Americas - Australia - Australia, New Zealand - Bhutan - Brazil - Canada - Canada, United States - Caribbean - China - Denmark - Europe - Germany - Greece - High-income countries - Hong Kong - India - International - Ireland - Italy - Japan - Kenya - Kuwait - Latin America and the Caribbean - Lebanon - Low and middle income countries - Malaysia - Maldives - Myanmar - New Zealand - Nigeria - Peru - Portugal - Republic of Korea - Seychelles - Singapore - Spain - Sub-Saharan Africa - Sweden - Switzerland - Tanzania - Türkiye - United Kingdom - United States - WHO - WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region - WHO South-East Asia Region - {Related topics}

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Blood

Australia

• Australian Critical Care
  • ‘True Blood’ The Critical Care Story: An audit of blood sampling practice across three adult, paediatric and neonatal intensive care settings [2015]

• Australian Red Cross
  • Blood information for health professionals

• National Blood Authority
  • Clinical guidance

• NSW Health
  • Blood Management

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • Donor Research in Australia: Challenges and Promise [2014]

Australia, New Zealand

• Australian & New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion
  • Guidelines for the Administration of Blood Products [2024]
  • Guidelines for the Implementation and Use of Electronic Medical Records for Transfusion [2021]
  • ANZSBT Guidelines

Bhutan

• Ministry of Health Bhutan
  • Blood Transfusion Service

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)
  • A comprehensive review of massive transfusion and major hemorrhage protocols: origins, core principles and practical implementation [2025]

• Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Patient Blood Management Program Implementation: Comprehensive Recommendations and Practical Strategies [2024]

Canada

• Alberta Health Services
  • Transfusion Medicine

• BC Provincial Blood Coordinating Office
  • Resources

• BMJ Open Quality
  • Using Blood Wisely: lessons learnt in establishing a national implementation programme to reduce inappropriate red blood cell transfusion [2024]

• Canadian Blood Services
  • Clinical Guide to Transfusion
  • Best practices

• Health Canada
  • Blood Regulations

• National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products
  • Guidelines & Recommendations

Canada, United States

• Society of Thoracic Surgeons
  • STS/SCA/AmSECT/SABM Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines on Patient Blood Management [2021]

Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Caribbean Regional Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services, 2. ed. [2013]

China

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • Blood Donor Management in China [2014]

• Translational Pediatrics
  • The epidemiology of blood transfusion in hospitalized children: a national cross-sectional study in China [2021]

Denmark

• Blood Transfusion
  • Monitoring compliance with transfusion guidelines in hospital departments by electronic data capture [2014]

• Danish Health Authority
  • National clinical guideline for transfusion using blood components [2018]

Europe

• British Journal of Anaesthesia
  • Intraoperative transfusion practices in Europe [2016]

• European Blood Alliance
  • Current transfusion practice and need for new blood products to ensure blood supply for patients with major hemorrhage in Europe [2023]
  • The value to blood establishments of supplier quality audit and of adopting a European Blood Alliance collaborative approach [2014]

• European Commission
  • Supporting Patient Blood Management (PBM) in the EU [2017]
  • Building national programmes of Patient Blood Management (PBM) in the EU - A guide for health authorities [2017]
  • Blood

• European Hematology Association
  • The EHA Research Roadmap: Transfusion Medicine [2022]

• European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
  • Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: A clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine: Endorsement by the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine [2022]
  • Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine [2020]

• Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
  • A review of European guidelines for patient blood management with a particular emphasis on antifibrinolytic drug administration for cardiac surgery [2022]

Germany

• BJS Open
  • Association of anaemia, co-morbidities and red blood cell transfusion according to age groups: multicentre sub-analysis of the German Patient Blood Management Network Registry [2022]

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • Transfusion of Packed Red Cells [2015]

Greece

• Turkish Journal of Hematology
  • Current Practice in FFP Preparation and Use in Greece: A National Survey [2021]

High-income countries

• Expert Review of Hematology
  • Improving transfusion access through improved policy: a call for a less fragmented blood supply [2026]

Hong Kong

• Hong Kong Medical Journal
  • Hong Kong Society of Clinical Blood Management recommendations for implementation of patient blood management [2020]

India

• Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
  • A review of legal, regulatory, and policy aspects of blood transfusion services in India: Issues, challenges, and opportunities [2021]

• Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
  • Patient blood management in India - Review of current practices and feasibility of applying appropriate standard of care guidelines. A position paper by an interdisciplinary expert group [2021]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • National Standards for Blood Centres & Blood Transfusion Services [2022]
  • Good Blood Transfusion Practices [2022]
  • Blood Transfusion Services

• PLoS ONE
  • The clinical demand and supply of blood in India: A National level estimation study [2022]

International

• BMC Surgery
  • Criteria used to define appropriate red blood cell transfusion in the perioperative setting: a scoping review [2025]

• British Journal of Anaesthesia
  • Patient blood management interventions do not lead to important clinical benefits or cost-effectiveness for major surgery: a network meta-analysis [2021]

• British Journal of Haematology
  • Home-based blood transfusion therapy: A systematic review [2022]

• Canadian Journal of Surgery
  • Fresh whole blood transfusion capability for Special Operations Forces [2015]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Blood transfusion strategies for major bleeding in trauma [2025]

• Critical Care
  • Definitions of massive transfusion in adults with critical bleeding: a systematic review [2023]

• Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
  • ERAS Cardiac Society turnkey order set for patient blood management: Proceedings from the AATS ERAS Conclave 2023 [2024]

• Global Journal of Transfusion Medicine
  • Existing and Recommended Legislative Framework for a National Blood Transfusion Policy [2017]

• International Society of Blood Transfusion
  • Patient Blood Management Resources

• JAMA Network Open
  • Intraoperative Blood Management Strategies for Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: The Ottawa Intraoperative Transfusion Consensus [2023]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Innovative blood transfusion strategies to address global blood deserts: a consensus statement from the Blood Delivery via Emerging Strategies for Emergency Remote Transfusion (Blood DESERT) Coalition [2024]

• Vox Sanguinis
  • The systematic use of evidence-based methodologies and technologies enhances shared decision-making in the 2018 International Consensus Conference on Patient Blood Management [2020]

Ireland

• Irish Blood Transfusion Service
  • Health Professionals

Italy

• Blood Transfusion
  • A nationwide survey of clinical use of blood in Italy [2021]
  • The use of telemedicine in Italian Blood Banks: a nationwide survey [2014]
  • Ethical and legal aspects of refusal of blood transfusions by Jehovah’s Witnesses, with particular reference to Italy [2014]

• Minerva Anestesiologica
  • Clinical standards for patient blood management and perioperative hemostasis and coagulation management. Position Paper of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) [2019]

• Transfusion and Apheresis Science
  • How to implement of patient blood management pillar 1: An Italian expert opinion based on a “bundles” approach [2020]

Japan

• Nagoya Journal of Medical Science
  • The ethics of blood transfusion refusal in clinical practice among legal and medical professions in Japan [2020]

Kenya

• Ministry of Health Kenya
  • Kenya National Standards for Blood Transfusion Service, 2nd Edition [2022]

Kuwait

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Blood bank trends in Kuwait: five-year analysis of donations and investigations [2025]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Regional report. Supply of blood for transfusions in Latin American and Caribbean countries. 2018–2020 [2025]
  • Supply of Blood for Transfusion in Latin America and Caribbean Countries 2016-2017 [2020]

Lebanon

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Difficulties in achieving a sustainable blood supply: report from the first national seminar on blood donation in Lebanon [2020]

Low and middle income countries

• Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews
  • Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries [2021]

Malaysia

• Ministry of Health Malaysia
  • Transfusion Practice Guidelines for Clinical and Laboratory Personnel [2016]

Maldives

• Ministry of Health Maldives
  • National Guideline on Clinical Use of Blood – 2022 [2022]

Myanmar

• Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
  • Status report of the blood transfusion services in Myanmar [2009]

New Zealand

• New Zealand Blood Service
  • Healthcare Professionals

Nigeria

• National Blood Service Agency
  • Operational guidelines for blood transfusion practice in Nigeria [2022]
  • Guidelines on appropriate clinical use of blood and blood products in Nigeria [2021]
  • Downloads

Peru

• Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Reviews
  • An Analysis of and Recommendations for the Peruvian Blood Collection and Transfusion System [2016]

Portugal

• Acta Médica Portuguesa
  • Improving Awareness about Patient Blood Management in Portugal: A Call for Action Arising from a Delphi Panel [2022]

• Scientific Reports
  • Clinical, economical and safety impact of ferric carboxymaltose use in Patient Blood Management programme in Portuguese National Health Service hospitals [2022]

Republic of Korea

• Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
  • Korean clinical practice guideline for perioperative red blood cell transfusion from Korean Society of Anesthesiologists [2018]

Seychelles

• Ministry of Health Seychelles
  • National Blood Services Policy [2023]

Singapore

• Health Sciences Authority
  • National Guidelines on Clinical Transfusion [2023]

Spain

• Blood Transfusion
  • Quality indicators for Transfusion Medicine in Spain: a survey among hospital transfusion services [2016]
  • The 2013 update of the “Seville Document”: a Spanish multidisciplinary alliance for patient blood management [2013]
  • Spanish Consensus Statement on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion: the 2013 update of the “Seville Document” [2013]
  • Guidelines on haemovigilance of post-transfusional iron overload [2013]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Trends and Gaps in National Blood Transfusion Services — 14 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2014–2016 [2018]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Packed red cells versus whole blood transfusion for severe paediatric anaemia, pregnancy-related anaemia and obstetric bleeding: an analysis of clinical practice guidelines from sub-Saharan Africa and evidence underpinning recommendations [2019]

Sweden

• Transfusion
  • Patterns and determinants of blood transfusion in intensive care in Sweden between 2010 and 2018: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study [2022]

Switzerland

• PLoS ONE
  • Transfusion practice in anemic, non-bleeding patients: Cross-sectional survey of physicians working in general internal medicine teaching hospitals in Switzerland [2018]

• Scientific Reports
  • Differential impact of transfusion guidelines on blood transfusion practices within a health network [2023]

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Dissemination of patient blood management practices in Swiss intensive care units: a cross-sectional survey [2022]

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • A Simple Guideline Reduces the Need for Red Blood Cell Transfusions in Swiss Hospitals: A Prospective, Multicentre, Before-and-After Study in Elective Hip and Knee Replacement [2014]

Tanzania

• PLoS ONE
  • Risk factors for inappropriate blood requisition among hospitals in Tanzania [2018]

Türkiye

• Blood Transfusion
  • Peri-operative blood transfusion in elective major surgery: incidence, indications and outcome – an observational multicentre study [2020]
  • A nationwide Turkish movement to implement Patient Blood Management [2020]

United Kingdom

• Academy of Medical Royal Colleges
  • Blood transfusion [2024]

• Association of Anaesthetists
  • Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: the use of blood components and their alternatives [2025]
  • AAGBI guidelines: the use of blood components and their alternatives 2016 [2016]
  • Blood transfusion and the anaesthetist: management of massive haemorrhage [2010]

• British Blood Transfusion Society
  • UK Transfusion Laboratory Collaborative: minimum standards for staff qualifications, training, competency and the use of information technology in hospital transfusion laboratories 2014 [2014]
  • UK Transfusion Laboratory Collaborative: Recommended minimum standards for hospital transfusion laboratories [2009]

• British Journal of Haematology
  • Mitigating the impact of blood shortages in England [2024]

• British Society for Haematology
  • The use of predeposit autologous donation: Guideline prepared by the BSH Blood Transfusion Task Force [2024]
  • Guidelines for the specification, implementation and management of IT systems in hospital transfusion laboratories: A British Society for Haematology Guideline [2024]
  • Haematological management of major haemorrhage: a British Society for Haematology Guideline [2022]
  • The administration of blood components: a British Society for Haematology Guideline [2017]

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Risk assessment tools for predicting transfusion in surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Joint United Kingdom (UK) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee
  • JPAC

• National Blood Transfusion Committee
  • Triage tool for the rationing of blood for massively bleeding patients during a severe national blood shortage: guidance from the National Blood Transfusion Committee [2020]
  • Emergency preparedness, resilience and response guidance for UK hospital transfusion teams [2020]
  • Recommendations

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Blood transfusion (Quality standard) [2026]
  • Blood transfusion [2026]

• NHS Blood and Transplant
  • NHSBT clinical guidelines

• NHS Scotland
  • NHS Scotland National Blood Transfusion Policy [2021]

• Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
  • Blood transfusion - moving from what to how [2025]

• Transfusion Medicine Reviews
  • Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Transfusion Medicine: Addressing the Challenges of Clinical Adoption [2026]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • UK blood donor survey overview

• Vox Sanguinis
  • The prototypical UK blood donor, homophily and blood donation: Blood donors are like you, not me [2024]

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Prehospital EMS Blood Transfusion and Fluid Interventions for Hemorrhagic Shock [2026]

• American College of Chest Physicians
  • Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Critically Ill Adults: An American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline [2025]

• American Red Cross
  • A Compendium of Transfusion Practice Guidelines [2021]

• American Society of Anesthesiologists
  • Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management [2015]

• Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies
  • Resources

• Blood Advances
  • Blood transfusion trends in the United States: national inpatient sample, 2015 to 2018 [2021]

• Blood Transfusion
  • “Transfusion indication RBC (PBM-02)”: gap analysis of a Joint Commission Patient Blood Management Performance Measure at a community hospital [2014]
  • A new perspective on best transfusion practices [2013]

• Food and Drug Administration
  • Blood Products Advisory Committee

• Society for the Advancement of Patient Blood Management
  • SABM Administrative and Clinical Standards for Patient Blood Management Programs [2019]

• StatPearls
  • Blood Transfusion

• Transfusion
  • Supplemental findings of the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey [2021]

• Transfusion Medicine Reviews
  • Eligibility Considerations for Female Whole Blood Donors: Hemoglobin Levels and Iron Status in a Nationally Representative Population [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO model for costing of blood products [2025]
  • Guidance on implementing patient blood management to improve global blood health status [2024]
  • Guidance to identify barriers in blood services using the blood system self-assessment (BSS) tool: web annex: blood system self-assessment [2023]
  • Guidance to identify barriers in blood services using the blood system self-assessment (BSS) tool [2023]
  • The urgent need to implement patient blood management: policy brief [2021]
  • WHO public consultation on the draft proposal on principles for global consensus on the donation and management of blood, blood components and medical products of human origin [2017]
  • Principles on the donation and management of blood, blood components and other medical products of human origin: report by the Secretariat [2017]
  • Principles for global consensus on the donation and management of blood, blood components and medical products of human origin: report by the Secretariat [2017]
  • Blood donor counselling: implementation guidelines [2014]
  • The Clinical Use of Blood in Medicine, Obstetrics, Paediatrics, Surgery and Anaesthesia, Trauma and Burns [2001]
  • Developing a national policy and guidelines on the clinical use of blood: recommendations [2001]
  • Blood products

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Summary report on the Regional meeting of directors of national blood transfusion services, Casablanca, Morocco, 17–19 May 2016 [2016]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Blood Transfusion Services in South-East Asia Region. A 5-year review [2018]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal hematologic diseases
  • Hematologic diseases in pregnancy, anemia in pregnancy
  • Blood transfusion: blood safety
  • Anemia