Tuberculosis

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Tuberculosis: drug resistance

Africa

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular epidemiology of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Africa: a systematic review [2020]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Geospatial mapping of drug-resistant tuberculosis prevalence in Africa at national and sub-national levels [2025]

Australia

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Australian recommendations for the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2023 [2023]
  • Retrospective analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis case notifications in Australia (1999–2018) [2020]

• Queensland Health
  • Management of contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

Austria, Germany, Switzerland

• Respiration
  • Treatment of MDR, Pre-XDR, XDR, and Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis or in Case of Intolerance to at Least Rifampicin in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland [2024]

Azerbaijan

• Public Health Action
  • First national survey of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Azerbaijan and risk factors analysis [2014]

Bangladesh

• Antibiotics
  • Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

• Microbiology Spectrum
  • Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Bangladesh [2022]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Bangladesh
  • National Guidelines and Operational Manual for Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB [2021]

Belarus

• Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease
  • Effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of delamanid-containing regimens in adults with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: A nationwide cohort study from Belarus, 2016-18 [2021]

Bhutan

• Ministry of Health Bhutan
  • National guideline for the management of drug resistant tuberculosis [2017]

Brazil

• Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
  • Evaluation of the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Surveillance System, Brazil, 2013-2017 [2020]

• Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
  • Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: main recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines [2020]

Cameroon

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Programmatic management of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis with standard regimen in Cameroon: a retrospective cohort study [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Rapid Testing for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: A Review of Cost-Effectiveness [2021]
  • Rapid and Simultaneous Tuberculosis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: A Review of Diagnostic Accuracy [2020]
  • Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Review of the Guidelines [2020]

• Canadian Thoracic Society
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis [2022]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Tuberculosis drug resistance in Canada: 2018 [2020]

Central Asia

• Public Health Action
  • Challenges and solutions to implementing drug-resistant tuberculosis programmes for children in Central Asia [2015]

Central Asia, Eastern Europe

• Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease
  • Factors contributing to drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcome in five countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region [2020]

China

• Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China [2016]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Long-term impact of the adoption of bedaquiline-containing regimens on the burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in China [2020]
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) disease burden in China: a systematic review and spatio-temporal analysis [2017]

• China CDC Weekly
  • Practical Experiences of Delivering Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Comprehensive Supportive Care Services in China [2021]
  • Epidemiological Characteristics of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Students — China, 2015–2019 [2021]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Children, China, 2006–2015 [2017]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Characteristics of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis detection in China, 2015–2019 [2021]
  • Bedaquiline-containing regimens in patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China: focus on the safety [2021]
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis control in China: progress and challenges [2016]

• Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Prevalence and patterns of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in newly diagnosed patients in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to bedaquiline and delamanid in China [2021]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Effect of a comprehensive programme to provide universal access to care for sputum-smear-positive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China: a before-and-after study [2015]

• Lancet Microbe
  • The catalogue of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations associated with drug resistance to 12 drugs in China from a nationwide survey: a genomic analysis [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Drug resistance and epidemiology characteristics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in 17 provinces of China [2019]
  • The Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Mainland China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2016]
  • Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Mainland China: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2011]

China, India

• BMC Medicine
  • The epidemiologic impact and cost-effectiveness of new tuberculosis vaccines on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India and China [2021]

Czech Republic

• Scientific Reports
  • Whole genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected in the Czech Republic, 2005-2020 [2022]

Dominican Republic

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • Culture and drug susceptibility testing among previously treated tuberculosis patients in the Dominican Republic, 2014 [2016]

East Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in East Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Tuberculosis
  • Epidemiology and genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in East Africa [2014]

Eastern Europe

• Public Health Action
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Eastern Europe: challenges and ways forward [2014]

Egypt

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence of Rifampicin resistance tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients in Egypt-2021: a national health facility-based survey [2024]

Estonia

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Cost and cost-effectiveness of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in Estonia and Russia [2012]

• Public Health Action
  • A four-year nationwide molecular epidemiological study in Estonia: risk factors for tuberculosis transmission [2014]

Eswatini

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009–2010 [2012]

• Ministry of Health Eswatini
  • National Drug-resistant tuberculosis Management Guidelines [2012]

Ethiopia

• Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: efforts to expand diagnostic services, treatment and care [2014]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Current treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: an aggregated and individual patients’ data analysis for outcome and effectiveness of the current regimens [2018]

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Pulmonary tuberculosis case notification and burden of drug resistance among children under 15 years of age in Ethiopia: sub-analysis from third-round drug resistance tuberculosis survey [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • National treatment outcome and predictors of death and treatment failure in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a 10-year retrospective cohort study [2021]

• Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
  • Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis in the Context of Co-Infection in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Second-line drug resistance among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: A laboratory-based surveillance [2025]
  • Prevalence of drug resistance-conferring mutations associated with isoniazid and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis care and treatment outcomes over the last 15 years in Ethiopia: Results from a mixed-method review of trends [2024]
  • Lost to follow-up and associated factors among patients with drug resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Drug resistance and its risk factors among extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
  • Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence, determinants and treatment outcome [2018]

Europe

• Clinical Microbiology and Infection
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and migration to Europe [2017]

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Tuberculosis molecular surveillance status report, focusing on rifampicin and multi-drug resistance in the EU/EEA [2025]
  • Molecular typing for surveillance of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the EU/EEA [2017]
  • Healthcare system factors influencing treatment results of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [2014]
  • Management of contacts of MDR TB and XDR TB patients [2012]
  • Antimicrobial resistance for Tuberculosis

• EuroSurveillance
  • Shifting tuberculosis dynamics in the EU/EEA: geographical and drug resistance trends among people of foreign origin, 2019 to 2023 [2025]
  • Characteristic SNPs defining the major multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clusters identified by EuSeqMyTB to support routine surveillance, EU/EEA, 2017 to 2019 [2024]
  • Availability of drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in the World Health Organization European Region, October 2023 [2024]
  • Isoniazid (INH) mono-resistance and tuberculosis (TB) treatment success: analysis of European surveillance data, 2002 to 2014 [2019]
  • Childhood multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area: an analysis of tuberculosis surveillance data from 2007 to 2015 [2017]

• TBNET
  • Clinical Management of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in 16 European Countries [2018]
  • Infection control, genetic assessment of drug resistance and drug susceptibility testing in the current management of multidrug/extensively-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB) in Europe: A tuberculosis network European Trialsgroup (TBNET) study [2017]
  • Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Europe, 2010–2011 [2015]
  • Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement [2014]

• WHO European Region
  • Regional operational research on the introduction of fully oral modified shorter treatment regimens for multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: mid-project evaluation [2023]
  • Review on palliative care with focus on 18 high tuberculosis priority countries, 2020 [2021]

Europe, United States

• American Thoracic Society
  • Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline [2019]

Gabon

• Infection
  • Resistance patterns among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients and trends-over-time analysis of national surveillance data in Gabon, Central Africa [2023]
  • Implementation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment in Gabon: lessons learnt from the field [2019]

Germany

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Cost of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Germany—An update [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • First-line tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and associated risk factors in Germany, 2008-2017 [2019]

• Respiratory Medicine
  • Cost of multi drug resistance tuberculosis in Germany [2014]

Ghana

• PLoS ONE
  • The burden of drug resistance tuberculosis in Ghana; results of the First National Survey [2021]

Guatemala

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • Implementation of the national tuberculosis guidelines on culture and drug sensitivity testing in Guatemala, 2013 [2016]

Gulf Cooperation Council

• PeerJ
  • Prevalence, patterns, and determinants of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: an updated systematic review [2024]

Haiti

• PLoS ONE
  • Drug-resistant TB prevalence study in 5 health institutions in Haiti [2021]

India

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in India: systematic review and meta-analysis [2017]

• Epidemiology and Health
  • Controlling the drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemic in India: challenges and implications [2021]

• Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy
  • Managing drug-resistant tuberculosis: experiences from India [2010]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Double trouble: compounding effects of COVID-19 pandemic and antimicrobial resistance on drug resistant TB epidemiology in India [2023]

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Optimal management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: Can India lead the way? [2023]

• Indian Journal of Tuberculosis
  • Recent updates in diagnosis and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis in India: A paradigm shift and the way ahead during the COVID-19 crisis [2022]

• International Journal of Mycobacteriology
  • A critical review of risk factors influencing the prevalence of extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis in India [2023]

• Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
  • National and sub-national level prevalence and patterns of drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis of Indian studies [2020]

• Lung India
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis 2020 moving toward fully oral regimen: Should country act in hurry? [2021]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • National Guidelines for Management of Drug Resistant TB [2024]
  • PMDT

International

• American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  • New and Repurposed Drugs for Pediatric Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Practice-based Recommendations [2017]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Global prevalence and burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from 1990 to 2019 [2024]

• BMC Medicine
  • Global, regional, and national burden and trends of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in adolescents and adults aged 15-49 years from 2010 to 2021: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021 [2025]
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment adherence in migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2018]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Improving Quality of Patient Data for Treatment of Multidrug- or Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis [2020]
  • Global Progress and Challenges in Implementing New Medications for Treating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis [2016]
  • Global Introduction of New Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Drugs—Balancing Regulation with Urgent Patient Needs [2016]
  • Additional Drug Resistance of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients in 9 Countries [2015]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis around the world: what progress has been made? [2014]

• European Respiratory Review
  • Regimens to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: past, present and future perspectives [2019]
  • Integration of drug safety monitoring in tuberculosis treatment programmes: country experiences [2019]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Trends and forecast of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a global perspective from the GBD study 2021 [2025]
  • Tracking multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a 30-year analysis of global, regional, and national trends [2024]
  • Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Health and Human Rights Journal
  • Double Standards in Global Health: Medicine, Human Rights Law and Multidrug-Resistant TB Treatment Policy [2016]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Trends in burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in countries, regions, and worldwide from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease study [2021]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Update of drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment guidelines: A turning point [2023]
  • Epidemiology of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Delamanid-containing regimens and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Situational analysis of 10 countries with a high burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis 2 years post-UNHLM declaration: progress and setbacks in a changing landscape [2021]
  • MDR/XDR-TB management of patients and contacts: Challenges facing the new decade. The 2020 clinical update by the Global Tuberculosis Network [2020]

• Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Evaluation of genetic mutations associated with phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones, bedaquiline, and linezolid in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Journal of Infection
  • Prevalence of tuberculosis infection among contacts of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Global treatment outcomes of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Lancet
  • Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimates [2014]

• Lancet Global Health
  • The global impact of household contact management for children on multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis cases, deaths, and health-system costs in 2019: a modelling study [2022]

• Lancet Infectious Diseases
  • Targeted next-generation sequencing to diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • New developments in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: clinical utility of bedaquiline and delamanid [2015]
  • Implementing the Xpert® MTB/RIF Diagnostic Test for Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Outcomes and Lessons Learned in 18 Countries [2015]

• Nature Communications
  • Global burden of disease due to rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a mathematical modeling analysis [2023]
  • Modelling the global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis avertable by a post-exposure vaccine [2021]

• Pediatrics
  • Global and Regional Burden of Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis [2015]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Treatment and outcomes in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis [2018]
  • Association between Regimen Composition and Treatment Response in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Prospective Cohort Study [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • Poor treatment outcome and associated risk factors among patients with isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Predictors of mortality in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Updated Research Agenda [2016]

• Revista Española de Quimioterapia
  • A systematic review on extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis from 2009 to 2020: special emphases on treatment outcomes [2023]

• Scientific Reports
  • Economic burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis on patients and households: a global systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Sentinel Project on Pediatric Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
  • Resources

• TBNET
  • Clinical implications of molecular drug resistance testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a 2023 TBnet/RESIST-TB consensus statement [2023]

Iran

• Frontiers in Microbiology
  • First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in IRAN: A Systematic Review [2016]

• International Journal of Mycobacteriology
  • Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in Iran from 1981 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2024]

• Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
  • Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic resistance in Iran (2013-2020) [2021]

Iraq

• PLoS ONE
  • Management of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in conflict-affected areas: The case of Iraq [2024]

Ireland

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • Treatment of Cases with Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) [2024]

Israel

• Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
  • Genomic, phenotypic and demographic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Israel in 2021 [2023]

Italy

• Infection and Drug Resistance
  • Advantages and Challenges of Tailored Regimens for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A StopTB Italia Look into the Future [2020]

Ivory Coast

• BioMed Research International
  • Emergence in Western African Countries of MDR-TB, Focus on Côte d'Ivoire [2013]

Japan

• mSphere
  • Molecular Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Japan [2021]

Kenya

• Ministry of Health Kenya
  • Guidelines on the programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis [2021]

Kyrgyzstan

• Scientific Reports
  • Implementation of whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis diagnostics in a low-middle income, high MDR-TB burden country [2021]

Latvia

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Treatment and management of MDR-TB in Latvia [2007]

• Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
  • The value of effective public tuberculosis treatment: an analysis of opportunity costs associated with multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Latvia [2013]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Decreased Time to Treatment Initiation for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients after Use of Xpert MTB/RIF Test, Latvia [2016]

• Public Health Action
  • Multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: trends, characteristics and treatment outcomes [2014]

Lesotho

• PLoS ONE
  • Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Survey in Lesotho, 2008-2009: Lessons Learned [2015]

Liberia

• Microbial Genomics
  • Tuberculosis in Liberia: high multidrug-resistance burden, transmission and diversity modelled by multiple importation events [2020]

Lithuania

• Medicina
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lithuania – Still a long way ahead [2016]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence of bedaquiline resistance in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Pretreatment attrition after rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis diagnosis with Xpert MTB/RIF or ultra in high TB burden countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Impact of all-oral bedaquiline-based shorter regimens in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Management of multidrug-resistant TB: novel treatments and their expansion to low resource settings [2016]

Madagascar

• BMC Medicine
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis surveillance and cascade of care in Madagascar: a five-year (2012–2017) retrospective study [2020]

Maldives

• Ministry of Health Maldives
  • National Guidelines for the management of multi drug resistant Tuberculosis [2015]

Mexico

• PLoS ONE
  • Genomic epidemiology analysis of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis distributed in Mexico [2023]

• Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
  • Culture and drug sensitivity testing among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mexico: national data for 2009–2013 [2016]

Middle East

• International Journal of Mycobacteriology
  • Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug resistant, and totally drug resistant tuberculosis in Middle East countries [2016]

Moldova

• European Respiratory Journal
  • High risk and rapid appearance of multidrug resistance during tuberculosis treatment in Moldova [2014]

• Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease
  • Do catastrophic costs impact treatment outcomes in people with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in the Republic of Moldova? [2021]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Impact and cost-effectiveness of the 6-month BPaLM regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Moldova: A mathematical modeling analysis [2024]

Mongolia

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients for Whom First-Line Treatment Failed, Mongolia, 2010–2011 [2015]

Myanmar

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Age and sex distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and rifampicin resistance in Myanmar as detected by Xpert MTB/RIF [2021]

• Ministry of Health and Sports
  • Guidelines for the Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Myanmar [2017]

Netherlands

• Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
  • Treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Netherlands, 2005–2015 [2019]

Niger

• International Health
  • Definitive outcomes in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis treated in Niger from 2012 to 2019: A retrospective cohort study [2023]

Nigeria

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Cost of three models of care for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Nigeria [2019]

• Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
  • National Guidelines on the Implementation of Truenat Tests for the Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance [2021]
  • National Guidelines for Clinical and Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Nigeria [2020]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Ease and equity of access to free DR-TB services in Nigeria- a qualitative analysis of policies, structures and processes [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost comparison of nine-month treatment regimens with 20-month standardized care for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant/multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria [2020]
  • Procurement and Supply Management System for MDR-TB in Nigeria: Are the Early Warning Targets for Drug Stock Outs and Over Stock of Drugs Being Achieved? [2015]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Cost-optimization in the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria [2015]

North Korea

• PLoS Medicine
  • Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in North Korea: Is Scale-Up Possible? [2016]
  • The Growing Problem of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in North Korea [2013]

Pakistan

• Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • Treatment Outcomes of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Pakistan: A Countrywide Retrospective Record Review [2021]

• Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination
  • National Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) [2020]

• Public Health Action
  • Did diabetes mellitus affect treatment outcome in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Pakistan from 2010 to 2014? [2018]
  • Infection control in hospitals managing drug-resistant tuberculosis in Pakistan: how are we doing? [2017]

Papua New Guinea

• PLoS ONE
  • The Burden of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea: Results of a Large Population-Based Survey [2016]

Philippines

• Department of Health Philippines
  • Advisory on the 2023 Key Updates to the Current Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Guidelines [2024]
  • Use of XDR Assay for the Rapid Detection of DRTB [2021]

• Tuberculosis
  • Molecular characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Filipino patients derived from the national tuberculosis prevalence survey Philippines 2016 [2022]

Portugal

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • A nationwide study of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Portugal 2014–2017 using epidemiological and molecular clustering analyses [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Evaluation of drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcome in Portugal, 2000–2016 [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Using Bayesian spatial models to map and to identify geographical hotspots of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Portugal between 2000 and 2016 [2020]

Republic of Guinea

• Infection, Genetics and Evolution
  • First insights into circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages and drug resistance in Guinea [2015]

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Nationwide Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Multidrug/Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Korea, 2011-2017: A Retrospective Cohort Study (Korean TB-POST) [2023]

• Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection
  • Comparative safety of bedaquiline and delamanid in patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis: A nationwide retrospective cohort study [2023]
  • Temporal trends of pharmacologic treatments for tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis following dissemination of treatment guidelines in South Korea [2022]

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
  • Treatment of Isoniazid-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis [2020]
  • WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update: Applicability in South Korea [2017]
  • Medical Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis [2015]

Rwanda

• International Health
  • Continuous surveillance of drug-resistant TB burden in Rwanda: a retrospective cross-sectional study [2023]

Saudi Arabia

• Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
  • Epidemiology of Antituberculosis Drug Resistance in Saudi Arabia: Findings of the First National Survey [2013]

Sierra Leone

• Lancet Global Health
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Sierra Leone [2022]

Singapore

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • The imminent threat of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Singapore [2012]

Slovakia

• Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
  • Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Slovakia, 2018–2019: The first whole-genome epidemiological study [2021]

Somalia

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Somalia, 2010–2011 [2013]

South Africa

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Treatment of Multidrug-resistant or Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis With an All-oral 9-month Regimen Containing Linezolid or Ethionamide in South Africa: A Retrospective Cohort Study [2024]

• Global Public Health
  • Cycles of antibiotic use and emergent antimicrobial resistance in the South African tuberculosis programme (1950-2021): A scoping review and critical reflections on stewardship [2024]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Predictors of mortality and treatment success during treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis within the South African National TB Programme, 2009 to 2011: a cohort analysis of the national case register [2015]

• International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • Favourable outcomes in RR-TB patients using BPaL and other WHO-recommended second-line anti-TB drugs [2023]
  • Epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis among children and adolescents in South Africa, 2005–2010 [2015]
  • A national infection control evaluation of drug-resistant tuberculosis hospitals in South Africa [2012]

• Journal of Clinical Microbiology
  • Molecular Epidemiological Interpretation of the Epidemic of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa [2015]

• National Department of Health South Africa
  • Clinical Management of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis: Updated Clinical Reference Guide [2023]
  • Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Policy Framework on Decentralised and Deinstitutionalised Management for South Africa [2019]
  • Management of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Clinical Reference Guide [2019]
  • Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Patient and provider costs of the new BPaL regimen for drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in South Africa: A cost-effectiveness analysis [2024]
  • Provision of guideline-based care for drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: Level of concordance between prescribing practices and guidelines [2018]
  • What is the Cost of Diagnosis and Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa? [2013]

Spain

• Archivos de Bronconeumología
  • Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Resistant Tuberculosis of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) and the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) [2024]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis [2017]

• Scientific Reports
  • The value of the continuous genotyping of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis over 20 years in Spain [2020]

Sri Lanka

• Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
  • National Guidelines for Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis [2021]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Baseline assessment of pharmacovigilance activities in four sub-Saharan African countries: a perspective on tuberculosis [2021]

• BMC Public Health
  • Socio-economic drivers of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa: a scoping review [2021]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Factors influencing diagnosis and treatment initiation for multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in six sub-Saharan African countries: a mixed-methods systematic review [2020]

• Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: latest opinions on epidemiology, rapid diagnosis and management [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Incidence and predictors of mortality among persons receiving second-line tuberculosis treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of 43 cohort studies [2021]
  • Trends in prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2017]

Sudan

• Antibiotics
  • Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

Taiwan

• PLoS ONE
  • Impact of universal drug susceptibility testing and effective management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Taiwan [2019]
  • Population-Based Drug Resistance Surveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Taiwan, 2007-2014 [2016]

Tanzania

• Ministry of Health Tanzania
  • Nutrition Implementation Guideline for MDR-TB Patients in Tanzania [2016]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • The second national anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Tanzania, 2017-2018 [2022]

Timor-Leste

• Global Health Research and Policy
  • Experience on the first national anti-TB drug resistance survey (DRS) in Timor-Leste [2022]

Uganda

• Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
  • Epidemiological profile of patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: an analysis of the Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Surveillance Data, 2014–2018 [2021]

• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
  • Multidisciplinary management of difficult-to-treat drug resistant tuberculosis: a review of cases presented to the national consilium in Uganda [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance among New and Previously Treated Sputum Smear-Positive Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda: Results of the First National Survey [2013]

United Kingdom

• British Thoracic Society
  • The Management of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDRTB) [2016]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis treatments, the case for a phase III platform trial [2024]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Acquired Resistance to Antituberculosis Drugs in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, 2000–2015 [2018]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Twenty years and counting: epidemiology of an outbreak of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1995 to 2014 [2017]

• NHS England
  • Clinical commissioning policy: bedaquiline (B), pretomanid (Pa), linezolid (L) +/- moxifloxacin (M) (BPaLM/BPaL) for patients aged >=14 years with suspected, functional or confirmed rifampicin resistant (RR) tuberculosis (TB), multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB or pre-extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR) TB [URN: 2310] [2024]
  • Clinical commissioning policy statement (2317): treatment for defined patients with rifampicin resistant (RR) tuberculosis (TB), multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) including bedaquiline and delamanid (all ages) [2024]
  • Treatment for defined patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB including bedaquiline and delamanid [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Bedaquiline to Drug Regimens for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the UK [2015]

United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease

• Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
  • Introduction and evaluation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis supplemental surveillance in the United States [2019]

Uzbekistan

• EuroSurveillance
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: results of a nationwide survey, 2010 to 2011 [2013]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Trends, Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: 2013–2018 [2021]
  • Treatment Compliance of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: Does Practice Follow Policy? [2021]
  • Scaling Up Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan from 2012–2019: Are We on the Right Track? [2021]

Vietnam

• BMC Public Health
  • Challenges in detection and treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Vietnam [2015]

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Prevalence of resistance to second-line tuberculosis drug among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Viet Nam, 2011 [2016]

West Africa

• BMC Medicine
  • The emerging threat of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: preparing for large-scale tuberculosis research and drug resistance surveillance [2016]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Opinion review of drug resistant tuberculosis in West Africa: tackling the challenges for effective control [2024]

West and Central Africa

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Treatment outcomes for multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Central and West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Nucleic acid tests for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: protocol for performance evaluation of in vitro diagnostics for WHO prequalification assessment [2024]
  • Key updates to the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: rapid communication, June 2024 [2024]
  • Diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of drug-resistance: rapid communication [2024]
  • Co-administration of treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis and hepatitis C: rapid communication [2024]
  • Use of targeted next-generation sequencingto detect drug-resistant tuberculosis [2023]
  • Use of delamanid in children and adolescents with multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: information note [2023]
  • Use of bedaquiline in children and adolescents with multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: information note [2023]
  • The use of next-generation sequencing for the surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis: an implementation manual [2023]
  • Catalogue of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and their association with drug resistance, 2nd ed [2023]
  • Call to action: Shorter and more effective treatment for all people suffering from drug-resistant TB [2023]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update [2022]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update [2022]
  • Rapid communication: Key changes to the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis [2022]
  • Optimized broth microdilution plate methodology for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex [2022]
  • Manual for selection of molecular WHO recommended rapid diagnostic tests for detection of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis [2022]
  • Line probe assays for detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis: interpretation and reporting manual for laboratory staff and clinicians [2022]
  • Use of Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra on GeneXpert 10-colour instruments [2021]
  • Update on the use of nucleic acid amplification tests to detect TB and drug-resistant TB: rapid communication [2021]
  • Technical Report on critical concentrations for drug susceptibility testing of isoniazid and the rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) [2021]
  • Target product profile for next-generation tuberculosis drug-susceptibility testing at peripheral centres [2021]
  • Meeting report of the WHO expert consultation on the definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis [2021]
  • Meeting report of the WHO expert consultation on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcome definitions, 17-19 November 2020 [2021]
  • Catalogue of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and their association with drug resistance [2021]
  • WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment [2020]
  • WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment [2020]
  • Rapid Communication: Molecular assays as initial tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance [2020]
  • Molecular assays intended as initial tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and rifampicin resistance in adults and children: rapid communication [2020]
  • Guidance for the surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis: Sixth edition [2020]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment [2019]
  • Evaluation of centralized assays for TB detection and detection of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid [2019]
  • WHO Information Note on developing policy guidance for drug-resistant tuberculosis [2018]
  • The use of next-generation sequencing technologies for the detection of mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: technical guide [2018]
  • Technical report on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of medicines used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis [2018]
  • Technical report on critical concentrations for drug susceptibility testing of medicines used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis [2018]
  • Technical manual for drug susceptibility testing of medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis [2018]
  • Technical guide on next-generation sequencing technologies for the detection of mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex [2018]
  • Rapid communication: key changes to treatment of multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) [2018]
  • WHO meeting report of a technical expert consultation: non-inferiority analysis of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra compared to Xpert MTB/RIF [2017]
  • WHO best-practice statement on the off-label use of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [2017]
  • Report of the guideline development group meeting on the use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a review of available evidence (2016), 28 - 29 June 2016, Geneva, Switzerland [2017]
  • Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis TB: meeting report [2016]
  • WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update [2016]
  • The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents: Interim policy guidance [2016]
  • The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: interim policy guidance [2014]
  • Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis - Training for staff working at DR-TB management centres [2014]
  • Automated Real-Time Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary TB in Adults and Children: Policy Update [2013]
  • Towards universal access to diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis by 2015 : WHO progress report 2011 [2011]
  • Rapid implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF diagnostic test: technical and operational 'How-to'; practical considerations [2011]
  • Policy statement: automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF system [2011]
  • Noncommercial culture and drug-susceptibility testing methods for screening patients at risk for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: policy statement [2011]
  • Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis - 2011 update [2011]
  • Checklist of prerequisites to country implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF and key action points at country level [2011]
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) indicators: a minimum set of indicators for the programmatic management of MDR-TB in national tuberculosis control programmes [2010]
  • Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB) : 2010 global report on surveillance and response [2010]
  • Green light committee initiative of the working group on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the Stop TB partnership: annual report 2009 [2010]
  • Management of MDR-TB: A field guide [2009]
  • Green light committee initiative of the working group on MDR-TB of the Stop TB partnership: annual report 2008 [2009]
  • Global tuberculosis control and patient care : meeting report : a ministerial meeting of high M/XDR-TB burden countries [2009]
  • Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis [2008]
  • Green light committee initiative of the working group on MDR-TB of the Stop TB partnership: annual report 2007 [2008]
  • Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world : fourth global report [2008]
  • Tackling the drug-resistant TB crisis
  • Drug resistant TB

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Strategic plan for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [2010]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • The Thirteenth Meeting of the South-East Asia Regional MDR-TB Advisory Committee (SEA RGLC) [2021]
  • Capacity-building of affected communities for accelerated response to drug-resistant tuberculosis in the South-East Asia Region [2019]

WHO Western Pacific Region

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Progress on diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in line with World Health Organization recommendations in six priority countries in the Western Pacific Region [2022]

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Drug-resistant tuberculosis in the WHO Western Pacific Region [2014]

Zambia

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • The Second Zambian National Tuberculosis Drug Resistance survey – a comparison of conventional and molecular methods [2015]
  • Multidrug-resistant TB in Zambia: review of national data from 2000 to 2011 [2013]

Zimbabwe

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Predictors of mortality and treatment success of multi-drug resistant and Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: a retrospective cohort analysis of patients initiated on treatment during 2010 to 2015 [2021]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Tuberculosis: treatment