Breastfeeding

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Donor human milk, human milk banking

Africa

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Improving neonatal outcomes through better access to human milk [2025]

Australia

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Breast milk donation after neonatal death in Australia: a report [2014]

• NSW Health
  • Breastmilk: Safe Management

• SA Health
  • Expressed Breast Milk: Safe Management and Administration Clinical Directive

Austria, Germany, Switzerland

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Donor human milk programs in German, Austrian and Swiss neonatal units - findings from an international survey [2020]

Brazil

• Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
  • The role of human milk banks in promoting maternal and infant health: a systematic review [2021]

• Jornal de Pediatria
  • The trend of services provided by human milk banks between 2010 and 2019 in Brazil [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Donated breast milk stored in banks versus breast milk purchased online [2015]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Pasteurized and unpasteurized donor human milk [2020]

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Human donor milk for the vulnerable infant: a Canadian perspective [2014]

Canada, United States

• Human Milk Banking Association of North America
  • HMBANA Standards for Donor Human Milk Banking: An Overview [2024]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on North American milk banks [2021]

China

• World Journal of Pediatrics
  • The data and characteristics of the human milk banks in mainland China [2019]

Developing countries

• Health Promotion Perspectives
  • Human milk banking can be an innovative approach for developing countries [2018]

Europe

• European Milk Bank Association
  • Vegan/vegetarian diet and human milk donation: An EMBA survey across European milk banks [2024]
  • “Donor milk banking: Improving the future”. A survey on the operation of the European donor human milk banks [2021]
  • Recommendations for the Establishment and Operation of Human Milk Banks in Europe: A Consensus Statement From the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) [2019]
  • Fortification of Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Update and Recommendations of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification [2019]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • The role of human milk banks

Finland, United States

• Pediatric Research
  • Donor human milk versus infant formula for low-risk infants: a systematic review [2025]

France

• Association des Lactariums de France
  • French Human Milk Bank Association

India

• Indian Pediatrics
  • A Landscape Analysis of Human Milk Banks in India [2019]
  • Human milk banking guidelines [2014]

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Role of human milk banks amid COVID 19: perspective from a milk bank in India [2020]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • National Guidelines on Lactation Management Centres in Public Health Facilities [2017]

International

• Advances in Nutrition
  • The Impact of Donating Human Milk on the Health of the Donor and Their Infant: Evidence from Two Systematic Reviews [2026]
  • A Systematic Review on the Impact of Donor Characteristics and Donor Milk Handling on Infant Health and Growth [2026]
  • The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review [2020]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Developing global guidance on human milk banking [2021]

• Current Nutrition Reports
  • Barriers and Facilitators for the Donation and Acceptance of Human Breast milk: A Scoping Review [2023]

• Frontiers in Nutrition
  • Impact of processing techniques on donor human milk: a multi-omics and bioinformatics scoping review [2026]

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Human milk bank services and Islamic milk kinship: pathways and processes for ensuring respect for religious law and tradition in the provision of donor human milk for small vulnerable newborns [2025]
  • Explaining the experiences of donors, recipients, and healthcare providers regarding milk donation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis [2025]

• Journal of Human Lactation
  • Conceptualizing the Commercialization of Human Milk: A Concept Analysis [2024]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Wet Nursing and Human Milk Sharing: Reviving Sustainable Systems to Prioritise Breastfeeding [2026]
  • The global status of human milk banking [2024]
  • Review of current best practices for human milk banking [2024]
  • Nonprofit human milk banking: On a challenging path to global equity [2024]
  • International expert meeting on the donation and use of human milk: Brief report [2024]
  • Comparison between the for-profit human milk industry and nonprofit human milk banking: Time for regulation? [2024]
  • A comparative review of human milk banking and national tissue banking programs [2024]
  • Maintaining human milk bank services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: A global response [2021]

• Nutrients
  • Factors That Influence the Sustainability of Human Milk Donation to Milk Banks: A Systematic Review [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • A scoping review on current technology-based approaches to support breastfeeding and informal human milk exchange practices [2023]

• Public Health Nutrition
  • What is known about human milk bank donors around the world: a systematic scoping review [2022]

• Women and Birth
  • Unveiling the voices: Exploring perspectives and experiences of women, donors, recipient mothers and healthcare professionals in human milk donation: A systematic review of qualitative studies [2024]

Italy

• Nutrition Reviews
  • Recommendations for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank [2023]

Japan

• Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank
  • Our Standards

New Zealand

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Formal and informal human milk donation in New Zealand: a mixed-method national survey [2024]

• Starship
  • Breastfeeding - Breast Milk Sharing in Newborn Services

Poland

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Current and future use of donor human milk in hospitals: data from polish human milk banks [2026]

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • The Experience of Human Milk Banking for 8 Years: Korean Perspective [2016]

South Africa

• National Department of Health South Africa
  • National Health Act: Regulations: Human milk banks [2015]

South-East Asia

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Human milk banks in the response to COVID-19: a statement of the regional human milk bank network for Southeast Asia and beyond [2021]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Recommendations for the creation and operation of maternal milk banks in Spain [2018]

Sweden

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Human Milk Practices in Swedish Neonatal Units: Results From a Nationwide Survey [2026]

Switzerland

• Nutrients
  • Bridging the Milk Gap: Integrating a Human Milk Bank-Blood Bank Model to Reinforce Lactation Support and Neonatal Care [2025]

United Kingdom

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Cost of operating a human milk bank in the UK: a microcosting analysis [2025]

• British Association of Perinatal Medicine
  • The Use of Donor Human Milk in Neonates [2023]
  • Framework for Practice: Lactation and loss [2022]
  • The Use of Donor Human Expressed Breast Milk in Newborn Infants - A Framework for Practice (2016) [2016]

• Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
  • Understanding modifiable barriers to human milk donation in the United Kingdom [2025]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Disparities in being able to donate human milk impacts upon maternal wellbeing: Lessons for scaling up milk bank service provision [2024]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Donor milk banks: the operation of donor milk bank services [2010]

United Kingdom, United States

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Donation barriers, enablers, patterns and predictors of milk bank donors in the United States and United Kingdom [2024]

United States

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's 2017 Position Statement on Informal Breast Milk Sharing for the Term Healthy Infant [2018]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Donor Human Milk for the High-Risk Infant: Preparation, Safety, and Usage Options in the United States [2017]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Donor Human Milk Use in Advanced Neonatal Care Units — United States, 2020 [2022]

• Current Opinion in Pediatrics
  • Donor Human Milk for VLBWs: Patterns of Usage, Outcomes, and Unanswered Questions [2015]

• Hospital Pediatrics
  • Supplementation Practices and Donor Milk Use in U.S. Well Newborn Nurseries [2020]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Establishing an integrated human milk banking approach to strengthen newborn care [2017]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • Human milk composition through the lens of donor human milk banking [2026]

• Social Science & Medicine
  • The commodification of human milk: Analysing corporate practices and policy implications using the UCSF Industry Documents Library [2026]

Vietnam

• Journal of Human Lactation
  • Strengthening Newborn Nutrition Through Establishment of the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]

• Nutrients
  • Trends and Dynamics in the First Four Years of Operation of the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]
  • Factors Associated with the Use of Pasteurized Donor Milk for Healthy Newborns: Experience from the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]

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• Topic
  • Breastfeeding