Pregnancy

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Environmental exposures in pregnancy

Africa

• Environment International
  • Temperature variability and birthweight: Epidemiological evidence from Africa [2023]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Increasing global temperatures threaten gains in maternal and newborn health in Africa: A review of impacts and an adaptation framework [2023]

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australasian College of Physicians
  • The Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Guide to Pregnancy and Work [2017]

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Air Pollution and Pregnancy [2021]

Austria

• Birth
  • Exposure to night-time light pollution and risk of prolonged duration of labor: A nationwide cohort study [2022]

Belgium

• Environmental Research
  • Epigenome-wide analysis of maternal exposure to green space during gestation and cord blood DNA methylation in the ENVIRONAGE cohort [2023]

Canada

• Annals of Work Exposures and Health
  • Pregnancy Outcome in Women Exposed to Metal Fume in Welding: A Canadian Cohort Study [2022]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • What tools are available to assess climate and environmental health impacts on perinatal families with an equity lens? A rapid review of the Canadian context [2024]

• Environmental Health
  • Prenatal exposure to legacy contaminants and visual acuity in Canadian infants: a maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals study (MIREC-ID) [2020]

• Health Canada
  • Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study Research Platform

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Maternal Folate Status and the Relation between Gestational Arsenic Exposure and Child Health Outcomes [2022]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Climate Change and Perinatal and Newborn Health

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort [2023]

Chile

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Association of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight with Gestational Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 Particulate Matter in Chileans Newborns [2022]

• Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
  • An examination of behavioural and emotional problems in children exposed prenatally to the 27F Chilean earthquake: findings from the ELPI cohort [2023]

China

• Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  • The burden of mild intellectual disability attributed to prenatal exposure to methylmercury in China, 2017 [2023]
  • Gestational PM2.5 exposure may increase the risk of small for gestational age through maternal blood pressure and hemoglobin: A mediation analysis based on a prospective cohort in China, 2014-2018 [2022]
  • Associations of pregnancy complications with ambient air pollution in China [2022]

• Environment International
  • Modification effects of ambient temperature on associations of ambient ozone exposure before and during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes: A multicity study in China [2023]
  • Identifying the critical windows and joint effects of temperature and PM2.5 exposure on small for gestational age [2023]
  • Maternal exposure to PM2.5/BC during pregnancy predisposes children to allergic rhinitis which varies by regions and exclusive breastfeeding [2022]
  • Interaction effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to ambient air pollution and temperature on childhood asthma [2022]
  • Early-life exposure to PM2.5 constituents and childhood asthma and wheezing: Findings from China, Children, Homes, Health study [2022]
  • Acute and chronic maternal exposure to fine particulate matter and prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes: A nation-wide survey in China [2022]
  • Ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth: A national birth cohort study in the mainland China [2020]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Extreme Temperature Exposure and Risks of Preterm Birth Subtypes Based on a Nationwide Survey in China [2023]

• Environmental Research
  • Potential impact of ambient temperature on maternal blood pressure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A nationwide multicenter study based on the China birth cohort [2023]

• Environmental Science and Pollution Research
  • Maternal exposure to O3 and NO2 may increase the risk of newborn congenital hypothyroidism: a national data-based analysis in China [2021]

• International Journal of Public Health
  • Relationship Between Outdoor Air Pollutant Exposure and Premature Delivery in China- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2023]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Associations of Early-Life Exposure to Submicron Particulate Matter With Childhood Asthma and Wheeze in China [2022]

• Journal of Hazardous Materials
  • Maternal PM2.5 exposure and hypospadias risk in Chinese offspring: Insights from a nationwide surveillance-based study [2024]

• Nutrients
  • Patterns and Determinants of Essential and Toxic Elements in Chinese Women at Mid-Pregnancy, Late Pregnancy, and Lactation [2021]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Ambient cold exposure amplifies the effect of ambient PM1 on blood pressure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among Chinese pregnant women: A nationwide cohort study [2023]

China, United States

• Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  • Relationships of prenatal organophosphate ester exposure with pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic scoping review of epidemiological studies [2023]

Colombia

• International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
  • Epidemiological insights into neonatal deaths: The role of cooking fuel pollution in Colombia [2024]

Costa Rica

• International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
  • Prenatal pesticide exposure and respiratory health outcomes in the first year of life: Results from the Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) study [2020]

Denmark

• Environment International
  • Prenatal exposure to tap water containing nitrate and the risk of small-for-gestational-age: A nationwide register-based study of Danish births, 1991-2015 [2023]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Early-Life Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution from Multiple Sources and Asthma Incidence in Children: A Nationwide Birth Cohort Study from Denmark [2023]
  • Maternal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Male Reproductive Function in Young Adulthood: Combined Exposure to Seven PFAS [2022]
  • Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate from Drinking Water and Markers of Fetal Growth Restriction: A Population-Based Study of Nearly One Million Danish-Born Children [2021]

• Lancet Regional Health - Europe
  • Nitrate in drinking water and risk of birth defects: Findings from a cohort study of over one million births in Denmark [2022]

Estonia

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Perinatal Health Inequalities in the Industrial Region of Estonia: A Birth Registry-Based Study [2022]

Ethiopia

• PLoS ONE
  • Environmental exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Europe

• BMC Medicine
  • Prenatal environmental exposures associated with sex differences in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment [2023]

• Environment International
  • Parental occupational exposure to combustion products, metals, silica and asbestos and risk of childhood leukaemia: Findings from the Childhood Cancer and Leukaemia International Consortium (CLIC) [2022]
  • Early-life environmental exposure determinants of child behavior in Europe: A longitudinal, population-based study [2021]
  • Prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollution and emotional and aggressive symptoms in children from 8 European birth cohorts [2019]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • European Birth Cohorts for Environmental Health Research [2012]

• European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • The effects of climate change and environmental pollution on human reproduction: A scientific review commissioned by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG) [2024]

• European Society of Cardiology
  • Occupational radiation exposure in the electrophysiology laboratory with a focus on personnel with reproductive potential and during pregnancy: A European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) [2017]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Intrauterine Exposures and Maternal Health Status during Pregnancy in Relation to Later Child Health: A Review of Pregnancy Cohort Studies in Europe [2021]
  • Adverse Birth Outcomes Related to NO2 and PM Exposure: European Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Children [2024]
  • Association of Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals With Liver Injury in Children [2022]

• Nature Communications
  • Multi-omics signatures of the human early life exposome [2022]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Prenatal exposure to a wide range of environmental chemicals and child behaviour between 3 and 7 years of age – An exposome-based approach in 5 European cohorts [2021]

• WHO European Region
  • Human health effects of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead and mercury: report of an expert consultation [2024]
  • Mercury and human health [2021]
  • Assessment of prenatal exposure to mercury: standard operating procedures [2018]
  • Assessment of prenatal exposure to mercury: human biomonitoring survey [2018]
  • Health risks of heavy metals from long-range transboundary air pollution [2007]

Europe, Japan

• Environmental Research
  • Maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies [2022]

Europe, United States

• Society of Interventional Radiology
  • Occupational radiation protection of pregnant or potentially pregnant workers in IR: a joint guideline of the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe [2015]
  • Radiation management for interventions using fluoroscopic or computed tomographic guidance during pregnancy: a joint guideline of the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe with Endorsement by the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association [2012]

Finland

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • The association of low-level air pollution with birth weight in a register-based study: potential effects below WHO AQ guidelines [2025]

France

• BMJ Open
  • Biomechanical and organisational constraints of pregnant women at work: definition of exposure levels using a consensus method (Delphi) [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Maternal Ambient Exposure to Atmospheric Pollutants during Pregnancy and Offspring Term Birth Weight in the Nationwide ELFE Cohort [2021]

Germany

• RöFo
  • Prenatal radiation exposure in diagnostic and interventional radiology [2021]

Ghana

• Environmental Research
  • Prenatal exposure to long-term heat stress and stillbirth in Ghana: A within-space time-series analysis [2023]

Greece, Slovenia

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • An exposome connectivity paradigm for the mechanistic assessment of the effects of prenatal and early life exposure to metals on neurodevelopment [2023]

High-income countries

• Scientific Reports
  • Nitrate contamination in drinking water and adverse reproductive and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

International

• Aging
  • Association between prenatal air pollution exposure and risk of hypospadias in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies [2021]

• Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Nutrition paves the way to environmental toxicants and influences fetal development during pregnancy [2023]

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • An expert review of environmental heat exposure and stillbirth in the face of climate change: Clinical implications and priority issues [2024]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Correlation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance levels during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• BMC Public Health
  • Environmental health influences in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review [2022]

• BMJ
  • Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMJ Open
  • Exposure to drinking water pollutants and non-syndromic birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis synthesis [2024]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Impact of exposure to extreme heat events during pregnancy on the incidence of congenital heart disease in offspring: a meta-analysis [2024]

• Chinese Medical Journal
  • Association between low ambient temperature during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Current Environmental Health Reports
  • Effects of Early-life PFAS Exposure on Child Neurodevelopment: A Review of the Evidence and Research gaps [2025]
  • The Changing Climate and Pregnancy Health [2022]

• Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  • Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of fetal overgrowth: Systematic review of cohort studies [2024]
  • Association between maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and birth anthropometric outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Ambient air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Association of BPA exposure during pregnancy with risk of preterm birth and changes in gestational age: A meta-analysis and systematic review [2021]

• Environment International
  • Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and congenital heart defects: An umbrella review [2023]
  • Wildfire exposure during pregnancy and the risk of adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review [2021]
  • Gestational triclosan exposure and infant birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Phthalate exposure and female reproductive and developmental outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence [2019]

• Environmental Health
  • Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal and fetal thyroid function: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence [2024]
  • Determinants of maternal and neonatal PFAS concentrations: a review [2023]
  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy [2019]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Linking Prenatal Environmental Exposures to Lifetime Health with Epigenome-Wide Association Studies: State-of-the-Science Review and Future Recommendations [2023]

• Environmental Research
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth weight and PFNA exposures [2023]

• Environmental Science and Pollution Research
  • Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and term low birth weight: systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Europace
  • Risk of ionizing radiation in pregnancy: just a myth or a real concern? [2023]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Global, regional, and national burden of neonatal diseases attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2021 [2025]
  • Exposure to ambient air pollutions and its association with adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies [2024]
  • Household polluting cooking fuels and adverse birth outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Adverse effects of temperature on perinatal and pregnancy outcomes: methodological challenges and knowledge gaps [2023]
  • The Association Between Cadmium Exposure and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • Association Between Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • A global perspective of correlation between maternal blood lead levels and risks of preeclampsia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Human Reproduction
  • Congenital anomalies in the offspring of occupationally exposed mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using expert assessment for occupational exposures [2019]

• Hypertension in Pregnancy
  • Associations between extreme temperature exposure and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Intergrowth-21st
  • A rapid questionnaire assessment of environmental exposures to pregnant women in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project [2013]

• International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
  • Low-dose ionizing radiation and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• International Atomic Energy Agency
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women in therapeutic nuclear medicine
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women in radiotherapy
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women in radiology
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women in nuclear medicine
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women in dental radiology
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women during PET/CT scanning
  • Radiation protection of pregnant women during DXA

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Toxic chemicals and environmental contaminants in prenatal vitamins [2023]
  • Nutritional interventions to ameliorate the effect of endocrine disruptors on human reproductive health: A semi-structured review from FIGO [2022]
  • FIGO calls for removal of PFAS from global use [2021]
  • Climate change, women's health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership [2021]
  • Removal of glyphosate from global usage [2019]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics opinion on reproductive health impacts of exposure to toxic environmental chemicals [2015]

• International Journal of Biometeorology
  • Physiological mechanisms of the impact of heat during pregnancy and the clinical implications: review of the evidence from an expert group meeting [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Extreme Heat and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Scoping Review of the Epidemiological Evidence [2022]
  • Environmental Toxicants and Preterm Birth: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Output [2022]
  • Environmental Exposures in Pregnancy [2022]
  • Effect of Elevated Ambient Temperature on Maternal, Foetal, and Neonatal Outcomes: A Scoping Review [2022]
  • Prenatal Environmental Metal Exposure and Preterm Birth: A Scoping Review [2021]
  • Early-Life Exposure to Environmental Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Available Evidence [2021]
  • In Utero Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution during Pregnancy: Impact on Birth Weight and Health through the Life Course [2020]
  • WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Adverse Birth Outcomes [2017]

• International Journal of Public Health
  • Risk Factors for Working Pregnant Women and Potential Adverse Consequences of Exposure: A Systematic Review [2023]

• Journal of Global Health
  • How is maternal, newborn, and child health addressed in Heat Health Action Plans? A scoping review and content analysis [2025]

• Journal of Mother and Child
  • A Comprehensive Review on Hot Ambient Temperature and its Impacts on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes [2023]

• Nature Communications
  • Estimation of stillbirths attributable to ambient fine particles in 137 countries [2022]

• Nutrients
  • A Systematic Review of Bisphenol A from Dietary and Non-Dietary Sources during Pregnancy and Its Possible Connection with Fetal Growth Restriction: Investigating Its Potential Effects and the Window of Fetal Vulnerability [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Association between arsenic exposure and intrauterine growth restriction: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Public Health
  • Do current policies reflect current evidence on the relationship between occupational risks and preterm birth, and are they consistent? A policy content analysis [2024]

• Reproductive Toxicology
  • Heightened Susceptibility: A Review of How Pregnancy and Chemical Exposures Influence Maternal Health [2020]

• Reviews on Environmental Health
  • Occupational and environmental noise exposure during pregnancy and rare health outcomes of offspring: a scoping review focusing on congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality [2022]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Maternal Mercury Exposure and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Systematic Review [2022]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Effect of prenatal phthalate exposure on fetal development and maternal/neonatal health consequences: A systematic review [2024]

• Scientific Reports
  • Maternal exposure to specific endocrine-disrupting chemicals and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Air pollution and pregnancy outcomes based on exposure evaluation using a land use regression model: A systematic review [2021]

Iran

• Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  • Maternal ozone exposure lowers infant's birthweight: A nationwide cohort of over 4 million livebirths in Iran [2024]

Italy

• Environment International
  • Maternal pesticides exposure in pregnancy and the risk of wheezing in infancy: A prospective cohort study [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Association between Exposure to Particulate Matter during Pregnancy and Multidimensional Development in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy [2021]

Japan

• Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
  • Joint associations of air pollutants during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood with childhood persistent asthma: Nationwide database study in Japan [2024]

• Environment International
  • Periconceptional maternal diet quality influences blood heavy metal concentrations and their effect on low birth weight: the Japan Environment and Children's Study [2023]
  • Longitudinal analyses of maternal and cord blood manganese levels and neurodevelopment in children up to 3 years of age: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2022]
  • Individual and mixed metal maternal blood concentrations in relation to birth size: An analysis of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2022]
  • Exposure to heavy metals modifies optimal gestational weight gain: A large nationally representative cohort of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study [2021]
  • Association of prenatal exposure to cadmium with neurodevelopment in children at 2 years of age: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study [2021]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Maternal Metals Exposure and Infant Weight Trajectory: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2022]

• Environmental Research
  • Association between whole blood metallic elements concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus in Japanese women: The Japan environment and Children's study [2022]

• European Journal of Epidemiology
  • Mortality among individuals exposed to atomic bomb radiation in utero: 1950–2012 [2021]

• International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
  • Association between prenatal cadmium exposure and child development: The Japan Environment and Children's study [2022]

• Journal of Epidemiology
  • The Effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake on Perinatal Outcomes: Results of the Pregnancy and Birth Survey in the Fukushima Health Management Survey [2022]
  • Effects of External Radiation Exposure on Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: the Fukushima Health Management Survey [2022]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Associations between prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds and neurodevelopment in 12-month-old children: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Maternal Exposure to Housing Renovation During Pregnancy and Risk of Offspring with Congenital Malformation: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study [2019]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• Environment International
  • Extreme heat, preterm birth, and stillbirth: A global analysis across 14 lower-middle income countries [2022]

• Environmental Research
  • Adverse birth outcomes associated with household air pollution from unclean cooking fuels in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review [2022]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Exposure to indoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Household air pollution and incidence of eclampsia in eight low- and middle-income countries [2023]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review [2022]

Malawi

• Malawi Medical Journal
  • Maternal biomass smoke exposure and birth weight in Malawi: Analysis of data from the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey [2017]

Netherlands

• Nutrients
  • Prenatal Environmental Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Indices of Overweight and Cardiovascular Risk in Dutch Adolescents [2022]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • The Environmental Case Management of Mercury-Exposed Persons [2023]
  • Dioxins: A technical guide [2023]

Nigeria

• Scientific Reports
  • Impact assessment of particulate pollution on maternal mortality in Nigeria [2022]

Northern Europe

• Environmental Epidemiology
  • Pregnancy outcomes as related to in utero exposure to air pollution and greenness: The Life-GAP Project [2024]

Oman

• Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
  • Ergonomic Stressors Among Pregnant Healthcare Workers: Impact on pregnancy outcomes and recommended safety practices [2021]

Poland

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • REPRO_PL-Polish Mother and Child Cohort-Exposure, Health Status, and Neurobehavioral Assessments in Adolescents-Design and Cohort Update [2022]

Republic of Korea

• Environment International
  • Effect of heat waves and fine particulate matter on preterm births in Korea from 2010 to 2016 [2021]

• Environmental Research
  • Effects of mercury exposure on fetal body burden and its association with infant growth [2023]

• Journal of Occupational Health
  • Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by maternal occupational status: A national population-based study in South Korea [2023]

• Medicina
  • The Effect of Maternal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Heavy Metals during Pregnancy on the Risk of Neurological Disorders Using the National Health Insurance Claims Data of South Korea [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Association between early preterm birth and maternal exposure to fine particular matter (PM10): A nation-wide population-based cohort study using machine learning [2023]

• Scientific Reports
  • Prenatal exposure to air pollutants and the risk of congenital heart disease: a Korean national health insurance database-based study [2024]
  • Effects of heavy metal exposure during pregnancy on birth outcomes [2023]

Spain

• Environmental Research
  • Susceptible windows of exposure to fine particulate matter and fetal growth trajectories in the Spanish INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) birth cohort [2023]

• Epidemiology
  • Identifying Sensitive Windows of Exposure to NO2 and Fetal Growth Trajectories in a Spanish Birth Cohort [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Air Pollution and Birth Outcomes: Health Impact and Economic Value Assessment in Spain [2023]
  • Exposure to Traffic Density during Pregnancy and Birth Weight in a National Cohort, 2000-2017 [2022]

• Pediatric Research
  • Maternal occupational exposure to chemicals and child cognitive function [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Maternal occupational exposures and fetal growth in a Spanish birth cohort [2022]

Sudan

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Present and Future Drinking Water Security and Its Impacts on Maternities: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Sudan [2023]

Suriname

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Association of Mercury Exposure and Maternal Sociodemographics on Birth Outcomes of Indigenous and Tribal Women in Suriname [2021]

Sweden

• BMJ Open
  • Occupational exposure to inorganic particles during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden [2019]

• Environmental Research
  • Occupational exposure to pesticides in mothers and fathers and risk of cancer in the offspring: A register-based case-control study from Sweden (1960-2015) [2022]

• International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
  • Association between ambient air pollution a week prior to delivery and preterm birth using a nationwide study in Sweden [2024]

• Occupational and Environmental Medicine
  • Occupational exposure to organic particles and combustion products during pregnancy and birth outcome in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden [2019]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Occupational exposure to whole body vibrations and birth outcomes – A nationwide cohort study of Swedish women [2021]

Switzerland

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Exposures to non-therapeutic chemicals before, during and after pregnancy: data from the Swiss Teratogen Information Service (STIS) [2024]

Taiwan

• Chemosphere
  • Association between two common environmental toxicants (phthalates and melamine) and urinary markers of renal injury in the third trimester of pregnant women: The Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (TMICS) [2021]

• Environment International
  • Co-exposure to toxic metals and phthalates in pregnant women and their children's mental health problems aged four years - Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (TMICS) [2023]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Extreme temperature increases the risk of stillbirth in the third trimester of pregnancy [2022]

Thailand

• Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
  • Exposure to ambient particulate matter and biomass burning during pregnancy: associations with birth weight in Thailand [2021]

United Kingdom

• Clinical Medicine
  • Pregnancy: occupational aspects of management: concise guidance [2013]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2017: guidance

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Outdoor air pollution and pregnancy in the UK [2021]
  • Chemical Exposures During Pregnancy: Dealing with Potential, but Unproven, Risks to Child Health [2013]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Chemical hazards compendium

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force [2019]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Environmental Issues in Global Pediatric Health: Technical Report [2025]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Reducing Prenatal Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents [2021]
  • Air Travel During Pregnancy [2018]
  • Lead Screening During Pregnancy and Lactation [2012]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
  • Exposure to toxic metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the risk of preeclampsia and preterm birth in the United States: A review [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Cohort profile: the ECHO prenatal and early childhood pathways to health consortium (ECHO-PATHWAYS) [2022]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Assessing associations between residential proximity to greenspace and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study [2023]
  • Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011 [2022]
  • Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of isolated congenital heart defects among offspring [2021]
  • Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000–2005) [2020]
  • Association between maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and rare birth defects of the face and central nervous system [2020]
  • Maternal Occupational Oil Mist Exposure and Birth Defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011 [2019]
  • Associations between PM2.5 and risk of preterm birth among liveborn infants [2019]

• Current Environmental Health Reports
  • Advancing Understanding of Chemical Exposures and Maternal-child Health Through the U.S. Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program: A Scoping Review [2024]

• Environment International
  • Urinary phthalate metabolite mixtures in pregnancy and fetal growth: Findings from the infant development and the environment study [2022]
  • Maternal exposure to urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in pregnancy and childhood asthma in a pooled multi-cohort study [2022]

• Environmental Health
  • Acute association between heatwaves and stillbirth in six US states [2022]

• Environmental Health Perspectives
  • Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Child Weight and Adiposity from in Utero to 6 Years of Age [2022]
  • Associations of Pre- and Postnatal Air Pollution Exposures with Child Behavioral Problems and Cognitive Performance: A U.S. Multi-Cohort Study [2022]

• Environmental Research
  • Association of prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution with adverse birth outcomes and effect modification by socioeconomic factors [2022]

• Environmental Science & Technology
  • Exposure to Contemporary and Emerging Chemicals in Commerce among Pregnant Women in the United States: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcome (ECHO) Program [2022]

• Fertility and Sterility
  • Before the beginning: environmental exposures and reproductive and obstetrical outcomes [2019]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Climate Change-Related Environmental Exposures and Perinatal and Maternal Health Outcomes in the U.S [2023]
  • Pre- and Postnatal Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Childhood Cognitive and Adaptive Function [2022]
  • Association between Water Fluoride Levels and Low Birth Weight: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016 [2022]
  • The Cumulative Risk of Chemical and Nonchemical Exposures on Birth Outcomes in Healthy Women: The Fetal Growth Study [2019]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure With Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US [2020]

• JAMA Pediatrics
  • Associations Between Prenatal Urinary Biomarkers of Phthalate Exposure and Preterm Birth: A Pooled Study of 16 US Cohorts [2022]

• Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
  • Air Pollution and Racial Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review [2024]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Projected Changes in Maternal Heat Exposure During Early Pregnancy and the Associated Congenital Heart Defect Burden in the United States [2019]

• Occupational and Environmental Medicine
  • Firefighter occupational factors and the risk of preterm birth: results from a survey of women firefighters in the USA [2023]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Organophosphate exposures during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment: Recommendations for essential policy reforms [2018]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Report of a scoping meeting for the selection of indicators to monitor the impact of extreme heat on maternal, newborn and child health [2024]
  • Mercury: training for health care providers, 3d ed [2024]
  • Enhancing radiation safety culture in health care: guidance for health care providers [2024]
  • Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance in health and environment, 2024 update [2024]
  • Protecting maternal, newborn and child health from the impacts of climate change: call for action [2023]
  • Household air pollution: training for health care providers [2023]
  • Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment: version with International Classification of Health Intervention (ICHI) codes [2023]
  • Ambient air pollution: training for health care providers, 3rd ed [2023]
  • Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda [2022]
  • WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide [2021]
  • Mercury and human health: educational course [2021]
  • Guideline for clinical management of exposure to lead [2021]
  • Exposure to lead: a major public health concern, 2nd edition [2021]
  • Principles and methods to assess the risk of immunotoxicity associated with exposure to nanomaterials [2020]
  • Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks [2018]
  • Preventing disease through a healthier and safer workspace [2018]
  • Guidance document on evaluating and expressing uncertainty in hazard characterization, 2nd edition [2018]
  • Inheriting a sustainable world: Atlas on children’s health and the environment [2017]
  • Don’t pollute my future! The impact of the environment on children’s health [2017]
  • State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012 [2012]
  • Guidance for immunotoxicity risk assessment for chemicals [2012]
  • Endocrine disrupters and child health [2012]
  • DDT in indoor residual spraying: human health aspects [2011]
  • Mercury: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels [2008]
  • Indoor air pollution: from solid fuels and risk of low birth weight and stillbirth [2007]
  • Preventing early life environmental exposure
  • Lead poisoning: Fact sheet
  • Ionizing radiation and health effects: Fact sheet
  • Environmental health
  • Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment
  • Chemical safety

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology