Tuberculosis

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Tuberculosis: screening, diagnosis

Asia

• Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
  • Asia emerges as a hotbed of diagnostic innovations for tuberculosis [2021]

Australia

• Department of Health and Aged Care
  • The use of whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis public health activities in Australia: a joint statement of the National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee and Communicable Diseases Genomics Network [2023]
  • Revised guidelines for Australian laboratories performing mycobacteriology testing [2018]

• NSW Health
  • Tuberculosis control guideline
  • Tuberculosis Contact Investigations

Belarus

• WHO European Region
  • Operational research on tuberculosis screening feasibility and outcomes in patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 in Belarus: project report [2023]

Botswana

• American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  • Costs and Consequences of Additional Chest X-Ray in a Tuberculosis Prevention Program in Botswana [2011]

Brazil

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • TB antigen-based skin tests and QFT-Plus for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection diagnosis in Brazilian healthcare workers: a cost-effectiveness analysis [2025]

• Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
  • Diagnosis of tuberculosis: a consensus statement from the Brazilian Thoracic Association [2021]
  • Cost analysis of nucleic acid amplification for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis, within the context of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • Market Assessment of Tuberculosis Diagnostics in Brazil in 2012 [2014]

Brunei Darussalam

• BMJ Open Respiratory Research
  • Contact investigation of tuberculosis in Brunei Darussalam: Evaluation and risk factor analysis [2022]

Cambodia

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Cost-Effectiveness of a Tuberculosis Active Case Finding Program Targeting Household and Neighborhood Contacts in Cambodia [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Mitigating Financial Burden of Tuberculosis through Active Case Finding Targeting Household and Neighbourhood Contacts in Cambodia [2016]

Canada

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Tuberculosis Screening for People With Chronic Conditions [2021]
  • Identification of Tuberculosis: A Review of the Guidelines [2020]
  • Chest X-Rays Around Placement in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Review of Clinical Utility and Guidelines [2018]
  • Contact Investigations following Patient and Staff Exposure to Active Tuberculosis Infections: A Review of the Clinical Evidence and Guidelines [2014]

• Canadian Thoracic Society
  • Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection [2022]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Review of Evidence for Using Chest X-Rays for Active Tuberculosis Screening in Long-Term Care in Canada [2020]

Canada, Europe

• EuroSurveillance
  • Cost-effectiveness of active tuberculosis screening among high-risk populations in low tuberculosis incidence countries: a systematic review, 2008 to 2023 [2024]

China

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Comparison of yield and relative costs of different screening algorithms for tuberculosis in active case-finding: a cross-section study [2021]

• BMC Medicine
  • Factors Associated with Patient, and Diagnostic Delays in Chinese TB Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2013]

• China CDC Weekly
  • National Proficiency Testing of Molecular Diagnostics for Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance Detection — China, 2014–2019 [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Accuracy of Commercial Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China: A Systematic Review [2019]

Developing countries

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • Cost-effectiveness in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: choices in developing countries [2014]

Ecuador

• Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
  • Is mass screening enough to control tuberculosis in Ecuador's prisons? [2021]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Handbook on tuberculosis laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union [2023]
  • Testing for tuberculosis infection and screening for tuberculosis disease among refugees arriving in European countries from Ukraine [2022]
  • Mastering the basics of TB control – Development of a handbook on TB diagnostic methods [2011]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis national reference laboratory services in the WHO European Region, March to November 2020 [2021]
  • The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for active tuberculosis among migrants in the EU/EEA: a systematic review [2018]

• Pulmonology
  • European guidelines for the management of tuberculosis screening procedures in migrants: A systematic review [2025]

• TBNET
  • Availability and Use of Molecular Microbiological and Immunological Tests for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Europe [2014]

Germany

• EuroSurveillance
  • Yield of active screening for tuberculosis among asylum seekers in Germany: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2017]

High-income countries

• PLoS Medicine
  • Mandatory, voluntary, repetitive, or one-off post-migration follow-up for tuberculosis prevention and control: A systematic review [2023]

India

• BMC Medicine
  • Informing decision-making for universal access to quality tuberculosis diagnosis in India: an economic-epidemiological model [2019]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Initiative for Promoting Affordable and Quality Tuberculosis Tests (IPAQT): a market-shaping intervention in India [2019]

• Global Health Action
  • Quality of active case-finding for tuberculosis in India: a national level secondary data analysis [2023]

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Why India should become a global leader in high-quality, affordable TB diagnostics [2012]
  • Serological tests for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: relevance for India [2012]

• Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging
  • Chest tuberculosis: Radiological review and imaging recommendations [2015]

• Indian Journal of Tuberculosis
  • Case finding strategies under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Bridging the "know-do" gap to improve active case finding for tuberculosis in India: A qualitative exploration into national tuberculosis elimination program staffs' perspectives [2024]

International

• African Health Sciences
  • Effectiveness and costeffectiveness of screening immigrants schemes for tuberculosis (TB) on arrival from high TB endemic countries to low TB prevalent countries [2014]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Impact of molecular diagnostic tests on diagnostic and treatment delays in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Tuberculosis screening costs and cost-effectiveness in high-risk groups: a systematic review [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • ‘Power plays plus push’: experts’ insights into the development and implementation of active tuberculosis case-finding policies globally, a qualitative study [2020]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Rapid molecular TB diagnosis: evidence, policy making and global implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF [2013]

• Gates Open Research
  • Market penetration of Xpert MTB/RIF in high tuberculosis burden countries: A trend analysis from 2014 - 2016 [2018]

• International Atomic Energy Agency
  • Imaging in extrapulmonary tuberculosis [2017]

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Costs of Novel Tuberculosis Diagnostics—Will Countries Be Able to Afford It? [2015]

• Lancet Microbe
  • Accuracy of upper respiratory tract samples to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Medical Archives
  • Active Case Finding for Tuberculosis in Migrants: a Systematic Review [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Modeling of Novel Diagnostic Strategies for Active Tuberculosis – A Systematic Review: Current Practices and Recommendations [2014]

Ivory Coast

• PLoS ONE
  • Wide Variations in Compliance with Tuberculosis Screening Guidelines and Tuberculosis Incidence between Antiretroviral Therapy Facilities — Côte d’Ivoire [2016]

Kenya

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Variability in distribution and use of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in Kenya: a cross-sectional survey [2018]

Lesotho

• South African Family Practice
  • Utilisation of village health workers' services for tuberculosis screening in Lesotho [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Facilitators and barriers to tuberculosis active case findings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of qualitative research [2023]
  • The yield of tuberculosis contact investigation in low- and middle-income settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Clinical Microbiology Reviews
  • Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Resource-Poor Countries: Challenges and Opportunities [2011]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Community views on active case finding for tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries: a qualitative evidence synthesis [2024]
  • Rapid molecular tests for tuberculosis and tuberculosis drug resistance: a qualitative evidence synthesis of recipient and provider views [2022]
  • Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra assays for screening for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults, irrespective of signs or symptoms [2021]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Oral swabs with a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children: a systematic review [2024]

• World Health Organization
  • Use of tuberculosis interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in low- and middle-income countries : policy statement [2011]
  • Use of interferon-y release assays (IGRAs) in tuberculosis control in low- and middle-income settngs: expert group meeting report 20-21 July 2010 [2011]

Malawi

• International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • Impact of changing diagnostic criteria for smear-positive tuberculosis: a cohort study in Malawi [2014]

Malaysia

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of High-Risk Groups Tuberculosis Screening in Malaysia [2021]

Myanmar

• International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • Contributions of GeneXpert® to TB diagnosis in Myanmar [2022]

Netherlands

• EuroSurveillance
  • Tuberculosis contact investigation following the stone-in-the-pond principle in the Netherlands – Did adjusted guidelines improve efficiency? [2021]

New Zealand

• Ministry of Health New Zealand
  • Technical Guidelines for Tuberculin Skin Test [2018]

Nigeria

• Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
  • National Guidelines on the Implementation of TB Loop-Isothermal Mediated Amplification (TB-LAMP) test for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis [2021]

Norway

• EuroSurveillance
  • Targeting TB or MRSA in Norwegian municipalities during ‘the refugee crisis’ of 2015: a framework for priority setting in screening [2019]

Philippines

• Department of Health Philippines
  • Reiteration of Policies and Procedures on Clinically Diagnosing Tuberculosis, Referral, and Reporting Mechanism for Private Providers [2024]

Republic of Guinea

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Characteristics of subclinical tuberculosis compared to active symptomatic tuberculosis using nationwide registry cohort in Korea: prospective cohort study [2023]

Republic of Korea

• PLoS ONE
  • Comparison of active tuberculosis case finding strategies for immigrants in South Korea: Epidemiology and cost-effectiveness analysis [2023]

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
  • Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Recent Advances and Diagnostic Algorithms [2015]
  • Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in Korea [2014]

Russia

• PLoS Medicine
  • Screening and Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Prisons in Russia and Eastern Europe: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis [2012]

South Africa

• BMC Medicine
  • How much is tuberculosis screening worth? Estimating the value of active case finding for tuberculosis in South Africa, China, and India [2014]

• Journal of Clinical Microbiology
  • Diagnostic Accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Specimens: Establishing a Laboratory Testing Algorithm for South Africa [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Healthcare seeking patterns for TB symptoms: Findings from the first national TB prevalence survey of South Africa, 2017-2019 [2023]
  • The Impact and Cost of Scaling up GeneXpert MTB/RIF in South Africa [2012]

Spain

• Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
  • Guidelines for the use of interferon-gamma release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection [2016]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• BMJ Open
  • Tuberculosis contact investigation in African Portuguese-speaking countries at End TB Strategy era: a scoping review [2022]

• Thorax
  • Patients with presumed tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa that are not diagnosed with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Tajikistan

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • Scale-up and impact of digital and molecular diagnostic technologies on TB diagnosis and timely linkage to care in Tajikistan [2022]

Tanzania

• Ministry of Health Tanzania
  • Quality Improvement for TB Case Detection [2021]

Tonga

• Public Health Action
  • Sputum smear microscopy referral rates and turnaround time in the Tonga Islands [2014]

Uganda

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Health worker perspectives on barriers to delivery of routine tuberculosis diagnostic evaluation services in Uganda: a qualitative study to guide clinic-based interventions [2015]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Community tuberculosis screening, testing and care, Uganda [2024]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Evaluation of Automated Molecular Testing Rollout for Tuberculosis Diagnosis Using Routinely Collected Surveillance Data — Uganda, 2012–2015 [2017]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Multicomponent strategy with decentralised molecular testing for tuberculosis in Uganda: a cost and cost-effectiveness analysis [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Theory-Informed Interventions to Improve the Quality of Tuberculosis Evaluation at Ugandan Health Centers: A Quasi-Experimental Study [2015]

• Public Health Action
  • Impact of on-site Xpert on TB diagnosis and mortality trends in Uganda [2022]

United Kingdom

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Interferon gamma release assays for Diagnostic Evaluation of Active tuberculosis (IDEA): test accuracy study and economic evaluation [2019]
  • Two interferon gamma release assays for predicting active tuberculosis: the UK PREDICT TB prognostic test study [2018]

• Public Health England
  • Tuberculosis (TB): molecular diagnosis

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Tuberculosis: pre-entry screening in the UK
  • Tuberculosis screening
  • National mycobacterium reference service - South: user handbook

United States

• American Association of Tissue Banks
  • The American Association of Tissue Banks tissue donor screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Recommended criteria and literature review [2024]

• American College of Radiology
  • Imaging of Possible Tuberculosis

• American Thoracic Society
  • Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children [2017]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Comparison of Tuberculin Skin Testing and Interferon-y Release Assays in Predicting Tuberculosis Disease [2024]
  • Nationwide Shortage of Tuberculin Skin Test Antigens: CDC Recommendations for Patient Care and Public Health Practice [2019]
  • Tuberculosis Contact Investigations — United States, 2003–2012 [2016]
  • Tuberculosis Laboratories
  • Testing for Tuberculosis
  • Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis for Tuberculosis

• PLoS ONE
  • Healthcare facility-based strategies to improve tuberculosis testing and linkage to care in non-U.S.-born population in the United States: A systematic review [2019]

• StatPearls
  • Tuberculosis Screening

Uzbekistan

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Universal Access to Xpert MTB/RIF Testing for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: How Well Are We Doing? [2021]

Vietnam

• BMC Public Health
  • A household survey on screening practices of household contacts of smear positive tuberculosis patients in Vietnam [2014]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: web annex B: evidence synthesis and analysis [2025]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: web annex A: list of studies included in systematic review: GRADE profiles: evidence to decision tables [2025]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis [2025]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 3rd ed [2024]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 3rd ed [2024]
  • Target product profile for tuberculosis diagnosis and detection of drug resistance [2024]
  • Protocol for the performance evaluation of nucleic acid tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (with or without resistance detection) for WHO prequalification assessment [2024]
  • WHO standard: universal access to tuberculosis diagnostics: web annex C: investing in WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis [2023]
  • WHO standard: universal access to rapid tuberculosis diagnostics: web annex B: stakeholder perspectives on barriers and enablers to the implementation of molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis [2023]
  • WHO standard: universal access to rapid tuberculosis diagnostics: web annex A: uniting innovation and implementation: a mixed methods systematic review of implementation solutions to increase the uptake and impact of molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests [2023]
  • WHO standard: universal access to rapid tuberculosis diagnostics [2023]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: tests for tuberculosis infection [2022]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: tests for TB infection [2022]
  • Use of alternative interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of TB infection: WHO policy statement [2022]
  • Rapid communication: TB antigen-based skin tests for the diagnosis of TB infection [2022]
  • Practical manual on tuberculosis laboratory strengthening, 2022 update [2022]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update [2021]
  • WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis Module 2: Screening – Systematic screening for tuberculosis disease [2021]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update [2021]
  • WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 2: Screening – Systematic screening for tuberculosis disease [2021]
  • Planning and budgeting tool for TB and drug resistant TB testing: user guide [2021]
  • Rapid communication on the systematic screening for tuberculosis [2020]
  • Framework for the evaluation of new tests for tuberculosis infection [2020]
  • Technical expert group meeting report: commercial products for preserving clinical specimens for the diagnosis of tuberculosis [2017]
  • Consensus meeting report: development of a target product profile (TPP) and a framework for evaluation for a test for predicting progression from tuberculosis infection to active disease [2017]
  • The Use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Policy Guidance [2016]
  • Tuberculosis Laboratory Biosafety Manual [2012]
  • Same-day diagnosis of tuberculosis by microscopy: policy statement [2011]
  • Guidance for countries on the specifications for managing TB laboratory equipment and supplies [2011]
  • Fluorescent light-emitting diode (LED) microscopy for diagnosis of tuberculosis: policy statement [2011]
  • Commercial serodiagnostic tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis: policy statement [2011]
  • Commercial serodiagnostic tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis: expert group meeting report 22 July 2010 [2011]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Optimizing active case-finding for tuberculosis [2021]

Zambia

• PLoS ONE
  • Costs and cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive tuberculosis case finding strategy in Zambia [2021]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Tuberculosis