Genital infections, sexually transmitted diseases

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Sexually transmitted infections: epidemiology

Australia

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Incidence of sexually transmissible infections and blood-borne viruses [2018]

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections in Melbourne, Australia from 1918 to 2016: nearly a century of data [2017]
  • National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System surveillance report: Sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people [2015]

• Journal of Travel Medicine
  • Overseas- and locally acquired sexually transmissible infections in Australia, 2017-23 [2025]

Bangladesh

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence and Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Behavioral Risk Factors of Self-Reported Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Ever-Married Women: Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys in Bangladesh [2022]

Belgium

• BMJ Open
  • Four sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Belgian general practice: first results (2013–2014) of a nationwide continuing surveillance study [2017]

• Primary Health Care Research & Development
  • Sexually transmitted infections in Belgian general practices: a nationwide continuing surveillance study, data from 2015 to 2020 [2024]

Brazil

• BMC Public Health
  • Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil [2015]

• Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
  • Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: epidemiological surveillance [2021]

Canada

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Surveillance and epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and Hepatitis B and C
  • Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection (STBBI) indicator framework

Central Asia, Europe

• BMC Public Health
  • Sexually transmitted infections in the non-European Union and European Economic Area of the World Health Organization European Region 2021-2023 [2025]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Surveillance and epidemiology of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia in the non-European Union countries of the World Health Organization European Region, 2015 to 2020 [2022]

China

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of STDs in China: based on the GM (1,1) model [2022]
  • Sustained high prevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

• BMC Medicine
  • The epidemic of sexually transmitted infections in China: implications for control and future perspectives [2011]

• BMC Public Health
  • Epidemiological characteristics and socioeconomic factors of sexually transmitted infections in China during 2002-2021 [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Using Baidu search index to monitor and predict newly diagnosed cases of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea in China: estimates from a vector autoregressive (VAR) model [2020]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Analysis of the trend of notifiable sexually transmitted infections in China between 2006-22 [2025]

• Medical Science Monitor
  • Trends in the Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Gonorrhea, and Syphilis, in the 31 Provinces of Mainland China [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections among Heterosexual Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2013]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Partner notification uptake for sexually transmitted infections in China: a systematic literature review [2012]

Colombia

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • Prevalence and incidence estimates for syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and congenital syphilis in Colombia, 1995–2016 [2018]

East Africa

• BMJ Open
  • Self-reported sexually transmitted infections and associated factors among sexually active men in East Africa: a multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health surveys [2025]

Ethiopia

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, and its associated factors among students in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis study [2024]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • STI cases on the rise across Europe [2024]
  • A systematic review of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis prevalence in Europe [2024]
  • Annual epidemiological report 2014 - Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses [2015]

• European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
  • The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) at testing centers in Belgium, Germany, Spain, and the UK using the cobas TV/MG molecular assay [2023]

• Lancet Regional Health - Europe
  • Epidemiology and determinants of reemerging bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and emerging STIs in Europe [2023]

France

• EuroSurveillance
  • Mpox outbreak in France: epidemiological characteristics and sexual behaviour of cases aged 15 years or older, 2022 [2023]
  • Bacterial sexually transmitted infections in France: recent trends and patients’ characteristics in 2016 [2019]
  • Incidence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections and coverage of two laboratory surveillance networks, France, 2012 [2015]

Ghana

• BMC Public Health
  • Self-reported sexually transmitted infections among sexually active men in Ghana [2021]

Guinea-Bissau

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Guinea-Bissau [2024]

Hungary

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • STIs during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary: Gonorrhea as a Potential Indicator of Sexual Behavior [2022]

India

• Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS
  • A systematic review on the prevalence and utilization of health care services for reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections: Evidence from India [2015]

International

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Increasing incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections from 2010 to 2019: an analysis of temporal trends by geographical regions and age groups from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study [2022]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016 [2019]

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women: systematic review and recommendations to improve care [2019]

• Drug and Alcohol Dependence
  • Sexually transmitted infection prevalence and testing coverage among people who inject drugs: A systematic review [2025]

• Frontiers in Medicine
  • Incidence Trends of Five Common Sexually Transmitted Infections Excluding HIV From 1990 to 2019 at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [2022]

• Journal of Global Health
  • The trend analysis of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among the elderly aged 50 to 69 years from 1990 to 2030 [2024]

• Lancet Healthy Longevity
  • Global, regional, and national burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in older adults aged 60-89 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [2024]

• Medicine
  • Global perspectives on the burden of sexually transmitted diseases: A narrative review [2024]

Iran

• BMC Public Health
  • Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000–2019) [2020]

• Iranian Journal of Public Health
  • Prevalence of Urogenital Mycoplasmas in Iran and Their Effects on Fertility Potential: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2016]

Ireland

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • STI Reports

Japan

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Estimating nationwide cases of sexually transmitted diseases in 2015 from sentinel surveillance data in Japan [2020]

• Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Changing Demography of Genital Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, Condyloma, and Syphilis Infections in Japan [2021]

• Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
  • Increased cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and syphilis infections in Japanese females of reproductive age in the late 2010s: Possible cause [2021]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Recent changes in the reporting of STIs in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic [2023]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • A systematic review of the prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections in young people in Latin America [2022]

Middle East, North Africa

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Sexually transmitted infections in the middle east and North Africa: comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Epidemiology of Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 among female sex workers in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review and meta-analytics [2019]

• Journal of Infection and Public Health
  • Burden of six common sexually transmitted infections groups in North Africa and Middle East Region from 1990 to 2021: A systematic analysis of global burden of diseases [2025]

Mongolia

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Trends in adult chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence, incidence and urethral discharge case reporting in Mongolia from 1995 to 2016 – estimates using the Spectrum-STI model [2017]

Netherlands

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Young male sex workers are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections, a cross-sectional study from Dutch STI clinics, the Netherlands, 2006–2012 [2016]

• BMJ Open
  • Regional differences in chlamydia and gonorrhoeae positivity rate among heterosexual STI clinic visitors in the Netherlands: contribution of client and regional characteristics as assessed by cross-sectional surveillance data [2019]

Pacific Islands

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Prevalence of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women in Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea and Samoa, 1995–2017: Spectrum-STI model estimates [2020]

Papua New Guinea

• PLoS ONE
  • The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Papua New Guinea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2010]

Poland

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections in Poland in 2010-2015: A Retrospective Cohort Study [2022]
  • Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections in Poland in 2010-2015: A Retrospective Cohort Study [2022]

Republic of Korea

• Inquiry
  • Trend Analysis of the Profiles of 12 Sexually Transmitted Disease Pathogens in the Republic of Korea in 2019 [2021]

• Investigative and Clinical Urology
  • Sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infection in the elderly population of South Korea [2019]

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
  • The current status of sexually transmitted infections in South Korean children in the last 10 years [2021]

• World Journal of Men's Health
  • Characterization and Trend of Co-Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis from the Korean National Infectious Diseases Surveillance Database [2021]

Rwanda

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections: trends among patients screened for sexually transmitted infections in rwandan health facilities 2014-2020 [2022]

Samoa

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Comparing age and sex trends of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis and syphilis infections in Samoa in 2012 and 2017 [2020]

Saudi Arabia

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • Sexually transmitted infections case notification rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005–2012 [2015]

Slovenia

• EuroSurveillance
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis: findings from the National Survey of Sexual Lifestyles, Attitudes and Health, Slovenia, 2016 to 2017 [2022]

South Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa: Estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990-2017 [2018]

South-East Asia

• BMC Public Health
  • Associations between socio-demographics, sexual knowledge and behaviour and sexually transmitted infections among reproductive-age women in Southeast Asia: Demographic Health Survey results [2025]

Spain

• Midwifery
  • Evolution of the epidemiological surveillance indicators of the main sexually transmitted infections in Spain: A retrospective observational study (2011-2019) [2022]

• Revista Española de Quimioterapia
  • Sexually transmitted infections in Spain: Current status [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• AIDS
  • Curable sexually transmitted infections among women with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa [2022]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies [2018]

• Systematic Reviews
  • Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Sweden

• APMIS
  • Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national and regional incidence, epidemiology and diagnostic testing of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden, 2020 [2022]

Switzerland

• Open Forum Infectious Diseases
  • Risk Factors and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study [2022]

Tanzania

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Individual and community level factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania: insights from the Tanzania demographic and health survey of 2022 [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Trend of genital ulcers and discharge and associated factors among survey respondents in Tanzania, 2004-2022: Analysis of demographic health surveys [2025]

Uganda

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Trends and correlates of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Ugandan female youths: evidence from three demographic and health surveys, 2006–2016 [2021]

United Kingdom

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiologic and Genomic Investigation of Sexually Transmitted Shigella sonnei, England [2025]
  • Increase in Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men, England, 2014 [2016]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Improving surveillance of sexually transmitted infections using mandatory electronic clinical reporting: the genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset, England, 2009 to 2013 [2014]

• HSC Public Health Agency
  • Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance in Northern Ireland 2021. An analysis of data for the calendar year 2020 [2021]

• Perspectives in Public Health
  • Trends and projections in sexually transmitted infections in people aged 45 years and older in England: analysis of national surveillance data [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Understanding the burden of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and Trichomonas vaginalis among black Caribbeans in the United Kingdom: Findings from a systematic review [2018]

• Public Health Scotland
  • Genital chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection in Scotland: laboratory diagnoses

• UK Health Security Agency
  • UKHSA HIV and STI data publication guidelines
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): surveillance, data, screening and management
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): annual data
  • STI and HIV surveillance: legal basis and confidentiality controls
  • GUMCAD: clinical guidelines
  • GUMCAD STI Surveillance System

• UK Parliament
  • The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in young people and other high risk groups [2024]

United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Urban and Rural Mpox Incidence Among Persons Aged 15–64 Years — United States, May 10–December 31, 2022 [2023]
  • HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Persons with Monkeypox — Eight U.S. Jurisdictions, May 17–July 22, 2022 [2022]
  • Demographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Characteristics of Persons Seeking Care at Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics — 14 Sites, STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2018 [2021]
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • STI Statistics

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Trends in Sexually Transmitted Infections in United States Ambulatory Care Clinics from 2005-2016 [2021]

• Journal of Women's Health
  • Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections After Incarceration in Women with or at Risk for HIV in the United States, 2007-2017 [2022]

• Medical Surveillance Monthly Report
  • Sexually transmitted infections among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2015-2023 [2024]
  • Update: Sexually Transmitted Infections, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2012–2020 [2021]

• Missouri Medicine
  • Trends in Sexually Transmitted Infections [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • States with higher minimum wages have lower STI rates among women: Results of an ecological study of 66 US metropolitan areas, 2003-2015 [2019]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Multiple Imputation of Race and Hispanic Ethnicity in National Surveillance Data for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis [2024]
  • A National, County-Level Evaluation of the Association Between COVID-19 and Sexually Transmitted Infections Within the United States in 2020 [2023]
  • Trends in Nationally Notifiable Sexually Transmitted Disease Case Reports During the US COVID-19 Pandemic, January to December 2020 [2021]
  • County-Level Social Capital and Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance 2018 [2018]
  • Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting [2015]
  • A tool for strengthening STI surveillance at the country level [2015]
  • Baseline report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance 2012 [2013]
  • Strategies and laboratory methods for strengthening surveillance of sexually transmitted infection 2012 [2012]
  • Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections – 2008 [2012]
  • Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and trichomonas vaginalis: methods and results used by WHO to generate 2005 estimates [2011]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • STDs excluding HIV

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sexually transmitted infections