Pregnancy

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Substance use in pregnancy, neonatal abstinence syndrome

Africa

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Magnitude and risk factors of khat, alcohol and cigarettes use among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Australia

• Australian Family Physician
  • Managing opioid dependence in pregnancy – a general practice perspective [2013]

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women’s use of alcohol and other drugs [2024]

• Queensland Health
  • Perinatal substance use: neonatal
  • Perinatal substance use: maternal

• SA Health
  • Substance Use in Pregnancy
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

• WA Health
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Substance use in pregnancy [2024]

Australia, United States

• Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment
  • Managing Maternal Substance Use in the Perinatal Period: Current Concerns and Treatment Approaches in the United States and Australia [2016]

Canada

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Multi-service prevention programs for pregnant and parenting women with substance use and multiple vulnerabilities: Program structure and clients’ perspectives on wraparound programming [2020]

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Addiction in Pregnancy: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [2019]
  • Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome due to Crystal Methamphetamine: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [2019]
  • Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorders during Pregnancy: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [2019]

• Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction
  • Licit and Illicit Drug Use during Pregnancy: Maternal, Neonatal and Early Childhood Consequences [2013]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum [2020]
  • Effects of opioid use in pregnancy on pediatric development and behaviour in children older than age 2 [2019]

• Canadian Journal of Midwifery Research and Practice
  • New Approaches to Brief Intervention on Substance Use during Pregnancy [2019]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Managing newborns at risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)/neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS): Updates and emerging best practices [2025]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association of Maternal Opioid Use in Pregnancy With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Ontario, Canada, From 2012 to 2018 [2020]

• Paediatrics & Child Health
  • Variations and similarities in clinical management of neonatal abstinence syndrome: Findings of a Canadian survey [2017]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Care of the Newborn Exposed to Substances During Pregnancy [2024]
  • Best Practice Guidelines for Mental Health Disorders in the Perinatal Period: Substance Use Disorders [2023]
  • Rooming-In Guidelines for Perinatal Women Using Substances [2020]
  • Cannabis Use During Pregnancy & Lactation [2020]
  • A Guideline for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder—Pregnancy Supplement [2018]
  • Care of the Newborn Exposed to Substances During Pregnancy

• PLoS ONE
  • Cannabis use in pregnancy and maternal and infant outcomes: A Canadian cross-jurisdictional population-based cohort study [2022]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Opioid Use Throughout Women’s Lifespan: Opioid Use in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [2023]
  • Cannabis Use Throughout Women’s Lifespans – Part 2: Pregnancy, the Postnatal Period, and Breastfeeding [2022]
  • Substance Use in Pregnancy [2017]

Canada, Jamaica, United States

• JAMA Network Open
  • Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2022]

Canada, United States

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Stigma Experienced by Rural Pregnant Women with Substance Use Disorder: A Scoping Review and Qualitative Synthesis [2022]

Ethiopia

• Heliyon
  • The effect of substance use during pregnancy on neonatal outcomes in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

Europe

• Environmental Epigenetics
  • European epidemiological patterns of cannabis- and substance-related congenital cardiovascular anomalies: geospatiotemporal and causal inferential study [2022]
  • Cannabinoid and substance relationships of European congenital anomaly patterns: a space-time panel regression and causal inferential study [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Body Wall Congenital Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study [2022]
  • Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance- Related Congenital Uronephrological Anomalies in Europe: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study [2022]
  • Cannabis- and Substance-Related Epidemiological Patterns of Chromosomal Congenital Anomalies in Europe: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study [2022]

India

• Public Health
  • Tobacco and alcohol use among lactating women and its association with child nutrition in India: findings from National Family Health Survey 2019-2021 [2024]

International

• Addiction Science & Clinical Practice
  • Drug policies' sensitivity towards women, pregnancy, and motherhood: a content analysis of national policy and programs from nine countries and their adherence to international guidelines [2023]

• Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
  • Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use During Pregnancy: A Global Perspective [2020]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Addressing the Specific Needs of Women Who Use Drugs - Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B and C and Syphilis [2021]

Maldives

• Ministry of Health Maldives
  • National guideline for management of neonatal abstinence syndrome [2024]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Drug dependency - infants born to drug dependent mothers

Norway

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome – results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study [2019]

Republic of Korea

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes [2021]

Switzerland

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Midwives’ engagement in smoking- and alcohol-prevention in prenatal care before and after the introduction of practice guidelines in Switzerland: comparison of survey findings from 2008 and 2018 [2020]

Taiwan

• Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
  • Substance use before or during pregnancy and the risk of child mortality, perinatal morbidities and congenital anomalies [2023]

United Kingdom

• BJPsych Bulletin
  • The ethics and management of cannabis use in pregnancy following decriminalisation and licensing for medical use: narrative review [2021]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Scoping review: mapping clinical guidelines and policy documents that address the needs of women who are dependent on drugs during the perinatal period [2024]

• BMJ
  • Alcohol, smoking, and other substance use in the perinatal period [2020]

• Right Decisions
  • Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

• WISDOM
  • Substance Misuse in Pregnancy Guideline [2024]

United States

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #21: Breastfeeding in the Setting of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorder (Revised 2023) [2023]

• Addiction
  • Smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women attending treatment for substance use disorders: A systematic review [2022]
  • Possible Unintended Consequences for Pregnant Women of Legalizing Cannabis Use [2020]
  • Opioid Use Disorder Incidence and Treatment Among Incarcerated Pregnant People in the U.S.: Results from a National Surveillance Study [2020]

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Maternal Cannabis Use during Lactation and Potential Effects on Human Milk Composition and Production: A Narrative Review [2024]

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Unhealthy Drug Use in Primary Care in Adolescents and Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2020]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [2020]
  • Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Implications for Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes [2018]
  • A Public Health Response to Opioid Use in Pregnancy [2017]
  • Neonatal Drug Withdrawal [2012]
  • Maternal-Infant Health and Opioid Use

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy [2017]
  • Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation [2017]
  • Alcohol Abuse and Other Substance Use Disorders: Ethical Issues in Obstetric and Gynecologic Practice [2015]
  • Substance Abuse Reporting and Pregnancy: The Role of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist [2011]

• American Family Physician
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Call for Mother-Infant Dyad Treatment Approach [2021]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • New persistent opioid use after acute opioid prescribing in pregnancy: a nationwide analysis [2020]
  • Consensus Guidelines and State Policies: The Gap Between Principle and Practice at the Intersection of Substance Use and Pregnancy [2020]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
  • Early lessons from maternal mortality review committees on drug-related deaths – time for obstetrical providers to take the lead in addressing addiction [2020]

• American Psychiatric Association
  • Position Statement on Assuring the Appropriate Care of Pregnant and Newly-Delivered Women with Substance Use Disorders [2019]

• Annals of Internal Medicine
  • Marijuana Use During Stages of Pregnancy in the United States [2017]

• Archives of Women's Mental Health
  • Licit and illicit drug use across trimesters in pregnant women endorsing past-year substance use: Results from National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2009-2019) [2022]

• Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
  • Management of Newborns With In Utero Substance Exposure: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 18 [2023]
  • Intrapartum Pain Management for People on Medication-Assisted Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 17 [2023]
  • Breastfeeding Recommendations for People Who Use Substances: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 16 [2022]
  • Marijuana Use During Pregnancy [2018]

• Breastfeeding Medicine
  • Management of Cannabis Use in Breastfeeding Women: The Untapped Potential of International Board Certified Lactation Consultants [2020]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Medication for Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy — Maternal and Infant Network to Understand Outcomes Associated with Use of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy (MAT-LINK), 2014–2021 [2023]
  • Evaluation of State-Led Surveillance of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — Six U.S. States, 2018–2021 [2022]
  • Vital Signs: Prescription Opioid Pain Reliever Use During Pregnancy — 34 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2019 [2020]
  • Characteristics of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy — Eight States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2017 [2020]
  • State Strategies to Address Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Infants Prenatally Exposed to Substances, Including Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [2019]
  • Evaluation of State-Mandated Reporting of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — Six States, 2013–2017 [2019]
  • CDC Grand Rounds: Public Health Strategies to Prevent Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [2017]
  • Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — 28 States, 1999–2013 [2016]
  • Polysubstance Use During Pregnancy
  • Opioid Use During Pregnancy

• Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
  • Caring for Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorder in the USA: Expanding and Improving Treatment [2016]

• Health Affairs
  • Prenatal Substance Use Policies And Infant Maltreatment Reports [2022]

• Health Economics
  • Prenatal substance use policies and newborn health [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the US and Maternal Use during the Preconception, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods [2020]

• JAMA
  • US Trends in Drug Overdose Mortality Among Pregnant and Postpartum Persons, 2017-2020 [2022]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Availability of Medications for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals in US Jails [2022]
  • Association of Recreational Cannabis Legalization With Maternal Cannabis Use in the Preconception, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods [2021]
  • Association of Pregnancy and Insurance Status With Treatment Access for Opioid Use Disorder [2020]
  • Association of Punitive and Reporting State Policies Related to Substance Use in Pregnancy With Rates of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [2019]
  • Association of Criminal Statutes for Opioid Use Disorder With Prevalence and Treatment Among Pregnant Women With Commercial Insurance in the United States [2019]

• JAMA Pediatrics
  • Association of State Child Abuse Policies and Mandated Reporting Policies With Prenatal and Postpartum Care Among Women Who Engaged in Substance Use During Pregnancy [2022]
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Incidence and Health Care Costs in the United States, 2016 [2020]

• Journal of Addiction Medicine
  • Differential Gateways, Facilitators, and Barriers to Substance Use Disorder Treatment for Pregnant Women and Mothers: A Scoping Systematic Review [2022]
  • Treating Women Who Are Pregnant and Parenting for Opioid Use Disorder and the Concurrent Care of Their Infants and Children: Literature Review to Support National Guidance [2017]

• Journal of Pediatrics
  • Current management of neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to intrauterine opioid exposure [2014]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: a review of the science and a look toward the use of buprenorphine for affected infants [2022]
  • Increasing Incidence and Geographic Distribution of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: United States 2009-2012 [2015]

• Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
  • Impact of prenatal substance use policies on commercially insured pregnant females with opioid use disorder [2022]
  • Substance use disorder treatment services for pregnant and postpartum women in residential and outpatient settings [2020]

• Journal of Women's Health
  • Polysubstance Use in Pregnancy: Surveillance, Interventions, and Next Steps [2023]
  • The MATernaL and Infant NetworK to Understand Outcomes Associated with Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy (MAT-LINK): Surveillance Opportunity [2020]

• Maternal and Child Health Journal
  • Systematic Review: Polysubstance Prevalence Estimates Reported during Pregnancy, US, 2009–2020 [2023]

• Medicaid
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Critical Role for Medicaid in the Care of Infants [2018]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Prediction of site-specific pharmacologic therapy among newborns with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [2024]
  • The Influence of Mediators on the Relationship Between Antenatal Opioid Agonist Exposure and the Severity of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [2023]
  • Prenatal Nicotine or Cannabis Exposure and Offspring Neurobehavioral Outcomes [2022]
  • Site-Level Variation in the Characteristics and Care of Infants With Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal [2021]
  • Phenobarbital and Clonidine as Secondary Medications for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [2021]

• New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
  • Substance Use Disorder Treatment in Pregnant Adults [2021]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Profile of Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Recreational Drug Use in Nulliparous Women [2020]
  • Polysubstance Use Among Pregnant Women With Opioid Use Disorder in the United States, 2007–2016 [2020]
  • Care for Incarcerated Pregnant People With Opioid Use Disorder: Equity and Justice Implications [2020]
  • Opioid Use in Pregnancy, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, and Childhood Outcomes: Executive Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the March of Dimes Foundation [2017]

• Pediatrics
  • Perinatal Opioid Use Disorder Research, Race, and Racism: A Scoping Review [2022]
  • Ferguson v. City of Charleston Redux: Motivated Reasoning and Coercive Interventions in Pregnancy [2020]

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Neonatal outcomes of preterm infants with in-utero exposure to drugs of substance use: US national data [2023]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Medications for opioid use disorder among pregnant women referred by criminal justice agencies before and after Medicaid expansion: A retrospective study of admissions to treatment centers in the United States [2020]

• Psychosomatics
  • Guidelines for the Management of Pregnant Women With Substance Use Disorders [2016]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Substance use disorders in pregnancy: clinical, ethical, and research imperatives of the opioid epidemic: a report of a joint workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and American Society of Addiction Medicine [2019]

• Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology
  • A Systematic Scoping Review of Peridelivery Pain Management for Pregnant People With Opioid Use Disorder: From the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology and Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine [2022]

• StatPearls
  • Substance Use in Pregnancy
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  • Marijuana and Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Outcomes

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Unhealthy Drug Use: Screening [2020]

• Women's Health
  • An integrative literature review of substance use treatment service need and provision to pregnant and postpartum populations in carceral settings [2023]
  • Racial/ethnic variations in alcohol and cigarette use by pregnancy status among 20- to 44-year-old women, NHANES 2001-2018 [2022]

• Women's Health Issues
  • Non-medical use of prescription opioids among pregnant US women [2017]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use [2016]
  • Guidelines for identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy [2014]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology