APASL consensus statements and recommendations for hepatitis C prevention, epidemiology, and laboratory testing [2016]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • National HCV Testing Policy

• Gastroenterological Society of Australia
  • Screening and diagnosis [2022]

• NSW Health
  • Hepatitis C control guideline

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • How are HCV-infected patients being identified in Brazil: a multicenter study [2019]

Canada

• Canada's Drug Agency
  • Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Hepatitis C: A Review of Diagnostic Accuracy, Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [2016]
  • Hepatitis C Polymorphism Testing: A Review of the Clinical Evidence [2014]

• Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
  • Recommendations on hepatitis C screening for adults [2017]
  • Hepatitis C (2017) [2017]

• CanHepC - Canadian Network on Hepatitis C
  • The role of prevention strategies in achieving HCV elimination in Canada: what are the remaining challenges? [2018]
  • Progress toward approval of an HCV vaccine [2018]

• CMAJ
  • A Canadian screening program for hepatitis C: Is now the time? [2013]

• CMAJ Open
  • Systematic review of the accuracy of antibody tests used to screen asymptomatic adults for hepatitis C infection [2016]

• Government of Alberta
  • Hepatitis C screening in Alberta : a health technology assessment

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Hepatitis C virus

China

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Management of in- and out-of-hospital screening for hepatitis C [2023]

Egypt

• Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • Interaction Between the Neglected Tropical Disease Human Schistosomiasis and HCV Infection in Egypt: a Puzzling Relationship [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Accelerating Hepatitis C virus elimination in Egypt by 2030: A national survey of communication for behavioral development as a modelling study [2021]
  • Validation of EGCRISC for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Screening and Risk Assessment in the Egyptian Population [2016]

Europe

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Screening for Migrants in the EU/EEA: A Systematic Review [2018]

France

• Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology
  • Non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of chronic infection with Hepatitis C Virus [2022]

• Journal of Viral Hepatitis
  • Universal HCV Screening in Hospitalised Patients in France: It Could Be a Good Option! The DEVICHO Study [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • The Undiagnosed Chronically-Infected HCV Population in France. Implications for Expanded Testing Recommendations in 2014 [2015]

Germany

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Elimination of hepatitis C virus in Germany: modelling the cost-effectiveness of HCV screening strategies [2019]

High-income countries

• World Journal of Hepatology
  • Comparison of hepatitis C virus testing recommendations in high-income countries [2018]

International

• BioMed Research International
  • Performance of HCV Antigen Testing for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Antiviral Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • A scoping review on HCV screening strategies: population to screen and the test types [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatitis C virus: a systematic review of economic evaluations [2016]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Diagnostic performance of hepatitis C virus core antigen testing for detecting hepatitis C in people living with hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Impact of hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA viral load testing compared with laboratory-based testing on uptake of RNA testing and treatment, and turnaround times: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Ireland

• Department of Health Ireland
  • Hepatitis C Screening [2020]

• Health Information and Quality Authority
  • HTA of birth cohort testing for hepatitis C [2024]
  • Another Step Toward Hepatitis C Elimination: An Economic Evaluation of an Irish National Birth Cohort Testing Program [2022]

Italy

• Digestive and Liver Disease
  • Milestones to reach Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) elimination in Italy: From free-of-charge screening to regional roadmaps for an HCV-free nation [2022]

Japan

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Liver biopsy in the post-hepatitis C virus era in Japan [2024]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Economic evaluation of HCV testing approaches in low and middle income countries [2017]

Mexico

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Different Testing Strategies that Use Antibody Levels to Detect Chronic Hepatitis C in Blood Donors [2016]

Middle East, North Africa

• Hepatology Communications
  • Who to Test for Hepatitis C Virus in the Middle East and North Africa?: Pooled Analyses of 2,500 Prevalence Measures, Including 49 Million Tests [2019]

Poland

• BMJ Open
  • What affects response rates in primary healthcare-based programmes? An analysis of individual and unit-related factors associated with increased odds of non-response based on HCV screening in the general population in Poland [2016]

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Infection and Public Health
  • Economic evaluation of mass screening as a strategy for hepatitis C virus elimination in South Korea [2025]

Russia

• PLoS ONE
  • Streamlining the screening cascade for active Hepatitis C in Russia: A cost-effectiveness analysis [2019]

Rwanda

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection in Rwanda: results from a nationwide screening program [2019]

Switzerland

• PLoS ONE
  • Characteristics of Foreign-Born Persons in the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study: Implications for Screening Recommendations [2016]

Taiwan

• BMC Public Health
  • Gender differences in risk exposures for acute hepatitis C infection in Taiwan: a nationwide case-control study [2023]

Türkiye

• Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Modeling the Health Economic Burden of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Turkey: Cost-Effectiveness of Targeted Screening [2023]

United Kingdom

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • The Effectiveness of Low Dead Space Syringes for Reducing the Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition Among People Who Inject Drugs: Findings From a National Survey in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland [2022]

• EuroSurveillance
  • A comparison of two biological markers of recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: implications for the monitoring of interventions and strategies to reduce HCV transmission among people who inject drugs [2018]

• Public Health England
  • Screening for hepatitis C infection [2017]
  • Hepatitis C: interventions for case-finding and linkage to care

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: A Systematic Review Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2020]
  • Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adults - Comparative Effectiveness Review Summary Guides for Clinicians [2013]

• American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
  • Testing, Evaluation, and Monitoring of Hepatitis C

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Comparison of Current US Risk Strategy to Screen for Hepatitis C Virus With a Hypothetical Targeted Birth Cohort Strategy [2012]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Updated Operational Guidance for Implementing CDC’s Recommendations on Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Infection [2023]
  • Testing and Clinical Management of Health Care Personnel Potentially Exposed to Hepatitis C Virus — CDC Guidance, United States, 2020 [2020]
  • CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis C Screening Among Adults — United States, 2020 [2020]
  • Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Hepatitis C

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • The Urgent Need to Implement Point-of-Care RNA Testing for Hepatitis C Virus to Support Elimination [2024]

• Hepatic Medicine : Evidence and Research
  • Ending hepatitis C in the United States: the role of screening [2014]

• Hepatitis C Online
  • Screening and Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Infection

• JAMA Health Forum
  • Health and Economic Impact of Periodic Hepatitis C Virus Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs [2025]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Cost-effectiveness of Universal and Targeted Hepatitis C Virus Screening in the United States [2020]

• Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • Assessing the Effectiveness of Strategies in US Birth Cohort Screening for Hepatitis C Infection [2020]

• New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
  • Hepatitis C Virus Screening, Testing, and Diagnosis in Adults

• Seminars in Dialysis
  • Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Management of Seroconversions in Hemodialysis Facilities [2013]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening [2020]

Western countries

• BMC Public Health
  • Barriers and enablers to testing for hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs - a scoping review of the qualitative evidence [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Recommendations and guidance on hepatitis C virus self-testing [2021]
  • Collaborative study to evaluate the proposed 4th WHO international standards for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) for Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology (NAT)-Based Assays [2011]

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  • Hepatitis C