Hepatitis

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Hepatitis B: prevention, treatment, vaccine

Africa

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Hepatitis B Control and Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus — World Health Organization African Region, 2016–2021 [2023]

Asia

• Journal of Gastroenterology
  • An expert review on the use of tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Asia [2020]

Asia-Pacific

• Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver
  • APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy [2021]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

• Department of Health and Aged Care
  • Hepatitis B | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

• NSW Health
  • Neonatal and Infant Hepatitis B Prevention and Vaccination Program Policy Directive

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Cost of treating chronic hepatitis B: Comparison of current treatment guidelines [2012]

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Economic evaluation of treatments for chronic hepatitis B [2013]

Canada

• PLoS ONE
  • Hepatitis B Screening and Vaccination Strategies for Newly Arrived Adult Canadian Immigrants and Refugees: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis [2013]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Summary of the NACI update on the recommended use of hepatitis B vaccine [2017]
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
  • Hepatitis B vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide

China

• BioScience Trends
  • Strategies to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in China: immunization, screening, and standard medical practices [2013]

• BMC Public Health
  • Evaluating the independent influence of sexual transmission on HBV infection in China: a modeling study [2021]

• China CDC Weekly
  • Exporting China’s Successes in Vaccine Preventable Hepatitis [2020]

• Drug Design, Development and Therapy
  • Clinical utility of entecavir for chronic hepatitis B in Chinese patients [2013]

• Hepatology
  • Contemporary Clinical Research of Traditional Chinese Medicines for Chronic Hepatitis B in China: An Analytical Review [2010]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Strategy vaccination against Hepatitis B in China [2015]
  • Healthy adult vaccination: An urgent need to prevent hepatitis B in China [2015]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Impact of the national hepatitis B immunization program in China: a modeling study [2022]

• Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B [2021]
  • Guideline of Prevention and Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B (2015 Update) [2017]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Costs and health impact of delayed implementation of a national hepatitis B treatment program in China [2022]

• Medical Microbiology and Immunology
  • Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in China [2015]

• Medicine
  • Estimating the impact of test-and-treat strategies on hepatitis B virus infection in China by using an age-structured mathematical model [2018]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness and Cost Thresholds of Generic and Brand Drugs in a National Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment Program in China [2015]

• Scientific Reports
  • Protective effect of vaccinating infants with a 5 µg recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine and the need for a booster dose in China [2020]

• Vaccines
  • Adult Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination Coverage in China from 2011 to 2021: A Systematic Review [2022]

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination [2015]

• World Journal of Hepatology
  • Treating chronic hepatitis B virus: Chinese physicians’ awareness of the 2010 guidelines [2016]

Denmark

• EuroSurveillance
  • Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and risk factors associated with incomplete vaccination of children born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers, Denmark, 2006 to 2010 [2016]

Developing countries

• Vaccines
  • Knowledge, Vaccination Status, and Reasons for Avoiding Vaccinations against Hepatitis B in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review [2021]

Ethiopia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Practice on hepatitis B virus infection prevention and associated factors in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage and associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Vaccine Scheduler - Hepatitis B

• European Medicines Agency
  • Clinical investigation of hepatitis B immunoglobulins - Scientific guideline
  • Clinical evaluation of medicinal products intended for treatment of hepatitis B - Scientific guideline

• EuroSurveillance
  • Impact of hepatitis B vaccination on acute hepatitis B epidemiology in European Union/European Economic Area countries, 2006 to 2014 [2018]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for and Vaccination Against Hepatitis B Virus among Migrants in the EU/EEA: A Systematic Review [2018]

• Transplant International
  • Economic Impact of European Liver and Intestine Transplantation Association (ELITA) Recommendations for Hepatitis B Prophylaxis After Liver Transplantation [2023]

Europe, United States

• European Association for the Study of the Liver
  • Guidance for design and endpoints of clinical trials in chronic hepatitis B - Report from the 2019 EASL-AASLD HBV Treatment Endpoints Conference [2020]

France

• Digestive Diseases and Sciences
  • Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Chronic Hepatitis B: A 3-Year, Prospective, Real-World Study in France [2016]

Gambia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the nationwide immunisation program [2014]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Cost-effectiveness of different monitoring strategies in a screening and treatment programme for hepatitis B in The Gambia [2023]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Treat All versus targeted strategies to select HBV-infected people for antiviral therapy in The Gambia, west Africa: a cost-effectiveness analysis [2024]
  • Cost-effectiveness of community-based screening and treatment for chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia: an economic modelling analysis [2016]
  • Acceptability and feasibility of a screen-and-treat programme for hepatitis B virus infection in The Gambia: the Prevention of Liver Fibrosis and Cancer in Africa (PROLIFICA) study [2016]

Georgia

• EuroSurveillance
  • Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021 [2023]

Germany

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatitis B vaccination coverage in Germany: systematic review [2021]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Increasing Number of Individuals Receiving Hepatitis B nucleos(t)ide Analogs Therapy in Germany, 2008–2019 [2021]

Indonesia

• PeerJ
  • The effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in toddlers based on the five-year period national basic health research (Riskesdas 2007, 2013 and 2018) in Indonesia [2023]

International

• Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
  • Comparison of clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B: When to start, when to change, and when to stop [2020]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Chronic Hepatitis B Finite Treatment: Similar and Different Concerns With New Drug Classes [2024]

• Clinical Liver Disease
  • Developing an Evidence Base for the Delivery of Hepatitis B Virus Birth Dose Vaccination: An Evidence Map and Critical Appraisal of Systematic Reviews and Guidelines [2021]
  • Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus: A Review of Clinical Guidelines [2020]

• Journal of Clinical Virology
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance in people treated with entecavir or tenofovir [2024]

• Journal of Viral Hepatitis
  • Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations [2021]

• Journal of Virus Eradication
  • Analysis of minimum target prices for production of entecavir to treat hepatitis B in high- and low-income countries [2015]

• Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Estimating the proportion of people with chronic hepatitis B virus infection eligible for hepatitis B antiviral treatment worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Lancet Infectious Diseases
  • Requirements for global elimination of hepatitis B: a modelling study [2016]

• Medicine
  • Efficacy and safety of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials update [2024]

• PharmacoEconomics - Open
  • Are Published Health Economic Models for Chronic Hepatitis B Appropriately Capturing the Benefits of HBsAg Loss? A Systematic Literature Review [2020]

• Systematic Reviews
  • Antiviral treatment for treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2019]

Iran

• BMC Public Health
  • Self-reported lifetime Hepatitis B virus testing, and vaccination uptake among people who inject drugs in Iran: a nationwide study in 2020 [2024]

• Journal of Education and Health Promotion
  • The efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2014]

Ireland

• Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
  • Hepatitis B [2024]

Italy

• Clinical Microbiology and Infection
  • Recommendations for screening, monitoring, prevention, prophylaxis and therapy of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with haematologic malignancies and patients who underwent haematologic stem cell transplantation—a position paper Microbiology and Infection [2017]

• Expert Review of Vaccines
  • Prevalence of healthcare workers fully vaccinated against hepatitis B without circulating antibodies in Italy and role of age at baseline cycle vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
  • Lessons learnt over two decades of vaccination against hepatitis B in Italy [2015]

Japan

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with antirheumatic therapy: Risk and prophylaxis recommendations [2015]

Kiribati

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • A programme to treat chronic hepatitis B in Kiribati: progress and challenges [2020]

Kyrgyzstan

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Nationwide representative serosurvey of third-grade school children to evaluate the hepatitis B vaccination impact in Kyrgyzstan, 2022 [2025]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence and geo-clinicodemographic factors associated with hepatitis B vaccination among healthcare workers in five developing countries [2022]
  • Economic evaluations of HBV testing and treatment strategies and applicability to low and middle-income countries [2017]

Malaysia

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine "Pentaxim® and hepatitis B" to fully combined vaccine "Hexaxim®" in the Malaysian National Immunization Program [2022]

• Malaysian Society of Infectious Diseases & Chemotherapy
  • Hepatitis B

Nepal

• Pathophysiology
  • Evaluation of Five International HBV Treatment Guidelines: Recommendation for Resource-Limited Developing Countries Based on the National Study in Nepal [2020]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Hepatitis B

Oman

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Progress toward Elimination of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission in Oman: Impact of Hepatitis B Vaccination [2013]

Pakistan

• Virology Journal
  • An overview of treatment response rates to various anti-viral drugs in Pakistani Hepatitis B Virus infected patients [2011]

Papua New Guinea

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroprevalence among Children in Papua New Guinea, 2012–2013 [2015]

Poland

• Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
  • Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation [2019]
  • Recommendations for the treatment of hepatitis B in 2017 [2017]

Republic of Korea

• Biologicals
  • A collaborative study to establish the second national standard for hepatitis B immunoglobulin in Korea [2023]

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
  • Paths toward hepatitis B immunization in South Korea and Taiwan [2013]

• Gut and Liver
  • Predictive Value of Antiviral Effects in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the General Korean Population with Chronic Hepatitis B [2016]

Russia

• PLoS ONE
  • Impact of Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination on Prevalence, Infection-Associated Morbidity and Mortality, and Circulation of Immune Escape Variants in Russia [2016]

South Asia

• PLoS ONE
  • Low Hepatitis B vaccination rates among medical students in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

Spain

• Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)
  • Consensus document of the Spanish Association for Study of the Liver on the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection (2020) [2020]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Lancet Global Health
  • Risk of early horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in children of uninfected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Taiwan

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association of Nationwide Hepatitis B Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy Programs With End-Stage Liver Disease Burden in Taiwan [2022]

Tajikistan

• Vaccine
  • Substantial decline in hepatitis B virus infections following vaccine introduction in Tajikistan [2015]

Thailand

• PLoS ONE
  • The Success of a Universal Hepatitis B Immunization Program as Part of Thailand’s EPI after 22 Years’ Implementation [2016]

Turkey

• Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of oral anti-viral drugs used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in Turkey [2015]

• Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Recommendations for Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin and Antiviral Prophylaxis Against Hepatitis B Recurrence After Liver Transplantation [2021]

United Kingdom

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Tenofovir disoproxil for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B [2009]

• Public Health England
  • Hepatitis B: vaccine recommendations during supply constraints

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Hepatitis B: the green book, chapter 18
  • Hepatitis B vaccine for at-risk infants aide memoire

• Value in Health
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Alternative Antiviral Strategies for the Treatment of HBeAg-Positive and HBeAg-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B in the United Kingdom [2015]

United States

• American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
  • AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B [2016]

• American College of Physicians
  • Hepatitis B Vaccination, Screening, and Linkage to Care: Best Practice Advice From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2017]

• American Gastroenterological Association
  • AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in At-Risk Individuals [2025]
  • American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy [2015]
  • American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation During Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy [2015]

• American Society of Transplantation
  • Solid Organ Transplantation From Hepatitis B Virus–Positive Donors: Consensus Guidelines for Recipient Management [2015]

• BMC Research Notes
  • Management of infants born to women infected with hepatitis B in the military healthcare system [2013]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Updated Recommendation for Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19–59 Years — United States, 2024 [2024]
  • Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19–59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 [2022]
  • Licensure of a Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis, Inactivated Poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate, and Hepatitis B Vaccine, and Guidance for Use in Infants [2020]
  • Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of a Hepatitis B Vaccine with a Novel Adjuvant [2018]
  • Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [2018]
  • Community-Based Services to Improve Testing and Linkage to Care Among Non–U.S.-Born Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection — Three U.S. Programs, October 2014–September 2017 [2018]
  • Access to Treatment for Hepatitis B Virus Infection — Worldwide, 2016 [2018]
  • Hepatitis B Vaccine Administration
  • Hepatitis B Vaccination
  • Clinical Care of Hepatitis B

• Gastroenterology & Hepatology
  • Review of Current and Potential Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection [2021]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Prevalence of Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage and Serologic Evidence of Immunity Among US-Born Children and Adolescents From 1999 to 2016 [2020]

• Journal of Viral Hepatitis
  • Modelling the potential impact of global hepatitis B vaccination on the burden of chronic hepatitis B in the United States [2024]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Testing and Vaccination of Adults Seeking Care for Sexually Transmitted Infections [2022]

• StatPearls
  • Hepatitis B Vaccine

• Vaccine
  • Cost-effectiveness of a 3-antigen versus single-antigen vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis B in adults in the United States [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper – July 2017 [2017]
  • Documenting the impact of Hepatitis B immunization: best practices for conducting a serosurvey [2011]
  • Hepatitis B (HepB3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%)

WHO South-East Asia Region

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Hepatitis B Control — South-East Asia Region, 2016–2019 [2020]

Zambia

• PLoS ONE
  • Eligibility for hepatitis B antiviral therapy among adults in the general population in Zambia [2020]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Hepatitis B