Menopause

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Menopause, hormone replacement therapy, cardiovascular disease

Australia, Europe

• Human Reproduction
  • Type of menopause, age of menopause and variations in the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: pooled analysis of individual data from 10 international studies [2020]

Australia, New Zealand

• Australasian Menopause Society
  • Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism risk and menopausal treatments

Australia, United Kingdom, United States

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A pooled analysis of six prospective studies [2020]

Brazil

• Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
  • Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024 [2024]

Canada

• Menopause
  • Early and surgical menopause associated with higher Framingham Risk Scores for cardiovascular disease in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging [2021]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease [2021]

Europe

• European Heart Journal
  • Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists [2007]

• European Menopause and Andropause Society
  • Menopause symptom management in women with dyslipidemias: An EMAS clinical guide [2020]
  • EMAS position statement: Managing menopausal women with a personal or family history of VTE [2011]

• European Society of Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular health after menopause transition, pregnancy disorders, and other gynaecologic conditions: a consensus document from European cardiologists, gynaecologists, and endocrinologists [2021]

• International Journal of Epidemiology
  • Association of menopausal characteristics and risk of coronary heart disease: a pan-European case–cohort analysis [2019]

High-income countries

• BMC Women's Health
  • The benefits and risks of menopause hormone therapy for the cardiovascular system in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Lancet Public Health
  • Age at natural menopause and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data [2019]

International

• BioMed Research International
  • Meta-analysis: Early Age at Natural Menopause and Risk for All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality [2021]

• Climacteric
  • Use of MHT in women with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Effect of menopausal symptom treatment options on palpitations: a systematic review [2022]

• Scientific Reports
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases [2020]

Netherlands

• Stroke
  • Age at Menopause and Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke [2021]

Republic of Korea

• Asian Nursing Research
  • Incidence and Risk Factors of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease in Korean Menopausal Women: A Retrospective Observational Study using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data [2021]

• Yonsei Medical Journal
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy and the Risk of Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study [2025]

Spain

• Maturitas
  • Managing thromboembolic risk with menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraception in the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations from the Spanish Menopause Society, Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia and Sociedad Española de Trombosis y Hemostasia [2020]

• Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)
  • Primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention through life cycles in women. Consensus document of the SEC-GT CVD in Women, ACP-SEC, SEGO, AEEM, SEEN, semFYC, SEMERGEN, AEP, and AEM [2025]

Sweden

• BMJ
  • Contemporary menopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease: Swedish nationwide register based emulated target trial [2024]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: A pooled analysis of data from population-based cohort studies [2017]

Taiwan

• ESC Heart Failure
  • Menopausal symptoms and risk of heart failure: a retrospective analysis from Taiwan National Health Insurance Database [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Menopausal symptoms and risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women: A nationwide population-based cohort study [2018]

United Kingdom

• BMJ
  • Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases [2019]

• British Menopause Society
  • Management of menopause for women with cardiovascular disease [2024]
  • HRT after myocardial infarction [2024]
  • Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women - British Menopause Society

• JAMA
  • Association of Premature Natural and Surgical Menopause With Incident Cardiovascular Disease [2019]

United States

• American College of Cardiology
  • Rethinking Menopausal Hormone Therapy: For Whom, What, When, and How Long? [2023]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy: Route of Administration and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism [2013]
  • Hormone Therapy and Heart Disease [2013]

• American Heart Association
  • Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2020]
  • Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Women [2014]
  • Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women—2011 Update [2011]
  • Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee [2006]
  • Women’s Ischemic Syndrome Evaluation: Section 4: Lessons From Hormone Replacement Trials [2004]

• Cancer Journal
  • Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing [2022]

• Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
  • Clinical impact of 2020 American Heart Association statement on menopause and cardiovascular disease risk [2022]

• Cureus
  • Cardiovascular Disease in Women and the Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy [2024]

• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Formulation, Dose, and Route of Delivery [2021]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events in SWAN [2021]
  • Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Burden During the Menopause Transition and Late Midlife Subclinical Vascular Disease: Does Race/Ethnicity Matter? [2020]

• Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and our evolving understanding of menopausal hormone therapy: risks, benefits, and current guidelines for use [2021]

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  • Menopause, hormone replacement therapy