Tuberculosis

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Tuberculosis in children

Afghanistan

• PLoS ONE
  • Active household contact screening for tuberculosis and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy to under-five children in Afghanistan [2020]

Australia

• Department of Health and Aged Care
  • Consensus statement on the use of a four-month treatment regimen for drug susceptible tuberculosis in children (< 10 years of age) with uncomplicated disease [2022]

Bangladesh

• BMC Public Health
  • Improving case detection of tuberculosis among children in Bangladesh: lessons learned through an implementation research [2017]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Bangladesh
  • National guidelines for the management of tuberculosis in children [2021]

Botswana

• BMC Public Health
  • Pediatric tuberculosis outcomes and factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes in Botswana, 2008-2019: a retrospective analysis [2022]

Brazil

• Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
  • Trends in tuberculosis mortality among children and adolescents in Brazil, 1996-2020: a joinpoint analysis [2023]

Cambodia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding childhood tuberculosis detection and management among health care providers in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Tuberculosis among First Nations, Inuit and Métis children and youth in Canada: Beyond medical management [2020]
  • Approaches to detecting tuberculosis in children and youth [2018]

• Canadian Thoracic Society
  • Pediatric tuberculosis [2022]

• CMAJ
  • Diagnosis and management of pediatric tuberculosis in Canada [2017]

• Paediatrics & Child Health
  • Epidemiology and clinical management of tuberculosis in children in Canada [2015]

China

• Emerging Microbes & Infections
  • Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among pediatric inpatients in mainland China: a descriptive, multicenter study [2022]

Czech Republic

• Central European Journal of Public Health
  • Trends in incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children in the Czech Republic in the past 35 years [2022]

Denmark

• European Respiratory Journal
  • A review of paediatric tuberculosis in Denmark: 10-year trend, 2000–2009 [2014]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Guidance: Investigation and control of tuberculosis incidents affecting children in congregate settings [2013]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Variation in policy and practice of adolescent tuberculosis management in the WHO European Region [2016]

• European Respiratory Review
  • Prioritising children and adolescents in the tuberculosis response of the WHO European Region [2019]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Increase in tuberculosis among children and young adolescents, European Union/European Economic Area, 2015 to 2023 [2025]

Finland

• EuroSurveillance
  • Paediatric tuberculosis during universal and selective Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination policy: a nationwide population-based retrospective study, Finland, 1995–2015 [2021]

India

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Tuberculosis [2022]
  • Consensus statement on childhood tuberculosis [2010]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • Pediatric TB

Indonesia

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Pediatric Tuberculosis with a Focus on Indonesia [2022]

International

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Treatment completion and safety profile of once-weekly 3HP regimen for tuberculosis preventive treatment in children and adolescents: a systematic review [2025]
  • Tuberculosis in childhood: a systematic review of national and international guidelines [2014]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Tuberculosis care models for children and adolescents: a scoping review [2022]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Case Definitions for Classification of Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children: An Update [2015]
  • A Blueprint to Address Research Gaps in the Development of Biomarkers for Pediatric Tuberculosis [2015]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children [2021]

• Infection and Drug Resistance
  • Epidemiology and disease burden of tuberculosis in children: a global perspective [2014]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Pathways of TB Transmission in Children-A Systematic Review of Molecular Epidemiological Studies [2023]

• International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • Counting Children with Tuberculosis: Why Numbers Matter [2015]

• International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: A Desk Guide for Primary Health Care Workers [2023]
  • Diagnostic CXR Atlas for Tuberculosis in Children [2022]

• Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
  • What’s New in Childhood Tuberculosis? [2022]

• Lancet
  • The Risk of Tuberculosis in Children After Close Exposure: An Individual-Participant Meta-analysis Including 137,647 Children from 46 Cohort Studies [2020]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Global estimates of paediatric tuberculosis incidence in 2013–19: a mathematical modelling analysis [2022]
  • Potential effect of household contact management on childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study [2018]
  • A new roadmap for childhood tuberculosis [2014]

• Lancet Infectious Diseases
  • Towards earlier inclusion of Children in Tuberculosis (TB) drugs trials: Consensus statements from an Expert Panel [2015]

• Pathogens
  • Pediatric Tuberculosis: A Review of Evidence-Based Best Practices for Clinicians and Health Care Providers [2024]
  • Recent Advances and Ongoing Challenges in the Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • QuantiFERON Gold-In-Tube for the diagnosis of mycobacterial tuberculosis infection in children under 5 years of age: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Scientific Reports
  • Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination [2021]

• Systematic Reviews
  • Paediatric tuberculosis diagnosis using Mycobacterium tuberculosis real-time polymerase chain reaction assay: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Tuberculosis factographs

Ireland

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • Tuberculosis (TB) in Children and Adolescents [2025]

Italy

• Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
  • How to manage children who have come into contact with patients affected by tuberculosis [2015]

Kenya

• Journal of Pediatrics
  • Epidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis in Kenya and Risk Factors for Mortality during Treatment: A National Retrospective Cohort Study [2018]

• Ministry of Health Kenya
  • National guidelines on management of tuberculosis in children [2017]

Low and middle income countries

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Risk factors for the development of tuberculosis among the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Journal of Global Health
  • A systematic review of clinical, epidemiological and demographic predictors of tuberculosis in children with pneumonia [2022]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • TACTIC: Test, Avoid, Cure TB in Children [2024]

Malawi

• Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol [2015]

• Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
  • Use of Xpert® for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Severely Malnourished Hospitalized Malawian Children [2014]

Mongolia

• Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  • Childhood Tuberculosis in Mongolia: Trends and Estimates, 2010-2030 [2022]

Myanmar

• Ministry of Health and Sports
  • Revised National Guidelines on Management of Tuberculosis in Children: National Tuberculosis Programme and Senior Paediatricians, Myanmar [2016]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Tuberculosis treatment

Nigeria

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculosis in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
  • Desk Guide for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents in Nigeria [2023]

Pakistan

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in Pakistan: are national guidelines used by private health care providers? [2021]

South Africa

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Active Tuberculosis Disease or Infection Among Children in South Africa [2023]

• Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
  • Subtherapeutic concentrations of first-line anti-TB drugs in South African children treated according to current guidelines: the PHATISA study [2014]

• National Department of Health South Africa
  • Management of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents - A Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug-susceptible TB in Children and Adolescents in South Africa [2024]
  • Guidelines for the Management of Tuberculosis in Children [2013]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Tuberculosis treatment for children: An update [2018]

Sri Lanka

• Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
  • National Guidelines for Management of Tuberculosis in Children 2018 [2018]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions to improve diagnosis and preventive therapy for paediatric tuberculosis in 9 sub-Saharan African countries: A modelling study [2023]

Switzerland

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Prevalence of tuberculosis in migrant children in Switzerland and relevance of current screening guidelines [2020]

Tanzania

• Ministry of Health Tanzania
  • National Guideline for Management of Tuberculosis in Children [2016]

United Kingdom

• American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  • Evaluating UK National Guidance for Screening of Children for Tuberculosis. A Prospective Multicenter Study [2018]

• Public Health England
  • Tuberculosis (TB) and children

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents: Testing and Treatment [2021]

• American College of Rheumatology
  • 2013 Update of the 2011 American College of Rheumatology Recommendations for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Recommendations for the Medical Therapy of Children With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Tuberculosis Screening Among C [2013]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Tuberculosis in Children
  • TB Treatment for Children

• Journal of Clinical Microbiology
  • Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease in Children [2016]

• Lancet Public Health
  • Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children and adolescents in the USA, 2007–17: an analysis of national surveillance data [2019]

• StatPearls
  • Tuberculosis in Children

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Paediatric drug optimization for tuberculosis: meeting report, October 2023 [2024]
  • Roadmap towards ending TB in children and adolescents, 3rd ed [2023]
  • Report of the consultation on the classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease in children aged 0–9 years [2023]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents [2022]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents [2022]
  • Report of a WHO expert consultation on dosing to enable implementation of treatment recommendations in the WHO consolidated guidelines on the management of TB in children and adolescents [2022]
  • Practical manual of processing stool samples for diagnosis of childhood TB [2022]
  • Report of the meeting to review the Paediatric Antituberculosis Drug Optimization priority list [2021]
  • Rapid communication on updated guidance on the management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents [2021]
  • Roadmap towards ending TB in children and adolescents [2018]
  • Best practices in child and adolescent tuberculosis care [2018]
  • Report of the annual meeting of the child and adolescent TB working group, 9 October 2017 [2017]
  • Report of the annual meeting of the childhood TB subgroup, Thursday 3 December 2015, Cape Town, South Africa [2016]
  • Rapid advice: treatment of tuberculosis in children [2010]

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Tuberculosis outbreaks in schools : experiences from the Western Pacific Region [2021]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Tuberculosis