Anemia and hemoglobinopathies

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Blood transfusion: blood safety

Africa

• EBioMedicine
  • Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in African blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• WHO African Region
  • Framework to advance universal access to safe, effective and quality-assured blood products in the WHO African Region: 2026–2030 Report of the Secretariat [2025]
  • Status of blood availability, safety and quality in the WHO African Region: 2022 survey report [2024]
  • WHO African Region status report on blood availability, safety and quality [2022]
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood supply and demand in the WHO African Region [2021]
  • Current status on blood safety and availability in the WHO African Region — report of the 2013 survey [2017]
  • Blood Safety

Australia

• Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care
  • National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (second edition) [2021]

• Australian Red Cross
  • Adverse events

Australia, New Zealand

• Australian & New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion
  • Guidelines for Transfusion and Immunohaematology Laboratory Practice [2020]

Austria

• Austrian Federal Office for Safety in Health Care
  • Blood safety

Brazil

• Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
  • Brazilian blood donation eligibility criteria for dermatologic patients [2012]

• Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy
  • Prevalence and trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Brazil from 2010 to 2016 [2019]

Burkina Faso

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Distribution and Incidence of Blood-Borne Infection among Blood Donors from Regional Transfusion Centers in Burkina Faso: A Comprehensive Study [2021]

Canada

• Canadian Blood Services
  • Blood safety

• National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products
  • Infection Prevention and Control Considerations for Return of Blood Components and Products to Inventory
  • Adverse Event Recommendations

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Blood Safety Contribution Program

China

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Profile and risk factors of blood donors who experienced adverse reactions: a cross-sectional study on donor hemovigilance data reported to the national network from 2020 to 2022 in China [2025]

• Medicine
  • Overall prevalence of human parvovirus B19 among blood donors in mainland China [2020]

• Pathogens
  • Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures [2025]

Croatia

• Blood Transfusion
  • Error management in blood establishments: results of eight years of experience (2003–2010) at the Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine [2012]

Developing countries

• Blood Transfusion
  • Towards pathogen inactivation of red blood cells and whole blood targeting viral DNA/RNA: design, technologies, and future prospects for developing countries [2017]

Economic Cooperation Organization

• Blood Transfusion
  • The status of blood safety in ECO member states [2015]

Ethiopia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Sero-epidemiology and associated factors of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among blood donors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Sero-prevalence of transfusion transmittable infections: HIV, Hepatitis B, C and Treponema pallidum and associated factors among blood donors in Ethiopia: A retrospective study [2020]

Europe

• European Blood Alliance
  • Assessing the risk of transfusion-transmitted variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a European perspective [2024]

• European Medicines Agency
  • Epidemiological data on blood transmissible infections - Scientific guideline

France

• EuroSurveillance
  • Syphilis testing in blood donors, France, 2007 to 2022 [2024]

Gabon

• Blood Transfusion
  • The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections at the Gabonese National Blood Transfusion Centre [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and factors associated with transfusion-transmissible infections (HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis) among blood donors in Gabon: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Germany

• Paul-Ehrlich-Institut
  • Haemovigilance

Ghana

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Syphilis screening practices in blood transfusion facilities in Ghana [2016]

• WHO African Region
  • Ten years of blood safety in the WHO African Region [2025]

High-income countries

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Effect of donor exclusion criteria on blood safety and volume of donations: a systematic review of modelling studies [2026]

India

• Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
  • Haemovigilance Programme of India: Comparative analysis of transfusion reactions reported over a 5-year period through two reporting formats and key recommendations for blood safety [2020]

• Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
  • Legal and ethical issues in safe blood transfusion [2014]

• Journal of Blood Transfusion
  • Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion Transmitted Infections by Serology along with NAT and Response Rate to Notification of Reactive Results: An Indian Experience [2014]

International

• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  • Promoting safe and sustainable national blood systems policy [2022]

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Blood Transfusion Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

Iran

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Trends and epidemiological analysis of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus among Iranian blood donors: strategies for improving blood safety [2020]

• Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
  • A Systematic Review for Estimation of HTLV-I Infection in the Blood Donors of Iran [2013]

• Journal of Medicine and Life
  • Proposing a Model for the National Hemovigilance Information System in Iran [2020]

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • Emerging Infectious Threats to the Blood Supply: Seroepidemiological Studies in Iran – a Review [2013]

• Vox Sanguinis
  • Blood supply sufficiency and safety management in Iran during the COVID-19 outbreak [2020]

Israel

• Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
  • Should Men who have sex with Men be allowed to donate blood in Israel? [2016]

Italy

• Blood Transfusion
  • West Nile virus in the transfusion setting with a special focus on Italian preventive measures adopted in 2008–2012 and their impact on blood safety [2013]

Jordan

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • Seroprevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Jordan [2016]

• Medicine
  • Temporal trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Jordan: A large-scale Amman-based surveillance update (2018-2019) [2025]

Lithuania

• PLoS ONE
  • Reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infectious disease markers in blood and blood component donations: Movement from remunerated to voluntary, non-remunerated donations in Lithuania from 2013 to 2020 [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Strengthening National Blood Transfusion Services — 14 Countries, 2011–2014 [2016]

Mexico

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Blood Donation Screening for Trypanosoma cruzi in Mexico [2016]

Mozambique

• Transfusion
  • Evaluation of Preoperative and Intraoperative RBC Transfusion Practices at Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique [2013]

Nepal

• Journal of Blood Transfusion
  • Blood Transfusion Practice among Healthcare Personnel in Nepal: An Observational Study [2018]

Nigeria

• Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
  • Blood transfusion safety; current status and challenges in Nigeria [2017]

• National Blood Service Agency
  • National blood safety standards for blood establishments in Nigeria [2021]

Oman

• Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
  • Recognition, Investigation and Management of Acute Transfusion Reactions: Consensus guidelines for Oman [2014]

Pakistan

• Blood Transfusion
  • Blood safety system reforms in Pakistan [2014]

Puerto Rico

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Survey of Blood Collection Centers and Implementation of Guidance for Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Zika Virus Infection — Puerto Rico, 2016 [2016]

Qatar

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence and trends of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in the State of Qatar, 2013–2017 [2020]

Saudi Arabia

• Saudi Medical Journal
  • Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections in Saudi Arabia blood donors: A nationwide, cross-sectional study [2022]

South-Eastern Europe

• WHO European Region
  • Current status and future strategies in safe blood and blood components’ transnational availability for medical emergencies and special circumstances, in south-eastern Europe [2011]

Sweden

• Lancet Digital Health
  • Using routine health-care data to search for unknown transfusion-transmitted disease: a nationwide, agnostic retrospective cohort study [2024]

Switzerland

• Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
  • Selective Testing of At-Risk Blood Donors for Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. in Switzerland [2016]

• Viruses
  • Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum [2022]

Thailand

• Scientific Reports
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk of syphilis among blood donors in Thailand [2025]

Uganda

• International Journal of Public Health
  • A Model for Estimating the Burden of Disease of Transfusion-Transmitted Infection [2024]

United Kingdom

• British Society for Haematology
  • Preoperative patient blood management during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [2021]
  • Guideline on the investigation and management of acute transfusion reactions Prepared by the BCSH Blood Transfusion Task Force [2012]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Occult hepatitis B infection in UK blood donors
  • Blood regulation and safety

• EuroSurveillance
  • Design and implementation of blood donor sample bioarchives to enhance preparedness for emerging and pandemic pathogens in England [2025]
  • Undeclared pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP/PEP) use among syphilis-positive blood donors, England, 2020 to 2021 [2023]

• Infected Blood Inquiry
  • Infected Blood Inquiry

• Legislation.gov.uk
  • The Blood Safety and Quality Regulations 2005 [2005]

• Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
  • Blood regulation and safety

• NHS England
  • Changes to the online GP registration service in response to the Infected Bloody Inquiry recommendations [2025]

• UK Parliament
  • The Blood Safety and Quality Provisional Common Framework [2021]

United States

• America's Blood Centers
  • Blood Safety

• American Journal of Clinical Pathology
  • Transfusion Service Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic [2020]

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Blood Donation and COVID-19: Reconsidering the 3-Month Deferral Policy for Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men [2021]

• Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies
  • Hemovigilance

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Blood Safety | NHSN
  • Blood Safety

• Food and Drug Administration
  • Blood & Blood Products

• Transfusion
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood donation and transfusions in the United States in 2020 [2023]
  • HIV risk behavior profiles among men who have sex with men interested in donating blood: Findings from the Assessing Donor Variability and New Concepts in Eligibility study [2023]

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS Policy
  • Blood and Tissue Safety and Availability

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Implementing cross-border transfer of domestic plasma to obtain plasma-derived medicinal products: policy guidance [2024]
  • Guidance on implementation of a quality system in blood establishments [2023]
  • User guide for navigating resources on stepwise implementation of haemovigilance systems [2022]
  • Global status report on blood safety and availability 2021 [2022]
  • Maintaining a safe and adequate blood supply and collecting convalescent plasma in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance [2021]
  • Guidance on centralization of blood donation testing and processing [2021]
  • Action framework to advance universal access to safe, effective and quality-assured blood products 2020–2023 [2020]
  • Protecting the blood supply during infectious disease outbreaks: guidance for national blood services [2019]
  • The 2016 global status report on blood safety and availability [2017]
  • Establishing external quality assessment programmes for screening of donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: implementation guide [2016]
  • A guide to establishing a national haemovigilance system [2016]
  • Blood donor selection: guidelines on assessing donor suitability for blood donation [2012]
  • WHO guidelines on good manufacturing practices for blood establishments, Annex 4, TRS No 961 [2011]
  • Guidelines and Principles for Safe Blood Transfusion Practice [2011]
  • Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections : recommendations [2009]
  • Universal access to safe blood transfusion [2008]
  • The Blood Cold Chain [2002]
  • Blood tranfusion safety
  • Blood safety and availability: Fact sheet

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Progress report on the strategic framework for blood safety and availability, 2016-2025 [2024]
  • Progress report for blood safety and availability 2016-2025 [2022]
  • Progress report on implementation of the regional strategic framework for blood safety and availability 2016–2025 [2020]
  • Summary report on the Regional consultation on haemovigilance, Amman, Jordan 4–5 December 2016 [2017]
  • Strategic framework for blood safety and availability 2016–2025 [2017]
  • Regional status report on blood safety and availability 2016 [2017]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Blood safety in SEARO

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Blood transfusion