Ethics, jurisprudence

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HIV/AIDS: ethical and legal issues, stigma and discrimination

Africa

• UNAIDS
  • Towards intensified African Union–United Nations cooperation for the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence and protecting the health and rights of women and children in humanitarian settings [2018]
  • HIV, the Law and Human Rights in the African Human Rights System: Key Challenges and Opportunities for Rights-Based Responses — Report on the Study of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights [2018]

Asia-Pacific

• UNAIDS
  • Key populations are being left behind in universal health coverage: landscape review of health insurance schemes in the Asia-Pacific region [2022]
  • Legal and policy trends impacting people living with HIV and key populations in Asia and the Pacific 2014–2019 [2021]

Brazil

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Discrimination, stigma, and AIDS: a review of academic literature produced in Brazil (2005-2010) [2012]

• Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
  • Necropolitics in the field of HIV: some reflections from the stigma of AIDS [2021]

• Global Public Health
  • Stigmatisation and resistance processes: Reflections on the field of HIV research and an agenda for contemporary stigma studies [2024]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • AIDS advocacy and intellectual property regulation in Brazil: information and influence [2014]

• Social Science & Medicine
  • Strange Bedfellows: The Catholic Church and Brazilian National AIDS Program in the Response to HIV/AIDS in Brazil [2011]

Burkina Faso

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • NGO-provided free HIV treatment and services in Burkina Faso: scarcity, therapeutic rationality and unfair process [2012]

Canada

• Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology
  • Canadian consensus statement on HIV and its transmission in the context of criminal law [2014]

• HIV Legal Network
  • Publications

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • The impact of criminalization of HIV non-disclosure on the healthcare engagement of women living with HIV in Canada: a comprehensive review of the evidence [2015]

• Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
  • Meaningful Engagement as a Cornerstone for Implementing the Key Recommendations to Advance the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women Living With HIV Across Policy, Practice, and Research in Canada [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Gender Inequities in Quality of Care among HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Treatment in British Columbia, Canada (2000–2010) [2014]

Central and Eastern Europe

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Addressing HIV stigma in healthcare, community, and legislative settings in Central and Eastern Europe [2023]

Central Asia, Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • HIV stigma in the healthcare setting: Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia [2024]
  • Stigma: survey of people living with HIV - Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2022 progress report [2023]
  • Thematic report: HIV and migrants [2017]

China

• PLoS ONE
  • Stigma against People Living with HIV/AIDS in China: Does the Route of Infection Matter? [2016]

East Africa

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • Discrimination against HIV/AIDS patients and associated factors among women in East African countries: using the most recent DHS data (2015-2022) [2024]

East Asia

• AIDS and Behavior
  • The Influence of Anticipated HIV Stigma on Health-related Behaviors, Self-rated Health, and Treatment Preferences Among People Living with HIV in East Asia [2023]

Egypt

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV by health care providers in Egypt [2023]

Ethiopia

• AIDS Research and Treatment
  • Perceived Stigma and Its Association with Gender and Disclosure Status among People Living with HIV/AIDS and Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care
  • Predictors of Discrimination Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS Among People Aged 15–49 Years in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Perceived stigma and depression among the HIV-positive adult people in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Evaluation of a guideline developed to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings and establishing consensus [2018]

• SAHARA-J
  • Factors associated with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV among adult population in Ethiopia: analysis on Ethiopian demographic and health survey [2020]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Evidence brief: Impact of stigma and discrimination on access to HIV services in Europe [2017]
  • Evidence brief: HIV and laws and policies in Europe [2017]

Germany

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Associations Between Experienced and Internalized HIV Stigma, Adversarial Growth, and Health Outcomes in a Nationwide Sample of People Aging with HIV in Germany [2021]

Ghana

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Multilevel analysis of discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS and associated factors in Ghana: demographic health survey of 2022 Ghana data [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Endorsement of HIV-related stigma among men in Ghana: What are the determinants? [2024]

Hong Kong

• BMC Public Health
  • HIV-related public stigma in the era of "Undetectable = Untransmittable": a population-based study in Hong Kong [2024]

India

• Journal of Global Health
  • HIV-related stigma trends in the general population of India during an era of antiretroviral treatment expansion, 2005-16 [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Sociodemographic correlates of discrimination against PLHIV in High HIV prevalence states of India, NFHS 2016-21 [2023]

Indonesia

• Epidemiology and Health
  • Misconceptions and stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study from 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey [2021]

• PeerJ
  • Investigation of discriminatory attitude toward people living with HIV in the family context using socio-economic factors and information sources: A nationwide study in Indonesia [2022]

International

• AIDS
  • Systematic review and quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis of interventions to address HIV-related stigma and discrimination [2023]

• AIDS and Behavior
  • HIV Among Indigenous peoples: A Review of the Literature on HIV-Related Behaviour Since the Beginning of the Epidemic [2015]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Socio-demographic, clinical and service use determinants associated with HIV related stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• BMC Public Health
  • Explaining inequity in knowledge, attitude, and services related to HIV/AIDS: a systematic review [2024]
  • Temporal trends in inequalities of the burden of HIV/AIDS across 186 countries and territories [2023]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Law, criminalisation and HIV in the world: have countries that criminalise achieved more or less successful pandemic response? [2021]
  • Understanding and comparing HIV-related law and policy environments: cross-national data and accountability for the global AIDS response [2020]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • HIV-related stigma and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• International AIDS Society
  • Ethical considerations in HIV cure research: points to consider [2013]

• International Labour Organization
  • HIV and AIDS

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Frameworks and measures for HIV-related internalized stigma, stigma and discrimination in healthcare and in laws and policies: a systematic review [2022]
  • Expert consensus statement on the science of HIV in the context of criminal law [2018]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Antiretroviral Therapy for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Call for Equity [2014]

• UN Women
  • Financing for gender equality in the HIV response [2021]

• UNAIDS
  • Preventing and responding to an HIV-related human rights crisis — Guidance for United Nations agencies and programmes [2024]
  • Ethics considerations for HIV phylogenetic analyses [2024]
  • Equity in the HIV response: Assessing progress and charting a way forward [2024]
  • Code of conduct to prevent abusive conduct and sexual misconduct at UNAIDS events and gatherings [2024]
  • Global Partnership for Action to Eliminate All Forms of HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination [2023]
  • Decriminalisation and the end of AIDS: keep the promise, follow the science, and fulfill human rights [2023]
  • Ending inequalities and getting on track to end AIDS by 2030 — A summary of the commitments and targets within the United Nations General Assembly’s 2021 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS [2022]
  • Ending AIDS, ending inequalities — Fast-Track Cities [2022]
  • Dangerous inequalities: World AIDS Day report 2022 [2022]
  • Community-led AIDS responses — Final report based on the recommendations of the multistakeholder task team [2022]
  • HIV criminalization — Human rights fact sheet series 2021 [2021]
  • HIV and stigma and discrimination — Human rights fact sheet series 2021 [2021]
  • HIV and people in prisons and other closed settings — Human rights fact sheet series 2021 [2021]
  • Ethical considerations in HIV prevention trials [2021]
  • End Inequalities. End AIDS. Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026 [2021]
  • 2021 World AIDS Day report — Unequal, unprepared, under threat: why bold action against inequalities is needed to end AIDS, stop COVID-19 and prepare for future pandemics [2021]
  • 2021 UNAIDS Global AIDS Update — Confronting inequalities — Lessons for pandemic responses from 40 years of AIDS [2021]
  • We’ve got the power — Women, adolescent girls and the HIV response [2020]
  • Fact sheet — Zero discrimination against women and girls [2020]
  • Evidence for eliminating HIV-related stigma and discrimination — Guidance for countries to implement effective programmes to eliminate HIV-related stigma and discrimination in six settings [2020]
  • Community innovations [2020]
  • 2020 Global AIDS Update - Seizing the moment - Tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics [2020]
  • UNAIDS Gender Action Plan - First progress report [2019]
  • The Privacy, Confidentiality and Security Assessment Tool: Protecting personal health information [2019]
  • Still not welcome — HIV-related travel restrictions [2019]
  • Rights-based monitoring and evaluation of national HIV responses [2019]
  • Zero Discrimination Day 2018 [2018]
  • Women and girls and HIV [2018]
  • UNAIDS: Accelerating progress towards gender equality in the UN system and beyond [2018]
  • UNAIDS Gender Assessment Tool — Towards a gender-transformative HIV response [2018]
  • UNAIDS Gender Action Plan 2018–2023 — A framework for accountability [2018]
  • Social protection: a Fast-Track commitment to end AIDS — Guidance for policy-makers, and people living with, at risk of or affected by HIV [2018]
  • Miles to go—closing gaps, breaking barriers, righting injustices [2018]
  • Fast-Track and human rights — Advancing human rights in efforts to accelerate the response to HIV [2017]
  • Disability and HIV [2017]
  • Confronting discrimination [2017]
  • Addressing a blind spot in the response to HIV — Reaching out to men and boys [2017]
  • Sustaining the human rights response to HIV [2015]
  • Social protection: advancing the response to HIV [2015]
  • Positive Health, Dignity and Prevention - Operational Guidelines [2013]
  • Ending overly broad criminalisation of HIV non-disclosure, exposure and transmission: Critical scientific, medical and legal considerations [2013]
  • Ethical considerations in biomedical HIV prevention trials [2012]
  • Human rights-based approach to ending AIDS as a public health threat

• United Nations
  • Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Ending Inequalities and Getting on Track to End AIDS by 2030 [2021]

Ireland

• Health
  • The discursive construction of HIV stigma in Irish print media [2021]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• Social History of Medicine
  • AIDS Inside and Out: HIV/AIDS and Penal Policy in Ireland and England & Wales in the 1980s and 1990s [2020]

Italy

• Scientific Reports
  • Investigating coping and stigma in people living with HIV through narrative medicine in the Italian multicentre non-interventional study DIAMANTE [2023]

Kenya

• African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
  • HIV stigma in Kenya: A family medicine led community orientated primary care approach [2021]

• BMC Women's Health
  • The role of unintended pregnancy in internalized stigma among women living with HIV in Kenya [2021]

• Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
  • Modeling the Effect of HIV/AIDS Stigma on HIV Infection Dynamics in Kenya [2021]

• Health and Human Rights Journal
  • The HIV and AIDS Tribunal of Kenya: An Effective Mechanism for the Enforcement of HIV-related Human Rights? [2016]

Latin America

• PLoS ONE
  • Levels of Spending and Resource Allocation to HIV Programs and Services in Latin America and the Caribbean [2011]

Lebanon

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Ethical Considerations in HIV/AIDS Biobehavioral Surveys That Use Respondent-Driven Sampling: Illustrations From Lebanon [2009]

Lesotho

• AIDS Care
  • Socioeconomic determinants of stigmatization and HIV testing in Lesotho [2013]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Impact of community-based support services on antiretroviral treatment programme delivery and outcomes in resource-limited countries: a synthetic review [2012]

• BMJ Global Health
  • ‘Management of a spoiled identity’: systematic review of interventions to address self-stigma among people living with and affected by HIV [2019]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Lower Levels of Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment Among Men with HIV Compared with Women — 12 Countries, 2002–2013 [2015]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Combating HIV stigma in low- and middle-income healthcare settings: a scoping review [2020]
  • HIV treatment and care in resource-constrained environments: challenges for the next decade [2012]

• PLoS ONE
  • Significant association between perceived HIV related stigma and late presentation for HIV/AIDS care in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2017]

Malawi

• Global Health Action
  • Socio-economic inequity in HIV testing in Malawi [2016]

Mozambique

• SAHARA-J
  • Consensus on context-specific strategies for reducing the stigma of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Zambézia Province, Mozambique [2013]

Myanmar

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Characterization of HIV-Related Stigma in Myanmar [2023]

Netherlands

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Unmasking Individual and Institutional HIV Stigma in Hospitals: Perspectives of Dutch Healthcare Providers [2024]

Nigeria

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Characterizing the Relationship between HIV Peer Support Groups and Internalized Stigma Among People Living with HIV in Nigeria [2024]

• AIDS Research and Treatment
  • HIV-Stigma in Nigeria: Review of Research Studies, Policies, and Programmes [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population [2015]

Senegal

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Potential Impact of Integrated Stigma Mitigation Interventions in Improving HIV/AIDS Service Delivery and Uptake for Key Populations in Senegal [2016]

South Africa

• BMC Medical Ethics
  • Informed consent for HIV cure research in South Africa: issues to consider [2015]
  • Enrolling adolescents in HIV vaccine trials: Reflections on legal complexities from South Africa [2007]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Equity in utilization of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected people in South Africa: a systematic review [2014]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Finding solid ground: law enforcement, key populations and their health and rights in South Africa [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and factors associated with external HIV-related stigma in the South African population: Results from the 2017 population-based household survey [2024]

• Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
  • Be legally wise: When is parental consent required for adolescents’ access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)? [2020]

• SSM - Population Health
  • Factors associated with external HIV-related stigma and psychological distress among people living with HIV in South Africa [2021]

South Africa, Zambia

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • The association between HIV stigma and HIV incidence in the context of universal testing and treatment: analysis of data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa [2022]

Southern Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • How does HIV-related stigma correlate with HIV prevalence in African countries? Distinct perspectives from individuals living with and living without HIV [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• American Journal of Public Health
  • HIV Treatment Scale-Up and HIV-Related Stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Longitudinal Cross-Country Analysis [2015]

• BMC International Health and Human Rights
  • HIV testing and care in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Uganda: ethics on the ground [2013]

• BMC Public Health
  • Individual and community level factors associated with discriminatory attitudes against people living with HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in three sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from the most recent demographic and health survey (2021/22) [2024]

• BMJ Open
  • Scoping review of HIV-related intersectional stigma among sexual and gender minorities in sub-Saharan Africa [2024]

• Global Public Health
  • Temporal changes in HIV-related stigma and sexual behaviours: An examination of 22 African countries [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Sweden

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence of HIV-related stigma manifestations and their contributing factors among people living with HIV in Sweden - a nationwide study [2024]

Switzerland

• AIDS
  • Prevalence of HIV-related stigma among people with HIV in Switzerland: addressing the elephant in the room [2024]

Thailand

• Journal of Global Health
  • Stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among general adult population: the results from the 6th Thai National Health Examination Survey (NHES VI) [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Improving Ethical and Participatory Practice for Marginalized Populations in Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials: Lessons from Thailand [2014]

United Kingdom

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Awareness, Understanding and HIV Stigma in Response to Undetectable = Untransmittable Messages: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample in the United Kingdom [2022]

• British HIV Association
  • HIV transmission, the Law and the work of the clinical team, January 2013 [2014]

United States

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Assessing Structural Racism and Discrimination Along the Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Continuum: A Systematic Review [2024]

• AMA Journal of Ethics
  • Should There Be a Disclosure Mandate for Physicians Caring for Perinatally Infected Adolescents Who Don’t Know Their HIV Serostatus? [2018]

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Criminalization of HIV Transmission and Exposure: Research and Policy Agenda [2013]

• BMC Medical Ethics
  • Perspectives on the ethical concerns and justifications of the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV testing: HIV screening policy changes [2013]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • HIV Stigma and Health Care Discrimination Experienced by Hispanic or Latino Persons with HIV — United States, 2018–2020 [2022]
  • HIV Criminalization Legal and Policy Assessment Tool [2022]
  • Association Between Social Vulnerability and Rates of HIV Diagnoses Among Black Adults, by Selected Characteristics and Region of Residence — United States, 2018 [2022]

• Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
  • Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: structural racism as a fundamental but overlooked social-structural determinant of the US HIV epidemic [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Assessing Different Types of HIV Communication and Sociocultural Factors on Perceived HIV Stigma and Testing among a National Sample of Youth and Young Adults [2022]

• mHealth
  • mHealth to reduce HIV-related stigma among youth in the United States: a scoping review [2021]

• National Institutes of Health
  • HIV-Related Stigma Research as a Priority at the National Institutes of Health [2021]

• Public Health Reports
  • Effect of CDC 2006 Revised HIV Testing Recommendations for Adults, Adolescents, Pregnant Women, and Newborns on State Laws, 2018 [2020]

Vietnam

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Empowering Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam: A Hybrid Online-Offline Intervention to Combat Stigma [2024]

• Global Public Health
  • Social science research of HIV in Vietnam: A critical review and future directions [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Practices in security and confidentiality of HIV/AIDS patients’ information: A national survey among staff at HIV outpatient clinics in Vietnam [2017]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Ensuring quality health care by reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination: technical brief [2024]
  • HIV/AIDS - stand up for human rights [2010]

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • HIV basic knowledge and stigma reduction in health care settings: module 4. HIV care and psychosocial support [2015]
  • HIV basic knowledge and stigma reduction in health care settings: module 3. HIV testing and counselling and ethics [2015]
  • HIV basic knowledge and stigma reduction in health care settings: module 2. natural history and clinical aspects [2015]
  • HIV basic knowledge and stigma reduction in health care settings: module 1. HIV epidemiology, transmission and prevention [2015]

Zimbabwe

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Zimbabwean law and its impact on HIV programmes for key populations [2023]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • HIV/AIDS