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Glossary of terms used in health research - H

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  • Handbook
    • Wikipedia
      A type of reference work, or other collection of instructions, that is intended to provide ready reference.
      Handbooks [publication type]: works consisting of concise reference works in which facts and information pertaining to a certain subject or field are arranged for ready reference and consultation rather than for continuous reading and study.
  • Harm reduction
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of public health policies designed to reduce the harmful consequences associated with recreational drug use and other high risk activities.
      The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.
  • Harms
    • Evidence-based healthcare resources often have great difficulty in providing good quality evidence on harms. Most RCTs are not designed to assess harms adequately: the sample size is too small, the trial too short, and often information on harms is not systematically collected. Often a lot of the harms data are in the form of uncontrolled case reports. Comparing data from these series is fraught with difficulties because of different numbers receiving the intervention, different baseline risks and differential reporting. We aim to search systematically for evidence on what are considered the most important harms of an intervention. The best evidence is from a systematic review of harms data that attempts to integrate data from different sources. However, because of these difficulties and following the maxim "first one must not do harm" we accept weaker evidence in the Harms than in the Benefits section. This can include information on whether the intervention has been either banned or withdrawn because of the risk of harms.
  • Hawthorne effect
    • Wikipedia
      An effect which results in the improvement of subjects’ performances through being observed and/or social contact. It is an example of a placebo effect.
  • Hazard
    • Wikipedia
      A situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment.
      A possible threat of source of exposure to injury, harm or loss, e.g. conflict, natural phenomena.
  • Hazard identification
    • Hazard identification involves identifying the types of health effect that a particular exposure can cause.
  • Hazard rate
    • The probability of an event occurring given that it hasn’t occurred up to the current point in time.
  • Hazard ratio
    • Wikipedia
      A measure of effect produced by a survival analysis. This represents the increased risk with which one group is likely to experience the outcome of interest. For example, if the hazard ratio for death for a treatment is 0.5, then we can say that treated patients are likely to die at half the rate of untreated patients.
  • Health care provider
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services.
  • Health
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (World Health Organization definition).
      The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
  • Health benefit
    • In health economics, a health benefit is one which is recognized as providing a gain in terms of reduced costs or increased health.
  • Health care
    • Wikipedia
      Any type of services provided by professionals or paraprofessionals with an impact on health status.
  • Health care consumer
    • Someone who uses, is affected by, or who is entitled to use a health related service.
  • Health care costs
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Health care resources that are consumed. These reflect the inability to use the same resources for other worthwhile purposes (opportunity costs).
      The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
  • Health care evaluation mechanisms
    • MeSH
      Methods and techniques used in evaluating the quality of health care, its planning, and delivery.
  • Health care inequality
    • Wikipedia
      Healthcare inequality (also called health disparities in some countries) refers to the disparities in the access to adequate healthcare between different gender, race, and socioeconomic groups.
      Health disparities (also called healthcare inequality in some countries) refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial, ethnic, sexual orientation and socioeconomic groups.
  • Health care quality indicators
    • MeSH
      Norms, criteria, standards, and other direct qualitative and quantitative measures used in determining the quality of health care.
  • Health care rationing
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
  • Health care sector
    • MeSH
      Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
  • Health care surveys
    • MeSH
      Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
  • Health care system
    • Wikipedia
      A formal structure for a defined population, whose finance, management, scope and content is defined by law and regulations. It provides for services to be delivered to people to contribute to their health…delivered in defined settings such as homes, educational institutions, workplaces, public places, communities, hospitals and clinics.
  • Health centre
    • A facility that provides (ambulatory) medical and sanitary services to a specific group in a population.
  • Health determinants
    • The personal, social, cultural, economic and environmental factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.
      The wide variety of interacting proximate and distal influences on the health of individuals and populations, including but not limited to political contexts, policies, distribution of power and wealth, social and physical and social environments, health systems and services, as well as genetic, biological, and historico-cultural characteristics. The use of the term “determinants” rather than “determinant” is intentional. With the exception of Mendelian dominant disorders (and, even here, their severity might be modifiable by the presence of other factors), there is no single determinant of disease or illness.
      Also called determinants of health.
  • Health economics
    • Wikipedia
      Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the allocation of health and health care. In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of the health care system and the private and social causes of health-affecting behaviors such as smoking.
      The study of how scarce resources are allocated among alternative uses for the care of sickness and the promotion, maintenance and improvement of health, including the study of how health care and health-related services, their costs and benefits, and health itself are distributed among individuals and groups in society.
      One role of health economics is to provide a set of analytical techniques to assist decision making, usually in the health care sector, to promote efficiency and equity. Another role, however, is simply to provide a way of thinking about health and health care resource use; introducing a thought process that recognizes scarcity, the need to make choices and, thus, that more is not always better if other things can be done with the same resources. Ultimately, health economics is about maximizing social benefits obtained from constrained health producing resources.
  • Health education
    • MeSH Wikipedia
      The planned and managed process of investing in education to achieve improvement in health of a population.
      Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
  • Health ethics
    • Health ethics involves a process of systematic and continuous reflection on the norms and values which should guide decisions about health care at the personal, institutional, or societal level, and by which the outcomes of such decisions may be judged.
  • Health expectancy
    • A population based measure of the proportion of expected life span estimated to be healthful and fulfilling, or free of illness, disease and disability according to social norms and perceptions and professional standards.
  • Health expenditures
    • MeSH
      The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
  • Health facilities
    • MeSH
      Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
  • Health financing
    • Health financing is the system of fund generation or credit, fund expenditures and flow of funds used to support the health services delivery system.
  • Health for all policy
    • The attainment by all people of the world of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life.
  • Health gain
    • An increase in the measured health of an individual or population, including length and quality of life.
  • Health geography
    • Wikipedia
      Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.
  • Health impact assessment
    • Wikipedia
      A combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population.
  • Health impacts
    • Wikipedia
      The overall effects, direct or indirect, of a policy, strategy, program or project on the health of a population.
      Health impacts refer to both positive and negative changes in community health that are attributable to a policy, program, or project.
  • Health indicator
    • A health indicator is a characteristic of an individual, population, or environment which is subject to measurement (directly or indirectly) and can be used to describe one or more aspects of the health of an individual or population (quality, quantity and time).
      A measure that reflects, or indicates, the state of health of persons in a defined population, e.g., the infant mortality rate.
  • Health inequality
    • Health inequality is the generic term used to designate differences, variations, and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups. A straightforward example of health inequality is higher incidence of disease X in group A as compared with group B of population P. If disease X is randomly or equally distributed among all groups of population P, then there is no presence of health inequality in that population. In other words, health inequality is a descriptive term that need not imply moral judgment.
  • Health inequalities impact assessment
    • A health impact assessment (HIA) with the specific aim of assessing the impacts on the health and wellbeing of a proposal on people in the community who are experiencing health and other inequalities in relation to age, sex, ethnic background, and/or socioeconomic status, to identify whether there is a differential distribution of impacts. The current consensus is that all HIAs should consider inequalities and/or the distribution of potential health effects.
  • Health inequity
    • Health inequity refers to those inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice.
  • Health informatics
    • Wikipedia
      Health informatics, health care informatics or medical informatics is the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. Health informatics tools include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health and (bio)medical research.
  • Health information system
    • A combination of health statistics from various sources, used to derive information about health status, health care, provision and use of services, and impact on health.
  • Health information technology
    • Wikipedia
      The application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of health care information, data, and knowledge for communication and decision making.
  • Health life expectancy (HALE) at birth
    • Wikipedia
      Average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.
  • Health literacy
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Health literacy is an individual's ability to read, understand and use healthcare information to make decisions and follow instructions for treatment.
      Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
  • Health management and support workers
    • WHO Statistical Information System: includes general managers, statisticians, lawyers, accountants, medical secretaries, gardeners, computer technicians, ambulance staff, cleaning staff, building and engineering staff, skilled administrative staff and general support staff.
  • Health manpower
    • MeSH
      The availability of health personnel. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.
  • Health outcomes
    • Wikipedia
      All possible changes in health status that may occur for a defined population or that may be associated with exposure to an intervention. These include changes in the length and quality of life, major morbid events, and mortality.
      Changes in health status (mortality and morbidity) which result from the provision of health (or other) services.
  • Health personnel
    • MeSH
      Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation.
  • Health plan
    • A broad term for all kinds of public or private schemes of health care coverage, including, for example, national health systems, sickness fund schemes, and private health insurance schemes.
  • Health plan implementation
    • MeSH
      Those actions designed to carry out recommendations pertaining to health plans or programs.
  • Health planning
    • MeSH
      Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
  • Health policy
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      A formal statement or procedure within institutions (notably government) which defines priorities and the parameters for action in response to health needs, available resources and other political pressures.
      Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
  • Health priorities
    • MeSH
      Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals.
  • Health profile
    • A type of data collection tool, intended for use in the entire population (including the healthy, the very sick, and patients with any sort of health problem) that attempts to measure all important aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQL).
  • Health promotion
    • MeSH
      The planned and managed process of encouraging and assisting improvement in the health of a population as distinct from the provision of health care services.
      Activities, usually directed at individuals, to maximize the development of resilience to a threat or threats to health.
      Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
  • Health protection
    • Activities undertaken to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of situations or events that are threats to health and organized on a population level by a societal action (such as a law or regulation) rather than at an individual level.
  • Health-related quality of life
    • Wikipedia
      Measurements of how people are feeling, or the value they place on their health state. Such measurements can be disease specific or generic.
      Generally synonymous with “health status” but also encompassing reactions to coping with life circumstances.
  • Health resources
    • MeSH
      The means available for the operation of health systems, including human resources, facilities, equipment and supplies, financial funds and knowledge.
      Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
  • Health sector
    • The health sector is made up of the people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and maintain health. It includes government ministries and departments, hospitals and other health services, health insurance schemes, voluntary and private organizations in health, as well as the pharmaceutical industry and drug wholesale companies.
  • Health services
    • MeSH
      Any service which can contribute to improved health or the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of sick people and not necessarily limited to medical or health-care services.
      Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
  • Health services administration
    • MeSH
      The organization and administration of health services dedicated to the delivery of health care.
  • Health services misuse
    • MeSH
      Excessive or unnecessary utilization of health services by patients or physicians.
  • Health services needs and demand
    • MeSH
      Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
  • Health services research
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      A field on inquiry that examines the impact of the organization, financing and management of health care services on the delivery, quality, cost, access to and outcomes of such services.
      The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome.
  • Health state
    • The health condition of an individual or group over a specified interval of time (commonly assessed at a particular point in time).
  • Health status
    • MeSH
      Term for the state of health of an individual, group or population measured against defined standards/indicators.
      The state of health of a person or population assessed with reference to morbidity, impairments, anthropological measurements, mortality, and indicators of functional status and quality of life.
      All aspects of physical and mental health and their manifestations in daily living, including impairment, disability, and handicap. Sometimes other aspects related to vulnerabilities and resiliencies are also included under this definition.
      The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
  • Health status disparities
    • MeSH
      Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between socioeconomic and /or geographically defined population groups.
  • Health status indicator
    • MeSH
      The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
  • Health survey
    • MeSH
      A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
  • Health system
    • The people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, to improve the health of the population they serve, while responding to people’s legitimate expectations and protecting them against the cost of ill-health through a variety of activities whose primary intent is to improve health.
      Essentially, the health system is the health sector categorized (with linkages) according to core functions (financing, provision of inputs and service delivery/coverage), main actors (government and consumers/households) and outcomes (health, fairness in financing and responsiveness.
  • Health target
    • Health targets state, for a given population, the amount of change (using a health indicator) which could be reasonably expected within a defined period of time.
  • Health technology
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Any intervention that may be used to promote health, to prevent, diagnose or treat disease, or for rehabilitation or long-term care. This includes pharmaceuticals, devices, procedures and organizational systems used in health care.
      The application of technology to the solution of medical problems.
      Also called biomedical technology.
  • Health technology assessment
    • Wikipedia
      Comprehensive evaluation and assessment of existing and emerging medical technologies including pharmaceuticals, procedures, services, devices and equipment in regard to their medical, economic, social and ethical effects.
      The systematic evaluation of properties, effects and/or impacts of healthcare technology. It may address the direct, intended consequences of technologies as well as their indirect, unintended consequences. Its main purpose is to inform technology-related policy-making in health care. HTA is conducted by interdisciplinary groups using explicit analytical frameworks drawing from a variety of methods.
  • Health transition
    • MeSH
      Demographic and epidemiologic changes that have occurred in the last five decades in many developing countries and that are characterized by major growth in the number and proportion of middle-aged and elderly persons and in the frequency of the diseases that occur in these age groups. The health transition is the result of efforts to improve maternal and child health via primary care and outreach services and such efforts have been responsible for a decrease in the birth rate; reduced maternal mortality; improved preventive services; reduced infant mortality, and the increased life expectancy that defines the transition.
  • Health utility
    • Is a measure of strength of preference that people have for particular health states. A year in full health is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1: a state that is considered equivalent to death is assigned a value of zero. Health states that lie somewhere between these two anchor points will have a utility value that lies somewhere between zero and one. States considered worse than death will have a negative value. The health utility is used to weight years of life in order to estimate quality adjusted life years.
  • Healthy control
    • In a clinical study, a person who does not have the disorder or disease being studied. Results from healthy controls are compared to results from the group being studied.
  • Heterogeneity
    • Wikipedia
      Used in a general sense to describe the variation in, or diversity of, participants, interventions, and measurement of outcomes across a set of studies, or the variation in internal validity of those studies.
      Used specifically, as statistical heterogeneity, to describe the degree of variation in the effect estimates from a set of studies. Also used to indicate the presence of variability among studies beyond the amount expected due solely to the play of chance.
      Heterogeneity is used generically to refer to any type of significant variability between studies contributing to a meta-analysis that renders the data inappropriate for pooling. This may include heterogeneity in diagnostic procedure, intervention strategy, outcome measures, population, study samples, or study methods. The term heterogeneity can also refer to differences in study findings. Statistical tests can be applied to compare study findings to determine whether differences between the findings are statistically significant.
  • Heterogeneous
    • Wikipedia
      Used to describe a set of studies or participants with sizeable heterogeneity. The opposite of homogeneous.
  • Hierarchical regression
    • Hierarchical regression examines the relation between independent variables or predictor variables (e.g., age, sex, disease severity) and a dependent variable (or outcome variable; e.g., death, exercise capacity). Hierarchical regression differs from standard regression in that one predictor is a subcategory of another predictor. The lower-level predictor is nested within the higher-level predictor. For instance, in a regression predicting likelihood of withdrawal of life support in intensive care units (ICUs) participating in an international study, city is nested within country and ICU is nested within city.
  • Hierarchy of evidence
    • Wikipedia
      A system of classifying and organizing types of evidence, typically for questions of treatment and prevention. Clinicians should look for the evidence from the highest position in the hierarchy.
  • High-risk group
    • A group in the community with an elevated risk of disease.
  • High-risk pregnancy
    • MeSH
      Pregnancies occurring under the following conditions: too closely spaces, too frequent, mother too young or too old, or accompanied by such high-risk factors as high blood pressure or diabetes.
      Pregnancy in which the mother and/or fetus are at greater than normal risk of morbidity or mortality. Causes include inadequate prenatal care, previous obstetrical history (abortion, spontaneous), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (gestational hypertension), and multiple pregnancy, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
  • Histogram
    • Wikipedia
      A method of plotting frequency distributions.
      A graphic representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable. Rectangles are drawn in such a way that their bases lie on a linear scale representing different intervals, and their heights are proportional to the frequencies of the values within each of the intervals.
  • Historic cohort study
    • Wikipedia
      A research study in which the medical records of groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) are compared for a particular outcome. Also called a retrospective cohort study.
  • Historical article
    • Historical article [MeSH - publication type]: An article or portion of an article giving an account of past events or circumstances significant in a field of study, a profession, a discovery, an invention, etc. The concept of history is very wide, ranging from the dawn of time to the present. This publication type is often checked in conjunction with biography.
  • Historical cohort design
    • Cohort studies can be conducted retrospectively (historically) in the sense that someone other than the investigator has followed patients, and the investigator obtains the data base and then examines the association between exposure and outcome.
  • Historical control
    • A control person or group for whom data were collected earlier than for the group being studied. There is a large risk of bias in studies that use historical controls due to systematic differences between the comparison groups, due to changes over time in risks, prognosis, health care, etc.
  • Historical control subject
    • An individual treated in the past and used in a comparison group when researchers analyze the results of a clinical study that had no control group. The use of a control, or comparison, group helps researchers determine the effects of a new treatment more accurately.
  • Home care
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Medical and paramedical services delivered to patients at home.
      Community health and nursing services providing coordinated multiple services to the patient at the patient's homes. These home-care services are provided by a visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospitals, or organized community groups using professional staff for care delivery. It differs from home nursing which is provided by non-professionals.
      Also called home care services.
  • Homogeneous
    • Wikipedia
      Used in a general sense to mean that the participants, interventions, and measurement of outcomes are similar across a set of studies.
      Used specifically to describe the effect estimates from a set of studies where they do not vary more than would be expected by chance.
  • Horizontal equity
    • Refers to the “equal treatment of equals”. This is embodied in health care objectives such as “equal access for equal need” and is reflected in efforts to use population-based formulas to allocate health resources to geographical regions.
  • Hospital
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Residential establishment equipped with inpatient facilities for 24-hour medical and nursing care, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of the sick and injured, usually for both medical and surgical conditions, and staffed with at least one physician. The hospital may also provide outpatient services.
      Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
  • Hospital bed
    • A regularly maintained and staffed bed for the accommodation and full-time care of a succession of inpatients, situated in wards or areas of the hospital where continuous medical care is provided. It is a measure of hospital capacity.
  • Hospital bed capacity
    • MeSH
      The number of beds which a hospital has been designed and constructed to contain. It may also refer to the number of beds set up and staffed for use.
  • Hospital beds
    • The number of hospital beds available per every 10,000 inhabitants in a population.
  • Hospital beds ratio
    • The number of hospital beds available per every 1,000 inhabitants in a population, at a given year, for a given country, territory, or geographic area.
  • Hospital costs
    • MeSH
      The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine hospital charges (the price the hospital sets for its services).
  • Hospital discharges ratio
    • The number of hospital discharges per every 1,000 inhabitants in a population, at a given year, for a given country, territory, or geographic area. It represents an estimate of the degree of utilization of in-patient health care services. Hospital discharge is defined as the formal release of a hospitalized individual due to conclusion of the hospitalization stay, either by death, return home, or transfer to another institution. A hospital is defined as any medical facility with an organized medical and professional staff and beds available for continuous hospitalization of patients formally admitted to it for medical observation, care, diagnosis, or surgical and non-surgical treatment.
  • Hospital mortality
    • MeSH
      A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
  • Host
    • A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions.
  • Host factor
    • Wikipedia
      An intrinsic factor (age, race, sex, behaviors, etc.) which influences an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent.
  • Household
    • Wikipedia
      One or more persons occupying a housing unit.
      The household is the basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out; the household may or may not be synonymous with family
  • Human capital
    • Wikipedia
      Human skills and capabilities generated by investments in education and health.
  • Human development index
    • Wikipedia
      This is a measure, developed by the United Nations Development Programme, which ranks national development based on measures of life expectancy at birth, educational attainment, and adjusted real per capita income. It is designed to give a more holistic view of a country's development status, compared to per capita income (the measure used by the World Bank to rank countries).
  • Human experimentation
    • MeSH
      The use of humans as investigational subjects.
  • Human resources
    • Wikipedia
      People who work in the various professions of health care.
  • Human rights
    • MeSH - Wikipedia
      Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
      The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.
  • Human subject
    • Wikipedia
      An individual who is or becomes a participant in research, either as a recipient of the test article or as a control. A subject may be either a healthy human or a patient.
  • Human subject research
    • Wikipedia
      Human subject research includes experiments (formally known as interventional studies) and observational studies. Human subjects are commonly participants in research on basic biology, clinical medicine, psychology, and all other social sciences.
  • Hyperendemic disease
    • A disease that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate.
  • Hypothesis
    • Wikipedia
      An unproved theory that can be tested through research. To properly test a hypothesis, it should be pre-specified and clearly articulated, and the study to test it should be designed appropriately.
      A supposition, arrived at from observation or reflection, that leads to refutable predictions. Any conjecture cast in a form that will allow it to be tested and refuted.
  • Hypothesis test
    • Wikipedia
      A supposition or assumption advanced as a basis for reasoning or argument, or as a guide to experimental investigation.
      A statistical procedure to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis on the basis of the observed data.