Pregnancy

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Diabetes in pregnancy, pregnancy in diabetics, pre-existing diabetes

Australia

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Improving national reporting on diabetes in pregnancy: technical report [2019]
  • Diabetes in pregnancy 2014–2015 [2019]

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • Diabetes during pregnancy and birthweight trends among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory of Australia over 30 years [2020]

Australia, New Zealand

• Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society
  • The ADIPS Pilot National Diabetes in Pregnancy Benchmarking Programme [2021]
  • ADIPS position paper on pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy [2020]
  • ADIPS 2020 guideline for pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy [2020]

Canada

• Diabetes Canada
  • Diabetes and Pregnancy [2018]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Impact of pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus on congenital anomalies, Canada, 2002-2012 [2015]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Diabetes in Pregnancy [2019]

China

• Journal of Diabetes
  • Pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes in China during 2004 to 2014: A retrospective study (the CARNATION Study) [2022]

• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • A Summary of Chinese Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy (2022) [2023]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Preconception diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes in over 6.4 million women: A population-based cohort study in China [2019]

Denmark

• Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism
  • Validation of Danish registry-cases of type 1 diabetes in women giving live birth using a clinical cohort as gold standard [2023]

• Nutrients
  • Dietary Advice to Support Glycaemic Control and Weight Management in Women with Type 1 Diabetes during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [2022]

Ethiopia

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Stillbirth Among Patients With Diabetes in Pregnancy in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

Europe

• PLoS ONE
  • Prescribing of Antidiabetic Medicines before, during and after Pregnancy: A Study in Seven European Regions [2016]

Europe, United States

• Endocrine Society
  • Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline [2025]

Germany

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Birth Order, Caesarean Section, or Daycare Attendance in Relation to Child- and Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the German National Cohort [2022]

High-income countries

• Lancet Global Health
  • Prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy among Indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

Hungary

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Trend of pregnancy outcomes in type 1 diabetes compared to control women: a register-based analysis in 1996-2018 [2023]

India

• Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
  • Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy [2024]

• Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
  • Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy - A review [2021]

Indonesia

• Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies
  • Indonesian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes in Pregnancy [2013]

International

• BMC Women's Health
  • Preconception care for women with diabetes: a review of current guideline recommendations [2010]

• BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Antidiabetic medication use during pregnancy: an international utilization study [2019]

• Diabetic Medicine
  • Attendance at pre-pregnancy care clinics for women with type 1 diabetes: A scoping review [2023]

• Diabetologia
  • Secular trend for increasing birthweight in offspring of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: is improved placentation the reason? [2023]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Progress and indication for use of continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes in pregnancy: a review [2023]

• International Journal of Molecular Sciences
  • Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young: A Systematic Review [2025]

• JAMA Ophthalmology
  • Global Estimates of Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence and Progression in Pregnant Women With Preexisting Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2022]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Risks of specific congenital anomalies in offspring of women with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies including over 80 million births [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of pre-pregnancy care for women with diabetes for improving maternal and perinatal outcomes [2020]

Ireland

• Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  • Retrospective national cohort study of pregnancy outcomes for women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Republic of Ireland [2022]

Italy

• Acta Diabetologica
  • Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations on the nutritional management of diabetes in pregnancy: an online national survey [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• Global Health Action
  • The burden of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review [2014]

• Journal of Diabetes Research
  • Detection and Management of Diabetes during Pregnancy in Low Resource Settings: Insights into Past and Present Clinical Practices [2016]

Malaysia

• Malaysian Family Physician
  • Management of diabetes in pregnancy in primary care [2019]

• Ministry of Health Malaysia
  • Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy [2017]

Poland

• Acta Diabetologica
  • Insulin pump therapy with and without continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a prospective observational Orchestra Foundation study in Poland [2023]

• Ginekologia Polska
  • Hyperglycemia in pregnancy - prevalence and perinatal outcomes. A retrospective multicenter cohort study in Poland [2022]
  • Standards of Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians in management of women with diabetes [2018]

Qatar

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of newly detected diabetes in pregnancy in Qatar, using universal screening [2018]

Republic of Korea

• Scientific Reports
  • Trends and associated maternal characteristics of antidiabetic medication use among pregnant women in South Korea [2021]

Spain

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • A Population-Based Study of Diabetes during Pregnancy in Spain (2009–2015): Trends in Incidence, Obstetric Interventions, and Pregnancy Outcomes [2020]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy [2017]

Sweden

• BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Trends in diabetes in pregnancy in Sweden 1998–2012 [2016]

• Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Diabetes risk during pregnancy among second-generation immigrants: A national cohort study in Sweden [2023]

• Primary Care Diabetes
  • Swedish guidelines for type 1 diabetes and pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide descriptive study of consensus and adherence [2021]

Switzerland

• Journal of Diabetes Research
  • Antidiabetic Medication Utilisation before and during Pregnancy in Switzerland between 2012 and 2019: An Administrative Claim Database from the MAMA Cohort [2023]

Taiwan

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Trends in epidemiology of hyperglycemia in pregnancy in Taiwan, 2008-2017 [2023]

Trinidad and Tobago

• Ministry of Health Trinidad and Tobago
  • Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: Clinical Guideline [2018]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Implementation of guidelines for multidisciplinary team management of pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes or cardiac conditions: results from a UK national survey [2017]

• BMJ Open
  • Outcomes for women with diabetes admitted for labour care to midwifery units in the UK: a national prospective cohort study and survey of practice using the UK Midwifery Study System (UKMidSS) [2024]
  • A cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012 [2016]

• Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
  • Rollout of Closed-Loop Technology to Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Healthcare Professionals' Views About Potential Challenges and Solutions [2023]

• Diabetic Medicine
  • A study of diabetic ketoacidosis in the pregnant population in the United Kingdom: Investigating the incidence, aetiology, management and outcomes [2022]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Trends in Factors Affecting Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes of Childbearing Age (2004–2017) [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Diabetes in pregnancy [2023]
  • Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period [2020]
  • Continuous glucose monitoring: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period [2020]

• NHS Digital
  • National Pregnancy in Diabetes Audit Report 2018 [2019]

• SIGN
  • Management of diabetes in pregnancy

• WISDOM
  • Guideline for the Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy [2022]

United States

• American Diabetes Association
  • 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024 [2024]
  • 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023 [2023]
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers [2022]
  • Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023 Abridged for Primary Care Providers [2022]
  • 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 [2022]
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021 Abridged for Primary Care Providers [2021]
  • 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021 [2021]
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020 Abridged for Primary Care Providers [2020]
  • 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020 [2020]

• Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
  • Optimizing Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Perinatal Patients With Diabetes: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 21 [2024]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Diabetes risk status and physical activity in pregnancy: U.S. BRFSS 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 [2020]
  • Use of Antidiabetic drugs during pregnancy among U.S. women with Livebirth deliveries in the Mini-Sentinel system [2019]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Trends and Characteristics in Prepregnancy Diabetes: United States, 2016-2021 [2023]
  • Risk of birth defects by pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011 [2023]
  • Specific birth defects in pregnancies of women with diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011 [2020]

• Endocrine Society
  • Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline [2013]

• Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism
  • The use of glucose-lowering medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy in the United States [2021]

• Endotext
  • Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Born to Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers [2016]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • SMFM Special Statement: Updated checklist for antepartum care of pregestational diabetes mellitus [2020]

Western countries

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Management of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: a narrative review [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Classification of diabetes mellitus [2019]
  • Global report on diabetes [2016]
  • Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy [2013]
  • Diabetes

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Gestational diabetes