Asia, Europe - Australia - Canada - Canada, United States - China - Denmark - East Asia - Europe - Germany - High-income countries - International - Ireland - Japan - Kuwait - Kyrgyzstan - Malaysia - Netherlands - Pakistan - Republic of Korea - Saudi Arabia - Singapore - Sri Lanka - Taiwan - Thailand - Türkiye - Ukraine - United Kingdom - United States - {Related topics}

Asia, Europe

• Osteoporosis International
  • Osteoporosis case ascertainment strategies in European and Asian countries: a comparative review [2021]

Australia

• Australian Family Physician
  • Bone turnover markers [2013]

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Personalised assessment of fracture risk: Which tool to use? [2022]
  • Fracture risk prediction and the decision to treat low bone density [2021]

• Australian Prescriber
  • Diagnostic tests: Bone mineral density: testing for osteoporosis [2016]

• Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
  • Measurement of Bone Mineral Density
  • Assessment of absolute fracture risk

Canada

• Canadian Association of Radiologists
  • CAR Practice Guideline on Bone Mineral Densitometry Reporting: 2024 Update [2025]
  • Canadian Association of Radiologists Technical Standards for Bone Mineral Densitometry Reporting [2013]

• Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal
  • Fracture Risk Assessment in the 2023 Osteoporosis Canada Guideline [2025]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Screening for primary prevention of fragility fractures [2023]

• Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
  • Screening for the primary prevention of fragility fractures among adults aged 40 years and older in primary care: systematic reviews of the effects and acceptability of screening and treatment, and the accuracy of risk prediction tools [2023]
  • Recommendations on screening for primary prevention of fragility fractures [2023]
  • Fragility Fractures (2023) [2023]

• CMAJ Open
  • Impact of a change in physician reimbursement on bone mineral density testing in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study [2014]

• Osteoporosis International
  • Quality of fracture risk assessment in post-fracture care in Ontario, Canada [2012]

Canada, United States

• Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
  • Screening for Osteoporosis in Nonagenarians: A Scoping Review [2025]

China

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Application value of FRAX in high-altitude areas in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2026]

• Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
  • Fine-tuning the cutpoint T-score as an epidemiological index with high specificity for osteoporosis: methodological considerations for the Chinese population [2022]
  • Estimations of bone mineral density defined osteoporosis prevalence and cutpoint T-score for defining osteoporosis among older Chinese population: a framework based on relative fragility fracture risks [2022]
  • Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis of osteoporosis by imaging and bone mineral density [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Risk analysis for subsequent fracture of osteoporotic fractures in Chinese women over age 60: a nationwide cross-sectional study [2024]

Denmark

• Journal of Clinical Densitometry
  • The Danish Nationwide osteoporosis cohort trials environment (NOCTE) - a DXA dataset for the 1900-1960 birth cohort [2026]

East Asia

• Bone
  • Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using chest X-rays and deep learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2026]

Europe

• European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases
  • Radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS) in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: state of the art [2024]
  • Radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry for the in-vivo assessment of bone strength: state of the art—outcomes of an expert consensus meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) [2019]
  • Identification and management of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: outcomes of an ESCEO expert consensus meeting [2017]
  • Trabecular bone score (TBS) as a new complementary approach for osteoporosis evaluation in clinical practice [2015]

Germany

• Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
  • Cost-effectiveness of opportunistic osteoporosis screening using chest radiographs with deep learning in Germany [2025]

High-income countries

• Mayo Clinic Proceedings
  • Making VFA Part of Standard Clinical DXA Assessment for Osteoporosis Care: Recommendations From the International Working Group on DXA Best Practices [2025]

International

• Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
  • Radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS) in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: state of the art [2024]

• Annals of Medicine
  • Association of body mass index and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• BioMedical Engineering OnLine
  • Machine learning algorithms for diagnosis of hip bone osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis study [2023]

• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
  • Performance of clinical prediction models for identifying postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2026]
  • The correlation between bone mineral density measured at the forearm and at the lumbar spine or femoral neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning in prediction of osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Calcified Tissue International
  • Impact of femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD discordances on FRAX probabilities in women; a meta-analysis of international cohorts [2014]

• Current Rheumatology Reports
  • Updates on the Role of DXA in the Evaluation and Monitoring of Osteoporosis [2025]

• Dentomaxillofacial Radiology
  • Deep learning for osteoporosis screening in dental practice: a systematic review [2026]

• European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
  • Updated practice guideline for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [2025]

• European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases
  • Update on the role of bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: a consensus paper from The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) [2025]
  • Update on the clinical use of trabecular bone score (TBS) in the management of osteoporosis: results of an expert group meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) under the auspices of WHO Collaborating Center for Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging [2023]
  • Algorithm for the Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in the Diagnosis, Assessment and Follow-Up of Treatment for Osteoporosis [2019]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Comparative analysis of bone density measurement techniques: a systematic review of quantitative ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [2026]

• Insights into Imaging
  • A critical appraisal of the quality of adult dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry guidelines in osteoporosis using the AGREE II tool: An EuroAIM initiative [2017]

• International Osteoporosis Foundation
  • Guidelines for the correct use of the nomenclature of biochemical indices of bone status: a position statement of the Joint IOF Working Group and IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism [2024]
  • The need to distinguish intervention thresholds and diagnostic thresholds in the management of osteoporosis [2023]
  • Population screening for fracture risk in postmenopausal women - a logical step in reducing the osteoporotic fracture burden? [2022]
  • Is it time to consider population screening for fracture risk in postmenopausal women? A position paper from the International Osteoporosis Foundation Epidemiology/Quality of Life Working Group [2022]
  • Vertebral fracture: epidemiology, impact and use of DXA vertebral fracture assessment in fracture liaison services [2021]
  • FRAX and ethnicity [2021]
  • Validation of the IOF quality of life questionnaire for patients with wrist fracture [2009]
  • Diagnosis

• International Society for Clinical Densitometry
  • Bone densitometry worldwide: a global survey by the ISCD and IOF [2020]
  • Executive Summary of the 2019 ISCD Position Development Conference on Monitoring Treatment, DXA Cross-calibration and Least Significant Change, Spinal Cord Injury, Peri-prosthetic and Orthopedic Bone Health, Transgender Medicine, and Pediatrics [2019]
  • Best Practices for Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Measurement and Reporting: International Society for Clinical Densitometry Guidance [2016]
  • Official Positions

• Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
  • A systematic review on the performance of fracture risk assessment tools: FRAX, DeFRA, FRA-HS [2023]

• Journal of International Medical Research
  • Deep learning in the radiologic diagnosis of osteoporosis: a literature review [2024]

• Journal of Medical Internet Research
  • The Diagnostic Value of Image-Based Machine Learning for Osteoporosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2026]

• Mayo Clinic Proceedings
  • Osteoporotic Fractures: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Significance From the International Working Group on DXA Best Practices [2024]

• Osteoporosis International
  • Harmonization of commercial assays for PINP; the way forward [2020]
  • Guidelines for Assessment of Bone Density and Microarchitecture In Vivo Using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [2020]

• Pathology
  • Proposed common reference intervals for reference bone turnover markers in osteoporosis [2026]

• PLoS ONE
  • Screening for osteoporosis: A systematic assessment of the quality and content of clinical practice guidelines, using the AGREE II instrument and the IOM Standards for Trustworthy Guidelines [2018]

• University of Sheffield
  • FRAX®

• World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
  • Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: radiologic diagnosis, clinical and radiologic factors affecting surgical decision making: WFNS spine committee recommendations [2022]

Ireland

• BMJ Open
  • The Irish dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Health Informatics Prediction (HIP) for Osteoporosis Project [2020]

Japan

• Clinica Chimica Acta
  • Executive summary of the Japan Osteoporosis Society Guide for the Use of Bone Turnover Markers in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis (2018 Edition) [2019]

Kuwait

• Osteoporosis International
  • FRAX- vs. T-score-based intervention thresholds for osteoporosis [2017]

Kyrgyzstan

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • A surrogate FRAX model for the Kyrgyz Republic [2020]

Malaysia

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • Screening and management of osteoporosis: a survey of knowledge, attitude and practice among primary care physicians in Malaysia [2022]

• Mædica
  • Screening and Diagnosing Osteoporosis Among Postmenopausal Women in Primary Care Settings in Malaysia: A Systematic Review [2022]

Netherlands

• Osteoporosis International
  • Effect of implementation of guidelines on assessment and diagnosis of vertebral fractures in patients older than 50 years with a recent non-vertebral fracture [2017]

Pakistan

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • A surrogate FRAX model for Pakistan [2021]

Republic of Korea

• Annals of Laboratory Medicine
  • Current Recommendations for Laboratory Testing and Use of Bone Turnover Markers in Management of Osteoporosis [2012]

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • Impact of bone mineral density testing in the national health screening program on osteoporosis-related medical visits and fractures among women [2026]

• Journal of Bone Metabolism
  • Osteoporotic Fracture: 2015 Position Statement of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • Development of a Korean Fracture Risk Score (KFRS) for Predicting Osteoporotic Fracture Risk: Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service [2016]

Saudi Arabia

• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
  • Importance of osteoporosis screening in the perimenopausal age [2025]

• Clinical Interventions in Aging
  • Osteoporosis Screening in Primary Care: Early Implementation Gaps Following the 2023 Saudi Guideline Update [2026]

Singapore

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • Use of age-dependent FRAX-based intervention thresholds for Singapore [2020]

Sri Lanka

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Sex and age specific bone mineral density trends in Sri Lankan adults support the need for normative reference data [2026]

Taiwan

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound for identifying primary osteoporosis in Taiwanese postmenopausal women [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Development and Validation of an Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Taiwan (OSTAi) Postmenopausal Women-A Sub-Study of the Taiwan OsteoPorosis Survey (TOPS) [2015]

Thailand

• Archives of Osteoporosis
  • Temporal changes in access to FRAX® in Thailand between 2010 and 2018 [2019]

Türkiye

• Journal of Bone Metabolism
  • Agreement between the Turkey Guidelines and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool®-based Intervention Threshold [2018]

Ukraine

• Journal of Osteoporosis
  • FRAX-Based Intervention Thresholds for Osteoporosis Treatment in Ukraine [2021]

United Kingdom

• BMJ
  • Predicting risk of osteoporotic and hip fracture in the United Kingdom: prospective independent and external validation of QFractureScores [2011]

• BMJ Open
  • Cost-effectiveness of osteoporotic fracture risk assessment in people with intellectual disabilities: a UK NHS modelling study [2026]

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of targeted and population screening for osteoporosis in women: scoping review [2026]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Osteoporosis: risk assessment [2026]
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aid opportunistic detection of vertebral fragility fractures: early value assessment [2025]

• National Osteoporosis Guideline Group
  • Fracture risk assessment and case finding [2024]
  • A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX : A report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation [2016]

• Osteoporosis International
  • Systematic screening using FRAX® leads to increased use of, and adherence to, anti-osteoporosis medications: An analysis of the UK SCOOP Trial [2020]

• Royal Osteoporosis Society
  • Reporting dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in adult fracture risk assessment: Standards for quality [2019]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Osteoporosis

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2025]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Bone Densitometry in Children and Adolescents [2016]

• American College of Radiology
  • Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density
  • ACR–SPR–SSR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) Bone Densitometry

• American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
  • Performance of Fracture Risk Assessment Tools by Race and Ethnicity: A Systematic Review for the ASBMR Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk [2023]
  • Standardized Nomenclature, Symbols, and Units for Bone Histomorphometry: A 2012 Update of the Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee [2013]

• Endocrine Practice
  • Physician-Reported Barriers to Osteoporosis Screening: A Nationwide Survey [2023]

• Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
  • Osteoporosis Screening in Postmenopausal Women 50-64 years-old: Comparison of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Strategy and Two Traditional Strategies in the Women's Health Initiative [2014]

• Medical Care
  • Effect of Self-Referral on Bone Mineral Density Testing and Osteoporosis Treatment [2014]

• Osteoporosis International
  • Changes in treatment eligibility with race-neutral US FRAX would be modest: estimates using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [2026]
  • Real-world bone turnover marker use: impact on treatment decisions and fracture [2021]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening [2025]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Osteoporosis: risk factors
  • Osteoporosis