Genital infections, sexually transmitted diseases

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Gonorrhea

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Gonorrhea

Argentina

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Genomic Epidemiology of Azithromycin-Nonsusceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Argentina, 2005–2019 [2021]

Asia-Pacific

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Surge in Ceftriaxone-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428-Like Strains, Asia-Pacific Region, 2015-2022 [2024]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Gonorrhoea

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Policy, practice, and prediction: model-based approaches to evaluating N. gonorrhoeae antibiotic susceptibility test uptake in Australia [2024]

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Review of 2005 Public Health Laboratory Network Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid amplification tests guidelines [2015]
  • Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) annual reports

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • A Gonococcal Vaccine Has the Potential to Rapidly Reduce the Incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection Among Urban Men Who Have Sex With Men [2022]

• Nature Communications
  • Longitudinal genomic analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission dynamics in Australia [2024]

• NSW Health
  • Gonorrhoea control guideline

Belarus

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and gonorrhoea treatment in the Republic of Belarus, Eastern Europe, 2009–2019 [2021]
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and NG-MAST characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Belarus, Eastern Europe, 2010-2013 [2015]

Brazil

• JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance
  • National surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility and epidemiological data of gonorrhoea patients across Brazil, 2018–20 [2022]

Cambodia

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • World Health Organization Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, Cambodia, 2023 [2024]

Canada

• BC Centre for Disease Control
  • Gonorrhea

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Timing of Antibiotic Therapy for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infection [2024]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Management of gonococcal infection among adults and youth: New key recommendations [2015]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Decline in Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility and Increase in Azithromycin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Canada [2016]

• Government of Alberta
  • Alberta public health notifiable disease management guidelines : gonorrhea

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 2012–2016 [2019]
  • Addressing the rising rates of gonorrhea and drug-resistant gonorrhea: There is no time like the present [2019]
  • Gonorrhea in Canada, 2010–2015 [2018]
  • What are Canadian primary care physicians prescribing for the treatment of gonorrhea? [2017]
  • National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae – 2015 [2017]
  • Gonorrhea guide: Key information and resources
  • Enhanced Surveillance of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gonorrhea System (ESAG)

• Public Health Ontario
  • Gonorrhea

China

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Trend analysis and prediction of gonorrhea in mainland China based on a hybrid time series model [2024]
  • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in China: a meta-analysis [2016]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonorrhea — China, 2022 [2024]

• International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology
  • National Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Gonorrhea in China (2020) [2020]

• Public Health
  • Prevalence and trend of gonorrhea in female sex workers and men having sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Denmark

• BMJ Open
  • Recorded gonorrhoea rates in Denmark, 1900–2010: the impact of clinical testing activity and laboratory diagnostic procedures [2015]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Gonorrhoea on the rise in Denmark since 2022: distinct clones drive increase in heterosexual individuals [2024]
  • Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection with ceftriaxone resistance and intermediate resistance to azithromycin, Denmark, 2017 [2017]

Europe

• Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
  • Gonococcal resistance can be viewed productively as part of a syndemic of antimicrobial resistance: an ecological analysis of 30 European countries [2020]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Associations between antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in European Union/European Economic Area and patients’ gender, sexual orientation and anatomical site of infection, 2009–2016 [2021]
  • The European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme (Euro-GASP) appropriately reflects the antimicrobial resistance situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the European Union/European Economic Area [2019]

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Gonorrhoea - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023 [2025]
  • Gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance in the EU/ EEA [2024]
  • Euro-GASP external quality assessment scheme for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility testing 2021 [2022]
  • Response plan to control and manage the threat of multi-and extensively drug-resistant gonorrhoea in Europe - Indicator monitoring 2019 [2021]
  • Response plan to control and manage the threat of multi- and extensively drug-resistant gonorrhoea in Europe [2019]
  • Gonorrhoea

• EuroSurveillance
  • Sharp increase in gonorrhoea notifications among young people, EU/EEA, July 2022 to June 2023 [2024]
  • Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions, World Health Organization European Region, 1949 to 2021 [2024]
  • The European response to control and manage multi- and extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae [2022]
  • Emerging cephalosporin and multidrug-resistant gonorrhoea in Europe [2014]

• International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • 2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults [2020]

• Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Gonorrhoea treatment combined with population-level general cephalosporin and quinolone consumption may select for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance at the levels of NG-MAST genogroup: An ecological study in Europe [2020]

• Lancet Microbe
  • Antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe in 2020 compared with in 2013 and 2018: a retrospective genomic surveillance study [2024]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from foreign-born population in the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme [2020]

France

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends and determinants of condomless sex in gonorrhoea patients diagnosed in France through the sentinel surveillance network ResIST, 2005–2014 [2020]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023 [2024]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Gonococcal infections and emergence of gonococcal decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins in France, 2001 to 2012 [2014]

Germany

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Germany: low levels of cephalosporin resistance, but high azithromycin resistance [2018]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Markedly decreasing azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Germany, 2014 to 2021 [2021]
  • Molecular epidemiological typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates identifies a novel association between genogroup G10557 (G7072) and decreased susceptibility to cefixime, Germany, 2014 to 2017 [2020]
  • Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in south-west Germany, 2004 to 2015: increasing minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline but no resistance to third-generation cephalosporins [2016]

• International Journal of Medical Microbiology
  • Integrated molecular, phenotypic and epidemiological surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Germany [2024]

Hungary

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from patients attending the national Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference laboratory of Hungary [2014]

International

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally [2021]

• Clinical Microbiology Reviews
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaccines: a contemporary overview [2024]

• Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
  • Promising developments in gonococcal vaccines [2024]

• Drugs
  • Epidemiology, Treatments, and Vaccine Development for Antimicrobial-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Current Strategies and Future Directions [2021]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Common Patterns and Unique Threats in Antimicrobial Resistance as Demonstrated by Global Gonococcal Surveillance [2024]
  • Cooperative Recognition of Internationally Disseminated Ceftriaxone-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strain [2018]
  • Strengthening Global Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae through the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program [2017]

• European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
  • Management and prevention of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in the context of evolving antimicrobial resistance trends [2025]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Surveillance systems to monitor antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a global, systematic review, 1 January 2012 to 27 September 2020 [2022]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • 4CMenB journey to the 10-year anniversary and beyond [2024]

• Journal of Infection
  • Vaccine effectiveness and impact of meningococcal vaccines against gonococcal infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Urgent Need to Understand and Prevent Gonococcal Infection: From the Laboratory to Real-World Context [2024]

• Lancet Infectious Diseases
  • Managing treatment failure in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: current guidelines and future directions [2024]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Multidrug-resistant gonorrhea: A research and development roadmap to discover new medicines [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • Developing target product profiles for Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnostics in the context of antimicrobial resistance: An expert consensus [2020]
  • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action [2017]
  • Worldwide susceptibility rates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to cefixime and cefpodoxime: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2014]

• Sexual Health
  • World Health Organization Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts [2019]
  • Gonorrhoea: Tackling the Global Epidemic in the Era of Rising Antimicrobial Resistance [2019]
  • Epidemiology of Gonorrhea: A Global Perspective [2019]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Estimate the Treatment Effect and Inform a Noninferiority Margin for a Phase 3 Noninferiority Trial in Uncomplicated Urogenital Gonorrhea [2022]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Global epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in infertile populations: systematic review, meta-analysis and metaregression [2020]

• Vaccine
  • Evaluating cross-protection: Meningococcal vaccines show effectiveness in gonorrhoea prevention - A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Review of mathematical models of Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaccine impact: Implications for vaccine development [2024]

• Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
  • Global status of Azithromycin and Erythromycin Resistance Rates in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2022]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Gonorrhoea

Italy

• PLoS ONE
  • Time trend analysis (2009-2016) of antimicrobial susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Italy following the introduction of the combined antimicrobial therapy [2017]

Latin America

• Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Latin American countries: a systematic review [2023]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Consolidated Guidance [2020]

Middle East, North Africa

• Epidemics
  • Dynamics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission among female sex workers and clients: A mathematical modeling study [2024]

Netherlands

• EuroSurveillance
  • Trends and regional variations of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance in the Netherlands, 2013 to 2019 [2022]
  • Trends and determinants of antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands, 2007 to 2015 [2018]
  • Culture-free genotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae revealed distinct strains at different anatomical sites in a quarter of patients, the Netherlands, 2012 to 2016 [2018]

• Lancet Microbe
  • Anorectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in women with and without reported anal sex and sex workers in sexual health centres in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study [2024]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • The Occurrence of Single-Site Pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae Among Female Sex Workers in the Netherlands [2025]

New Zealand

• New Zealand Sexual Health Society
  • Gonorrhoea

Nordic countries

• EuroSurveillance
  • Travel-associated gonorrhoea in four Nordic countries, 2008 to 2013 [2017]

Norway

• Microbial Genomics
  • Genomic epidemiology and population structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Norway, 2016–2017 [2020]

Papua New Guinea

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • The Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Papua New Guinea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

Philippines

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Genomic surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Philippines, 2013–2014 [2021]

Poland

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Poland, 2010-2012 [2014]

• Przeglad Epidemiologiczny - Epidemiological Review
  • Gonorrhoea in 21st century--international and Polish situation [2014]

Qatar

• PLoS ONE
  • First characterisation of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Qatar, 2017-2020 [2022]

Republic of Korea

• Investigative and Clinical Urology
  • 2023 Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation guidelines for gonococcal infection [2024]

Russia

• Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
  • Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Russia, 2015-2023: current trends and forecasting [2025]

Rwanda

• International Journal of STD & AIDS
  • Antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhea and changes to the 2019 Rwandan National STI Guidelines [2022]

Singapore

• PLoS Medicine
  • Potential public health impacts of gonorrhea vaccination programmes under declining incidences: A modeling study [2025]

South Africa

• Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
  • A systematic review of Neisseria gonorrhoeae drug resistance development in South Africa [2024]

Spain

• BMC Public Health
  • Gonorrhoea diagnoses in a network of STI clinics in Spain during the period 2006-2010: differences by sex and transmission route [2013]

Sweden

• Frontiers in Microbiology
  • First National Genomic Epidemiological Study of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains Spreading Across Sweden in 2016 [2022]

Switzerland

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Switzerland to Cefixime and Ceftriaxone: antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1990 and 2000 to 2012 [2013]

Thailand

• PLoS ONE
  • Data quality assessment of the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP), Thailand, 2015-2021 [2024]

United Kingdom

• British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
  • British Association of Sexual Health and HIV UK National Guideline for the Management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2025 [2025]

• British Journal of General Practice
  • Poor adherence to gonorrhoea treatment guidelines in general practice in England [2016]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • JCVI advice on the use of meningococcal B vaccination for the prevention of gonorrhoea

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Rebound of Gonorrhea after Lifting of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, England [2024]
  • Genomic and Phenotypic Variability in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility, England [2020]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea: the national public health response, England, 2013 to 2020 [2022]
  • Antimicrobial resistance point-of-care testing for gonorrhoea treatment regimens: cost-effectiveness and impact on ceftriaxone use of five hypothetical strategies compared with standard care in England sexual health clinics [2020]

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Gentamicin as an alternative to ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonorrhoea: the G-TOG non-inferiority RCT [2019]

• Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • Investigating the cause of increased tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England, 2016-20 [2024]
  • Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae detected in England, 2015-24: an observational analysis [2024]

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Cost-effectiveness of 4CMenB Vaccination Against Gonorrhea: Importance of Dosing Schedule, Vaccine Sentiment, Targeting Strategy, and Duration of Protection [2025]

• Public Health England
  • Detection of gonorrhoea in England

• Public Health Scotland
  • Gonococcal antibiotic surveillance in Scotland (GASS): prevalence, patterns and trends

• Right Decisions
  • Gonorrhoea (Neisseria Gonorrhoea) CEG

• Royal College of Pathologists
  • Identification of Neisseria species [2024]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Gonorrhoea: the green book chapter
  • Gonorrhoea: guidance, data and analysis

United States

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Gonorrhea Prevalence Among Young Women and Men Entering the National Job Training Program, 2000–2017 [2020]
  • Changes in Fluoroquinolone Use for Gonorrhea Following Publication of Revised Treatment Guidelines [2012]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Management of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States: Summary of Evidence From the Development of the 2020 Gonorrhea Treatment Recommendations and the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infection Treatment Guidelines [2022]
  • Gonococcal Infections - STI Treatment Guidelines [2021]
  • Update to CDC's Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020 [2020]
  • Adherence to CDC Recommendations for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Gonorrhea — STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2016 [2018]
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance — The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014 [2016]
  • Health Alert Template for Gonorrhea with Reduced Susceptibility
  • Health Alert Template for Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)
  • Gonorrhea

• JAMA
  • Trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to cephalosporins in the United States, 2006–2014 [2015]

• Journal of Urban Health
  • Diverging Neisseria gonorrhoeae Morbidity in Non-Hispanic Black and White Females: Application of Group-Based Trajectory Modeling to Trends in County-Level Morbidity 2003-2018 [2023]

• Lancet Microbe
  • Effects of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of sexually transmitted infections on gonorrhoea prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men in the USA: a modelling study [2024]

• Medical Clinics of North America
  • The Management of Gonorrhea in the Era of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance: What Primary Care Clinicians Should Know [2024]
  • Acceptance of a Future Gonorrhea Vaccine in a Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 World: Impact of Type of Recommendation and Changing Levels of Trust in Health Institutions and Authorities [2023]

• PLOS Computational Biology
  • Evaluating spatially adaptive guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea to reduce the incidence of gonococcal infection and increase the effective lifespan of antibiotics [2022]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Assessing thresholds of resistance prevalence at which empiric treatment of gonorrhea should change among men who have sex with men in the US: A cost-effectiveness analysis [2024]
  • Adaptive guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea to increase the effective life span of antibiotics among men who have sex with men in the United States: A mathematical modeling study [2020]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Estimating the Incidence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States Among Men and Women Aged 15 to 39 Years, 2008 to 2019 [2025]
  • Vaccination May Be Economically and Epidemiologically Advantageous Over Frequent Screening for Gonorrhea Prevention [2024]
  • Genomic Analysis of the Predominant Strains and Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants Within 1479 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates From the US Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project in 2018 [2021]
  • Demographic and epidemiological characteristics associated with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, Strengthening the U.S. Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG), 2018–2019 [2021]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Updated recommendations for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum and new recommendations on syphilis testing and partner services: Web Annex A. Evidence-to-decision framework and systematic review to update the WHO treatment recommendations for Neisseria gonorrhoea [2024]
  • Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP): surveillance report 2023 [2024]
  • Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP): surveillance report 2022 [2024]
  • Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP): supplementary protocols [2023]
  • WHO preferred product characteristics for gonococcal vaccines [2021]
  • WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae [2016]
  • Global action plan to control the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae [2012]
  • Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae : threat of global rise in untreatable sexually transmitted infections [2011]
  • WHO Gonococcal AMR Surveillance Programme (WHO-GASP)
  • Stopping multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals)
  • Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea: Fact sheet
  • Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection): Fact sheet
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP)
  • Diagnostics for gonococcal antimicrobial resistance

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Gonococcal antimicrobial resistance in the Western Pacific Region [fact sheet] [2017]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sexually transmitted infections
  • Gonorrhea in pregnancy and newborn
  • Cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease