Pregnancy

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Fetal therapy

Americas, Europe

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Benefits and complications of fetal and postnatal surgery for open spina bifida: systematic review and proportional meta-analysis [2025]

Argentina

• Archivos argentinos de pediatría
  • Update on prenatal diagnosis and fetal surgery for myelomeningocele [2021]

Asia

• Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
  • Establishing Prenatal Surgery for Myelomeningocele in Asia: The Singapore Consensus [2017]

Brazil

• Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
  • Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Guidelines [2019]

Canada

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Comparison of open fetal, fetoscopic and postnatal surgical repair for open spina bifida: decision analysis [2025]

Canada, United States

• North American Fetal Therapy Network
  • Pre-Operative Predictors of Survival in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Undergoing Fetoscopic Laser Treatment [2025]
  • Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion for Severe, Left-Sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: The North American Fetal Therapy Network Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion Consortium Experience [2024]
  • Indications, Resource Allocation, and Outcomes Associated with Ex-Utero Intrapartum Treatment Procedures: A North American Fetal Therapy Network Survey [2023]
  • Interventions to prevent preterm delivery in women with short cervix before fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome [2022]
  • Care Levels for Fetal Therapy Centers [2022]
  • North American Fetal Therapy Network: Timing of and indications for delivery following laser ablation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome [2019]
  • Publications

Germany

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • The Intrauterine Treatment of Open Spinal Dysraphism [2025]

• Translational Pediatrics
  • Counseling for fetal heart disease—current standards and best practice [2021]

India

• Society of Fetal Medicine
  • Standard Operating Procedures Ex Utero Intrapartum Therapy (EXIT) [2024]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion [2024]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Radiofrequency Ablation of Fetal Umbilical Cord [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Open Fetal Surgery [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Intrauterine Blood Transfusion [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation in Monochorionic Twins [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Tissue Biopsy [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Shunts [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Medical Therapy [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Interstitial Laser [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Fluid Aspiration [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Fetal Cystoscopic Laser Ablation [2023]
  • SFM Fetal Therapy Practice Guidelines: Bipolar Cord Coagulation [2023]
  • SFM Practice Guidelines

International

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Perinatal outcomes following fetoscopic laser surgery for early twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
  • A Systematic Review of Benefits and Risks of Fetal Surgery for Congenital Cardiac Defects Such as Pulmonary Valve Stenosis and Critical Aortic Stenosis [2023]

• Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
  • Fetal surgical intervention for myelomeningocele: lessons learned, outcomes, and future implications [2020]

• International Fetal Cardiac Invention Registry
  • Prediction of postnatal circulation in pulmonary atresia/critical stenosis with intact ventricular septum: systematic review and external validation of models [2023]
  • Fetal Cardiac Intervention for Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum: International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry [2020]
  • Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact or Restrictive Atrial Septum: A Report From the International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry [2017]
  • International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry: A Worldwide Collaborative Description and Preliminary Outcomes [2015]

• International Fetal Medicine and Surgery Society
  • Fetal Treatment 2017: The Evolution of Fetal Therapy Centers - A Joint Opinion from the International Fetal Medicine and Surgical Society (IFMSS) and the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) [2017]

• International Fetal Transplantation and Immunology Society
  • Fetal and Maternal Safety Considerations for In Utero Therapy Clinical Trials: iFeTiS Consensus Statement [2020]
  • In Utero Gene Therapy Consensus Statement from the IFeTIS [2019]

• International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Current Controversies in Prenatal Diagnosis-Conference Debate 2024: All Fetuses Undergoing Fetal Therapy Should Have Exome Sequencing [2025]
  • Fetal Therapy

• JAMA Network Open
  • Global Policy and Practice for Intrauterine Fetal Resuscitation During Fetal Surgery for Open Spina Bifida Repair [2023]

• Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Maternal-fetal surgery for myelomeningocele longitudinal follow-up model: Mitigation of care fragmentation through care coordination and outcomes reporting [2025]

• Medicina
  • Advances in Fetal Surgery: A Narrative Review of Therapeutic Interventions and Future Directions [2025]
  • Myelomeningocele Surgery over the 10 Years Following the MOMS Trial: A Systematic Review of Outcomes in Prenatal versus Postnatal Surgical Repair [2021]

• Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Fetoscopic myelomeningocoele closure: Is the scientific evidence enough to challenge the gold standard for prenatal surgery? [2021]

• Translational Pediatrics
  • Modern fetal surgery—a historical review of the happenings that shaped modern fetal surgery and its practices [2021]

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: international Delphi consensus on management and core outcome set [2024]
  • Enhanced recovery after fetal spina bifida surgery: global practice [2024]
  • Consensus protocol for management of early and late twin-twin transfusion syndrome: Delphi study [2024]
  • Complex gastroschisis: a new indication for fetal surgery? [2021]
  • Consensus diagnostic criteria and monitoring of twin anemia–polycythemia sequence: Delphi procedure [2020]
  • Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the International Fetoscopic Myelomeningocele Repair Consortium [2019]
  • A worldwide survey of laser surgery for twin–twin transfusion syndrome [2014]

• World Neurosurgery
  • The Management of Myelomeningocele Study and Beyond: Trends and Innovations in the Management of Myelomeningocele [2025]
  • From Sheffield to the Management of Myelomeningocele Study: The Modern Era of Myelomeningocele Management [2025]

Italy

• La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica
  • Guidelines of the Italian Society of Videosurgery in Infancy (SIVI) for the minimally invasive treatment of fetal and neonatal ovarian cysts [2020]

Japan

• Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
  • New challenges of fetal therapy in Japan [2022]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
  • Fetal therapies as standard prenatal care in Japan [2020]

Poland

• Ginekologia Polska
  • Fetal therapy guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians - Fetal Therapy Section [2024]
  • Current views on fetal surgical treatment of myelomeningocele — the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) trial and Polish clinical experience [2017]

Taiwan

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • The clinical experience of fetoscopic repair of myelomeningocele in Taiwan: The dilemma in prenatal decision-making and first successful case [2024]

United Kingdom

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Open prenatal repair for open neural tube defects in the fetus [2020]
  • Fetoscopic prenatal repair for open neural tube defects in the fetus [2020]
  • Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for fetal critical aortic stenosis [2018]
  • Fetal cystoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary outflow tract obstruction [2007]
  • Septostomy with or without amnioreduction for the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome [2006]
  • Intrauterine laser ablation of placental vessels for the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome [2006]
  • Fetal vesico-amniotic shunt for lower urinary tract outflow obstruction [2006]

• NHS England
  • Prenatal surgery for open spina bifida [2018]
  • Management of Twin to Twin Syndrome by fetoscopic laser ablation [2015]

• Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
  • Fetal surgery for open spina bifida [2019]

• Welsh Health Specialised Services Committee
  • Specialised Fetal Medicine [2023]

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Maternal-Fetal Surgical Procedures [2011]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Maternal–Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele [2017]
  • Maternal–Fetal Intervention and Fetal Care Centers [2011]

• American Heart Association
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Cardiac Disease [2014]

• American Journal of Bioethics
  • The Need for an Evolving Informed Consent Process in a Fetal Therapy Trial [2024]
  • A New Ethical Framework for Assessing the Unique Challenges of Fetal Therapy Trials [2022]

• American Pediatric Surgical Association
  • Fetal Handbooks

• American Society of Anesthesiologists
  • Anesthesia for Maternal-Fetal Interventions: A Consensus Statement From the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committees on Obstetric and Pediatric Anesthesiology and the North American Fetal Therapy Network [2021]

• Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Fetal cardiac interventions: Where do we stand? [2020]

• New England Journal of Medicine
  • A Randomized Trial of Prenatal versus Postnatal Repair of Myelomeningocele [2011]

• Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Precarious hope: Ethical considerations for offering experimental fetal therapies outside of research after initial studies in humans [2024]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #72: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence [2024]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Beyond the scalpel: in utero fetal gene therapy and curative medicine [2021]
  • Twin-twin transfusion syndrome [2013]

• Spina Bifida Association
  • Prenatal counseling: Guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida [2020]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Prenatal screening and diagnosis
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Newborn
  • Neural tube defects, folic acid