Pregnancy

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Medications in pregnancy

Australia

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Critical caveats in using product information/pregnancy categories for pregnant or breastfeeding patients [2018]

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database
  • Australian categorisation system for prescribing medicines in pregnancy

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • How the structural determinants of health inequities impact access to prescription medication for pregnant women in Australia: a narrative review [2023]

Brazil

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • The organization, weaknesses, and challenges of the control of thalidomide in Brazil: A review [2020]

Cameroon

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • First trimester medication use in pregnancy in Cameroon: a multi-hospital survey [2018]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Safety of tacrolimus in pregnancy [2014]
  • FDA pregnancy risk categories and the CPS: Do they help or are they a hindrance? [2010]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Medications, Over-the-Counter Drugs, Herbals, and Vitamins

Canada, United States

• Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
  • MotherToBaby Fact Sheets

Denmark

• Journal of the National Cancer Institute
  • Medication-Associated Phthalate Exposure and Childhood Cancer Incidence [2022]

Developed countries

• Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
  • Prescription drug use during pregnancy in developed countries: a systematic review [2011]

Ethiopia

• SAGE Open Medicine
  • Prescription drugs use during pregnancy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

Europe

• ENTIS
  • ENTIS

• EUROCAT
  • EUROmediCAT signal detection: an evaluation of selected congenital anomaly-medication associations [2016]
  • EUROmediCAT signal detection: a systematic method for identifying potential teratogenic medication [2016]
  • Improving Information on Maternal Medication Use by Linking Prescription Data to Congenital Anomaly Registers: A EUROmediCAT Study [2015]
  • EUROmediCAT Recommendations for European Pharmacovigilance concerning safety of medication use in pregnancy [2015]

• European Medicines Agency
  • SWP/NcWP recommendations on the duration of contraception following the end of treatment with a genotoxic drug [2023]
  • Guideline of good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP) - Product- or population-specific considerations III: pregnant and breastfeeding women [2019]
  • Use of paracetamol during pregnancy unchanged in the EU
  • Medicines during pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • ICH S5 (R3) Guideline on detection of reproductive and developmental toxicity for human pharmaceuticals - Scientific guideline

• MUMS
  • Mothers Using Medicines Safely

• Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
  • Safety profile of medication used during pregnancy: results of a multinational European study [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • An inventory of European data sources to support pharmacoepidemiologic research on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children following medication exposure in pregnancy: A contribution from the ConcePTION project [2022]

Europe, United States

• Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Assuring Access to Safe Medicines in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [2021]

France

• Drug Safety
  • Dispensing of Potentially Harmful Prescription Drugs in 1.8 Million Pregnant Women in France: A Nationwide Study Based on Two Risk Classification Systems [2021]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Birth Outcomes in DES Children and Grandchildren: A Multigenerational National Cohort Study on Informative Families [2023]

Germany

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • The Use of Medication in Pregnancy [2019]

High-income countries

• Reproductive Toxicology
  • New approach methodologies for assessing developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals: Case examples and future directions [2025]

International

• Birth Defects Research
  • A Scoping Review of Human Teratogens and Their Impact on the Developing Brain: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project [2025]
  • Risk management of teratogenic medicines: A systematic review [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Prenatal exposure to psychotropics and analgesics on cognitive, linguistic and educational outcomes - a scoping review with focus on validity and reliability of outcome measures [2025]
  • Interventions to enhance medication adherence in pregnancy- a systematic review [2023]

• BMJ
  • Maternal paracetamol (acetaminophen) use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: umbrella review of systematic reviews [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Prevalence of polypharmacy in pregnancy: a systematic review [2023]

• Environmental Health
  • Evaluation of the evidence on acetaminophen use and neurodevelopmental disorders using the Navigation Guide methodology [2025]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association of Chemotherapy Timing in Pregnancy With Congenital Malformation [2021]

• Journal of Family & Reproductive Health
  • Knowledge, Information Sources, and Institutional Trust of Patients Regarding Medication Use in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review [2021]

• Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
  • Medication use during pregnancy and the risk of gastroschisis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies [2024]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Self-medication among pregnant women in comparison to the general population: a scoping review of the main characteristics [2024]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • Epidemiology of Medications Use in Pregnancy [2015]

• Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science
  • Post-approval Activities Providing Data on the Safety of Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation-A TransCelerate Perspective [2025]
  • Regulations Governing Medicines for Maternal and Neonatal Health: A Landscape Assessment [2024]

Italy

• Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
  • Medication prescriptions before, during and after pregnancy in Italy: a population-based study [2021]

• Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • The Italian Network for Monitoring Medication Use During Pregnancy (MoM-Net): Experience and Perspectives [2021]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Drug Prescriptions among Italian and Immigrant Pregnant Women Resident in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study [2022]

Japan

• Global Health & Medicine
  • The advances in dealing with the safety of medicated drugs in pregnancy [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• BMJ Open
  • Landscape analysis of pregnancy exposure registries in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2025]

Middle East

• Oman Medical Journal
  • Herbal Medicines Use During Pregnancy: A Review from the Middle East [2015]

Netherlands

• British Journal of General Practice
  • GPs' awareness of pregnancy: trends and association with hazardous medication use [2023]

New Zealand

• PLoS ONE
  • Patterns of prescription medicine dispensing before and during pregnancy in New Zealand, 2005–2015 [2020]

Norway

• BMJ Open
  • Longitudinal changes in neurodevelopmental outcomes between 18 and 36 months in children with prenatal triptan exposure: findings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study [2016]

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Real-World Utilization Patterns of Oral Corticosteroids During Pregnancy: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea [2025]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study [2023]

Spain

• BMJ Open
  • Drug exposure during pregnancy in primary care: an algorithm and observational study from SIDIAP database, Catalunya, Spain [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Inquiry
  • Traditional Medicine Utilisation Among Pregnant Women in Sub-saharan African Countries: A Systematic Review of Literature [2022]

Suriname

• Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
  • Prevalence and safety of prescription medicine use during pregnancy in the Republic of Suriname in the year 2017: a pharmacoepidemiological analysis [2021]

Sweden

• Clinical Epidemiology
  • Drug use during pregnancy in Sweden – assessed by the Prescribed Drug Register and the Medical Birth Register [2011]

• Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
  • Detection of major congenital malformations depends on length of follow-up in Swedish National Health Register Data: Implications for pharmacoepidemiological research on medication safety in pregnancy [2024]

Switzerland

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Use of Prescribed Drugs to Treat Chronic Diseases during Pregnancy in Outpatient Care in Switzerland between 2014 and 2018: Descriptive Analysis of Swiss Health Care Claims Data [2022]

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Dispensed drugs during pregnancy in outpatient care between 2015 and 2021 in Switzerland: a retrospective analysis of Swiss healthcare claims data [2024]
  • Queries on medication use during pregnancy: characterisation of the Swiss Teratogen Information Service database [2022]
  • Use of drugs to treat symptoms and acute conditions during pregnancy in outpatient care in Switzerland between 2014 and 2018: analysis of Swiss healthcare claims data [2021]

United Kingdom

• BMJ Open
  • Women's experiences of over-the-counter and prescription medication during pregnancy in the UK: findings from survey free-text responses and narrative interviews [2023]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Report of the Commission on Human Medicines Expert Working Group on Optimising Data on Medicines used During Pregnancy [2021]
  • CHM ad hoc Expert Group: Evaluation of systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on oral Hormone Pregnancy Tests by Heneghan et al [2019]
  • Report of the Commission on Human Medicines’ Expert Working Group on Hormone Pregnancy Tests [2017]

• Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): potential risks following prolonged use after 20 weeks of pregnancy [2023]
  • Medicines with teratogenic potential: what is effective contraception and how often is pregnancy testing needed? [2019]
  • Use of medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Safer Medicines in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Consortium

• NHS Digital
  • Medicines and Pregnancy Registry

• Reproductive Toxicology
  • Predicting the safety of medicines in pregnancy: A workshop report [2020]

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Developing New Pharmaceutical Treatments for Obstetric Conditions [2015]

• Scottish Government
  • Teratogenic Medicines Advisory Group

• Specialist Pharmacy Service
  • Safety in pregnancy

• UK Parliament
  • Hormone pregnancy tests [2024]

• UKTIS
  • UKTIS

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Acetaminophen Use in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes [2025]

• American Family Physician
  • Over-the-Counter Medications in Pregnancy [2023]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Prenatal exposure to teratogenic medications in the era of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies [2022]
  • Hydroxychloroquine early in pregnancy and risk of birth defects [2021]

• American Journal of Perinatology
  • Improving Safe and Effective Use of Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: Workshop Summary [2017]

• Birth Defects Research
  • Use of vasoactive medications in pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth among birth defect cases [2022]
  • Maternal exposure to hydroxychloroquine and birth defects [2021]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Patterns of Prescription Medication Use during the First Trimester of Pregnancy in the United States, 1997-2018 [2023]
  • Medicine and Pregnancy

• Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
  • The Need for Safer Medication Use in Pregnancy [2013]

• Food and Drug Administration
  • FDA Responds to Evidence of Possible Association Between Autism and Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy [2025]
  • Prescription medications for use in pregnancy-perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration [2021]
  • Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Resources
  • Pregnancy Exposure Registry Information for Health Professionals

• Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • Drug exposure during pregnancy: Current understanding and approaches to measure maternal-fetal drug exposure [2023]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Prenatal Care Initiation and Exposure to Teratogenic Medications [2024]
  • Evaluation of Drug Labels Following the 2015 Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule [2020]

• MotherToBaby
  • Healthcare Professionals
  • Fact Sheets - Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Exposures

• National Cancer Institute
  • Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure and Cancer

• PLoS Medicine
  • Gabapentin in pregnancy and the risk of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes: A population-based cohort study nested in the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract dataset [2020]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • Medication decision making under uncertainty: Considering chronic disease and pregnancy potential [2025]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Prenatal acetaminophen use and outcomes in children [2017]

• StatPearls
  • Pregnancy Medications

Western countries

• Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
  • The regulation and practice of midwifery prescribing around the world: A scoping review of regulations and literature [2025]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Guidelines for establishing a poison centre [2021]

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• Pharmaceutical Biology
  • Prevalence, motivation, and associated factors of medicinal herbs consumption in pregnant women from Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office: a systematic review [2023]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Medications and breastfeeding