Breastfeeding

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Breastfeeding and health outcomes

Africa

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Inequalities in the prevalence of stunting, anemia and exclusive breastfeeding among African children [2022]

• Scientific Reports
  • Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk in Africa: a meta-analysis and implication for the interface of agriculture and health [2024]

Australia

• Pediatric Obesity
  • The effects of duration of any breastfeeding on body mass index in Australian children: Exploration of health, economic and equity impacts [2025]

Bangladesh

• BMC Public Health
  • Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study [2017]

Europe

• Obesity Facts
  • Association between Characteristics at Birth, Breastfeeding and Obesity in 22 Countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI 2015/2017 [2019]

Gambia

• Journal of Nutrition
  • Following the World Health Organization’s Recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding to 6 Months of Age Does Not Impact the Growth of Rural Gambian Infants [2016]

Hong Kong

• Acta Paediatrica
  • An economic evaluation on sub-optimal breastfeeding in Hong Kong: Infant health outcomes and costs [2025]

Indonesia

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • The annual cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia: the economic burden of treating diarrhea and respiratory disease among children (< 24mo) due to not breastfeeding according to recommendation [2018]

International

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2015]

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review [2024]

• Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Effects of Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion Interventions on Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]

• Annual Review of Nutrition
  • Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months: Is There Evidence for Health Impacts? [2021]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Breastfeeding and risk of food allergy and allergic rhinitis in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [2024]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infant [2024]

• Health Policy and Planning
  • The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool [2019]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review [2022]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Role of breastfeeding on maternal and childhood cancers: An umbrella review of meta-analyses [2023]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Breastfeeding Is Associated With a Reduced Maternal Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Involving Data From 8 Studies and 1 192 700 Parous Women [2022]

• Nutrients
  • Maternal Lifestyle Factors Affecting Breast Milk Composition and Infant Health: A Systematic Review [2024]
  • Breastfeeding Beyond Six Months: Evidence of Child Health Benefits [2024]
  • Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]

• Oxford Research Encyclopedias
  • Public Health Impact of Breastfeeding [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Breastfeeding and maternal cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: A systematic review [2017]

Ireland

• BMC Public Health
  • Exploring the relationship between breastfeeding and the incidence of infant illnesses in Ireland: evidence from a nationally representative prospective cohort study [2023]

Israel

• JAMA Network Open
  • Breastfeeding Duration and Child Development [2025]

Japan

• Pediatric Research
  • Association between infant breastfeeding practices and timing of peak height velocity: A nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight change in Japanese women: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• Clinical Therapeutics
  • Breastfeeding in a Global Context: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Directions [2022]

• Gates Open Research
  • Interventions to improve linear growth during exclusive breastfeeding life-stage for children aged 0-6 months living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review with network and pairwise meta-analyses [2020]

Netherlands

• National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
  • Health effects of breastfeeding: an update [2015]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Information on the benefits of breastfeeding in reduced illness and improved health

Nordic countries

• Food & Nutrition Research
  • Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations [2013]

Pakistan

• BMJ Open
  • Association of breast feeding and birth interval with child mortality in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study using nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data [2022]

Puerto Rico

• Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Breastfeeding Duration and Asthma in Puerto Rican Children [2014]

Republic of Korea

• BMC Oral Health
  • Association between breastfeeding and periodontitis in Korean women using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): a cross-sectional study [2023]

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Growth, Nutritional Status, and Dietary Intake Patterns Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding in Young Korean Children: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study [2023]

• Nature Communications
  • Breastfeeding and impact on childhood hospital admissions: a nationwide birth cohort in South Korea [2023]

• Nutrients
  • Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated with the Risk of Tooth Loss, Chewing Difficulty, and Undernutrition among Older Korean Women: Results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013-2015 [2023]

South Asia

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and other infant and young child feeding practices on childhood morbidity outcomes: associations for infants 0-6 months in 5 South Asian countries using Demographic and Health Survey data [2024]

South-East Asia

• Health Policy and Planning
  • The cost of not breastfeeding in Southeast Asia [2016]

United Kingdom

• PLoS Medicine
  • Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study [2023]

• Public Health England
  • Breastfeeding and dental health

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children [2025]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Public Belief in the Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding — United States, 2018 and 2021 [2023]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs [2017]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Association of Breastfeeding and Child IQ Score at Age 5 Years [2021]

• Pediatric Clinics of North America
  • Breastfeeding and health outcomes for the mother-infant dyad [2012]

• Pediatrics
  • Adherence to Breastfeeding Guidelines and Maternal Weight 6 Years After Delivery [2014]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Short-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review on the benefits of breastfeeding on diarrhoea and pneumonia mortality [2013]
  • Long-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review [2013]
  • Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding : systematic review and meta-analyses [2007]
  • Continued breastfeeding for healthy growth and development of children

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