Violence

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Child abuse

Africa

• WHO African Region
  • Child Sexual Abuse: a Silent Health Emergency [2004]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Regional Status Report 2020: Preventing and Responding to Violence against Children in the Americas [2020]
  • Violence against children

Australia

• Australian Family Physician
  • Infant abusive head trauma - Incidence, outcomes and awareness [2012]
  • Nonaccidental injury in childhood [2011]
  • Child abuse – mandatory reporting requirements [2011]

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Child protection in the time of COVID-19 [2021]
  • Child protection

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Problem sexual behaviours in children [2018]

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey [2024]

• Medical Journal of Australia
  • The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia: findings from a national survey [2023]
  • The prevalence and nature of multi-type child maltreatment in Australia [2023]
  • The Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), a national survey of the prevalence of child maltreatment and its correlates: methodology [2023]
  • Interventions to halt child abuse in Aboriginal communities [2007]

Bahrain

• Annals of Saudi Medicine
  • Reported child sexual abuse in Bahrain: 2000-2009 [2011]

Brazil

• Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
  • Professional practices in situations of child abuse: an integrative review [2023]

Canada

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Medical neglect: Working with children, youth, and families [2022]
  • The medical evaluation of pre-pubertal children with suspected sexual abuse [2020]
  • The medical assessment of fractures in suspected child maltreatment: Infants and young children with skeletal injury [2018]
  • Multidisciplinary Guidelines on the Identification, Investigation and Management of Suspected Abusive Head Trauma [2007]

• CMAJ
  • Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada [2014]

• Paediatrics & Child Health
  • Child maltreatment in Canada, 2013 [2013]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Is child sexual abuse declining in Canada? Results from nationally representative retrospective surveys [2016]
  • A review of recent analyses of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS) [2015]
  • Child Maltreatment

Canada, United Kingdom, United States

• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  • The Effectiveness of Psychological Treatment in Adult Male Convicted for Sexual Offenses Against Children: A Systematic Review [2023]

Canada, United States

• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  • Recruitment and Entrapment Pathways of Minors into Sex Trafficking in Canada and the United States: A Systematic Review [2023]

China

• PLoS ONE
  • Reported prevalence of childhood maltreatment among Chinese college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2018]

Croatia

• Croatian Medical Journal
  • Gender and age differences in prevalence and incidence of child sexual abuse in Croatia [2013]

Denmark

• European Journal of Psychotraumatology
  • Physical violence against children with disabilities: A Danish national birth cohort prospective study [2023]

• Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care
  • Management of child maltreatment suspicions in general practice: a mixed methods study [2023]

East Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Physical, psychological, sexual, and systemic abuse of children with disabilities in East Africa: Mapping the evidence [2017]

East Asia, Pacific

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • The burden of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Pacific region [2015]

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Ending Violence against Children During Covid-19 and Beyond: Second Regional Conference to Strengthen Implementation of the INSPIRE Strategies, East Asia and the Pacific, Virtual Meeting, 1-5 November 2021: Meeting Report [2022]

Ecuador

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • A Comparison of Willingness to Pay to Prevent Child Maltreatment Deaths in Ecuador and the United States [2013]

Egypt

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and risk factors for child labour and violence against children in Egypt using Bayesian geospatial modelling with multiple imputation [2019]

Europe

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Prevalence of interpersonal violence against children in sport in six European countries [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Recognition of child maltreatment in emergency departments in Europe: Should we do better? [2021]

• WHO European Region
  • European regional status report on preventing violence against children 2020 [2021]
  • European status report on preventing child maltreatment [2018]
  • Measuring and monitoring national prevalence of child maltreatment: a practical handbook [2016]
  • Handbook on developing national action plans to prevent child maltreatment [2016]
  • Investing in children: the European child maltreatment prevention action plan 2015-2020 [2015]
  • Implementing child maltreatment prevention programmes: what the experts say [2015]
  • European report on preventing child maltreatment [2013]
  • The cycles of violence : the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the risk of later becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence : key facts [2007]
  • Preventing child maltreatment

France

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Incidence of child abuse with subdural hemorrhage during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide study in France [2022]

Germany

• Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
  • Trends in child maltreatment in Germany: comparison of two representative population-based studies [2018]

• RöFo
  • The German Evidence-Based Child Protection Guideline – Imaging in Suspected Child Abuse [2020]

Ghana

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • The protective effects of the collective cultural value of abiriwatia against child neglect: Results from a nationally representative survey [2023]

Gulf Cooperation Council

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Child maltreatment and protection in the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A scoping review [2022]

Haiti

• International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion
  • The relationship between commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among boys and girls in Haiti [2022]

• Journal of Interpersonal Violence
  • Lifetime and Child Sexual Violence, Risk Factors and Mental Health Correlates Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults in Haiti: A Public Health Emergency [2023]

High-income countries

• Child Maltreatment
  • Leveraging Administrative Data to Better Understand and Address Child Maltreatment: A Scoping Review of Data Linkage Studies [2023]

• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  • Kinship Care and Child Protection in High-Income Countries: A Scoping Review [2023]

Hong Kong

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence of Child Maltreatment and Its Association with Parenting Style: A Population Study in Hong Kong [2019]

India

• BMC Public Health
  • Ethical and definitional considerations in research on child sexual violence in India [2018]

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Recommendations on recognition and response to child abuse and neglect in the Indian setting [2010]

• Indian Journal of Psychiatry
  • Clinical Practice Guidelines for Child Sexual Abuse [2019]

International

• BMC Public Health
  • Priorities for research in child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and resilience to violence exposures: results of an international Delphi consensus development process [2012]

• BMJ Open
  • Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys [2022]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic [2021]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • The prevalences, changes, and related factors of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review [2023]
  • International guidelines for the prevention of sexual violence: A systematic review and perspective of WHO, UN Women, UNESCO, and UNICEF's publications [2023]
  • Global prevalence of physical and psychological child abuse during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • From parental issues of job and finance to child well-being and maltreatment: A systematic review of the pandemic-related spillover effect [2023]
  • A mapping of parenting support policies worldwide to prevent violence against children [2023]

• Child Maltreatment
  • The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Loneliness Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis [2024]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Child Maltreatment Reporting Practices by a Person Most Knowledgeable for Children and Youth: A Rapid Scoping Review [2022]

• International Wound Journal
  • Prevalence of non-accidental burns and related factors in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Child Sexual Exploitation [2020]

• Journal of Affective Disorders
  • Maternal childhood maltreatment and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review [2022]

• Journal of Public Health
  • Is parental unemployment associated with increased risk of adverse childhood experiences? A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies [2020]

• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  • Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review [2024]
  • Global Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Physical Violence within Domestic and Family Relationships in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis [2024]
  • COVID-19 and Caregiver Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment: The Pandemic in Review [2024]
  • The Impact of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment on Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2023]
  • Child Maltreatment During COVID-19: Key Conclusions and Future Directions Based on a Systematic Literature Review [2023]
  • Characteristics of Sexual Homicide Offenders Focusing on Child Victims: A Review of the Literature [2023]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Violence Against Children

Ireland

• Health Information and Quality Authority
  • Report of the investigation into the management of allegations of child sexual abuse against adults of concern by the Child and Family Agency (Tusla) upon the direction of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs [2018]
  • Guidance on an investigation into the management of allegations of child sexual abuse [2017]

Kenya

• Frontiers in Global Women's Health
  • Children's Vulnerability to Sexual Violence During COVID-19 in Kenya: Recommendations for the Future [2021]

• International Journal of Women's Health
  • Postrape care services to minors in Kenya: are the services healing or hurting survivors? [2016]

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • Sexualised violence against children: a review of laws and policies in Kenya [2019]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• BMC Public Health
  • Violence against children in Latin America and Caribbean countries: a comprehensive review of national health sector efforts in prevention and response [2016]

Netherlands

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Prevalence of child maltreatment in the Netherlands: An update and cross-time comparison [2020]

New Zealand

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Prevalence of Maltreatment: Evidence From a New Zealand Birth Cohort [2019]

• Starship
  • Abuse and Neglect [2021]

Norway

• Norwegian Institute of Public Health
  • The effect of interventions for children who have experienced violence in close relationships: an overview of reviews [2017]

Oman

• Ministry of Health Oman
  • Clinical Guidelines on Child Abuse and Neglect [2016]

• Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
  • Child Rights: What can we do in Oman? [2012]

Peru

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Physical punishment and effective verbal communication in children aged 9-36 months, according to sex: secondary analysis of a national survey [2024]

Rwanda

• BMC Public Health
  • Predictors of physical violence against children in Rwanda: findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Correlates of emotional violence against children in Rwanda: Findings from a cross-sectional national survey [2023]

Saudi Arabia

• Annals of Saudi Medicine
  • Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect in Saudi Arabia: Are We Ready? [2011]

Singapore

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Adverse childhood experiences and positive psychotic symptoms: A nationally representative study in Singapore [2022]

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Management of child abuse [2013]

South Africa

• Lancet Global Health
  • Sexual violence against children in South Africa: a nationally representative cross-sectional study of prevalence and correlates [2018]

Sweden

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Child physical abuse, declining trend in prevalence over 10 years in Sweden [2020]

• Implementation Science
  • Transfer of knowledge to diagnose infant abuse and its incidence - a time-series analysis from Sweden [2022]

• Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care
  • Facing suspected child abuse – what keeps Swedish general practitioners from reporting to child protective services? [2015]

• Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
  • Primary care interventions provided to families where children have been subjected to abuse and neglect [2018]

Switzerland

• Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
  • Mobilizing agencies for incidence surveys on child maltreatment: successful participation in Switzerland and lessons learned [2018]

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Nurses' and physicians' reported difficulties and enablers to recognising and reporting child abuse in Swiss paediatric emergency and paediatric surgery departments - an observational study [2023]

Tanzania

• WHO African Region
  • Policy Brief- Tanzania's Parenting interventions [2024]

United Arab Emirates

• European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
  • Assessment of the knowledge of United Arab Emirates dentists of Child Maltreatment, protection and safeguarding [2018]

United Kingdom

• Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • Rate and severity of radiological features of physical abuse in children during the first UK-wide COVID-19 enforced national lockdown [2022]

• BMC Psychiatry
  • Associations between developmental timing of child abuse and conduct problem trajectories in a UK birth cohort [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Exploration of trends in the incidence and prevalence of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse recording in UK primary care: a retrospective cohort study using ‘the health improvement network’ database [2020]

• British Society of Paediatric Dentistry
  • British Society of Paediatric Dentistry: A policy document on dental neglect in children [2024]

• Child Abuse & Neglect
  • Prevalence of violence against children in the United Kingdom: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Improving professional practice in the investigation and management of intrafamilial child sexual abuse: Qualitative analysis of serious child protection reviews [2023]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Helping school nurses to tackle child sexual exploitation

• GG&C Paediatric Guidelines
  • Child Protection

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Child abuse and neglect [2019]
  • Child maltreatment: when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s [2017]

• NHS England
  • Paediatric forensic healthcare practitioner capabilities framework for child sexual abuse assessment [2023]

• Public Health England
  • Preventing offending and re-offending by children

• Public Health Scotland
  • Ending childhood adversity: A public health approach [2020]

• Royal College of Radiologists
  • The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children [2017]

• Scottish Government
  • Supporting children and young people who may have experienced child sexual abuse: clinical pathway for healthcare professionals [2020]
  • Tackling child neglect in Scotland 3: rapid review of legislation and policy [2018]
  • Tackling child neglect in Scotland 2: rapid review of intervention literature [2018]
  • Tackling child neglect in Scotland 1: follow-up survey 2016 [2018]
  • National action plan to tackle child sexual exploitation: progress report 2016-2017 [2017]
  • Child Sexual Exploitation - A Guide for Health Practitioners [2017]
  • Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Practitioner Briefing Paper [2016]
  • National Guidance for Child Protection in Scotland

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force [2024]
  • Behavioral Interventions and Counseling to Prevent Child Abuse and Neglect [2013]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Protecting Children and Condemning Hate During a Time of War [2024]
  • Child Fatality Review [2024]
  • Protecting Children From Sexual Abuse by Health Care Professionals and in the Health Care Setting [2022]
  • Exploitation, Labor and Sex Trafficking of Children and Adolescents: Health Care Needs of Patients [2022]
  • Evaluation for Bleeding Disorders in Suspected Child Abuse [2022]
  • Evaluating for Suspected Child Abuse: Conditions That Predispose to Bleeding [2022]
  • Maltreatment of Children With Disabilities [2021]
  • Runaway Youth: Caring for the Nation’s Largest Segment of Missing Children [2020]
  • Children Exposed to Maltreatment: Assessment and the Role of Psychotropic Medication [2020]
  • Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Children [2020]
  • Ongoing Pediatric Health Care for the Child Who Has Been Maltreated [2019]
  • Identifying Child Abuse Fatalities During Infancy [2019]
  • The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse [2018]
  • Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect [2017]
  • Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization [2017]
  • Clinical Considerations Related to the Behavioral Manifestations of Child Maltreatment [2017]
  • Virtual Violence [2016]
  • Psychological Maltreatment [2016]
  • The Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse [2015]
  • Child Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Health Care Needs of Victims [2015]
  • The Pediatrician's Role in Child Maltreatment Prevention [2014]
  • Evaluating Children With Fractures for Child Physical Abuse [2014]
  • Child Abuse, Confidentiality, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [2014]
  • The Evaluation of Children in the Primary Care Setting When Sexual Abuse Is Suspected [2013]
  • Distinguishing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome From Child Abuse Fatalities [2013]
  • Caregiver-Fabricated Illness in a Child: A Manifestation of Child Maltreatment [2013]
  • Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse [2012]
  • Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse [2009]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Human Trafficking [2019]
  • Adult Manifestations of Childhood Sexual Abuse [2011]

• American College of Radiology
  • Suspected Physical Abuse — Child

• BMC Public Health
  • Describing associations between child maltreatment frequency and the frequency and timing of subsequent delinquent or criminal behaviors across development: variation by sex, sexual orientation, and race [2019]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020 [2023]
  • Sexual Assault or Abuse of Children - STI Treatment Guidelines [2021]
  • Trends in U.S. Emergency Department Visits Related to Suspected or Confirmed Child Abuse and Neglect Among Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–September 2020 [2020]
  • Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017 [2019]
  • CDC Grand Rounds: Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of Child Maltreatment [2014]
  • Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention

• Child Maltreatment
  • Evidence-Based Home Visiting Provisions and Child Maltreatment Report Rates: County-Level Analysis of US National Data From 2016 to 2018 [2024]

• Child Welfare Information Gateway
  • Child Abuse & Neglect

• Hospital Pediatrics
  • Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Fatalities in a National Pediatric Inpatient Database [2020]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Prevalence of Online Sexual Offenses Against Children in the US [2022]

• Journal of Interpersonal Violence
  • Community Food Insecurity and Child Maltreatment Reports: County-Level Analysis of U.S. National Data From 2009 to 2018 [2023]

• Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
  • Trends and forecasted rates of adverse childhood experiences among adults in the United States: an analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System [2023]

• Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
  • Updated Guidelines for the Medical Assessment and Care of Children Who May Have Been Sexually Abused [2016]

• Lancet Public Health
  • Intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment in the USA: a retrospective cohort study [2023]

• Pediatric Emergency Care
  • National Trends in Emergency Department Visits for Child Maltreatment, 2007-2014 [2022]

• Pediatrics
  • Effectiveness of Home Visiting in Improving Child Health and Reducing Child Maltreatment [2013]

• Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
  • Parasite stress promotes homicide and child maltreatment [2011]

• Society for Pediatric Radiology
  • The impact of the consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children [2021]

• Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
  • Association of Housing Stress With Child Maltreatment: A Systematic Review [2022]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions [2024]

• Violence and Victims
  • Violent Victimization During Childhood in the United States: Associations With Revictimization and Health [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Intersections between violence against children and violence against women [2024]
  • WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent–child relationships with children aged 0–17 years: web annex: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence to decision tables [2023]
  • WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent–child relationships with children aged 0–17 years [2023]
  • What works to prevent violence against children online? [2022]
  • What works to prevent online violence against children? executive summary [2022]
  • Violence against children online [2022]
  • Responding to child maltreatment: a clinical handbook for health professionals [2022]
  • Reporting on violence against children: a guide for journalists [2022]
  • INSPIRE: seven strategies for ending violence against children: uptake between 2016 and 2021 [2022]
  • Universal parenting support to prevent abuse and neglect: A policy call for national governments [2021]
  • Global status report on preventing violence against children 2020 [2020]
  • WHO Guidelines for the health sector response to child maltreatment [2019]
  • School-based violence prevention: a practical handbook [2019]
  • INSPIRE handbook: action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children [2018]
  • Responding to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused [2017]
  • Toolkit on mapping legal, health and social services responses to child maltreatment [2015]
  • Improving efforts to prevent children’s exposure to violence: a handbook to support the evaluation of child maltreatment prevention programmes [2014]
  • Preventing violence: evaluating outcomes of parenting programmes [2013]
  • Preventing violence through the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers [2009]
  • Preventing violence by developing life skills in children and adolescents [2009]
  • Preventing child maltreatment : a guide to taking action and generating evidence [2006]
  • Violence against children: Fact sheet
  • Violence against children
  • Violence Info – Child maltreatment
  • Preventing violence against children
  • Online violence against children
  • Measuring and evaluating child maltreatment
  • Lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse (%)
  • Lifetime prevalence of child physical neglect (%)
  • Lifetime prevalence of child physical abuse (%)
  • Lifetime prevalence of child emotional abuse (%)
  • Extent of implementation of child protection services
  • Child maltreatment: Fact sheet
  • Child maltreatment: Extent of implementation of home-visiting programmes
  • Caring for child victims of violence

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Preventing violence against children 2020: status report for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region [2021]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Preventing violence against children 2020: report for the WHO South-East Asia Region [2021]
  • Managing child abuse : a handbook of medical officer [2004]

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Child maltreatment [2016]
  • Ending violence against children

Zimbabwe

• BMC Public Health
  • National COVID-19 lockdown and trends in help-seeking for violence against children in Zimbabwe: an interrupted time-series analysis [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Exploring children's formal help-seeking behaviour for violence in Zimbabwe: analysis of national survey and routine service provider data [2023]

{Related topics}

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