Labor, delivery, postpartum

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Fetal monitoring

Australia

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Differences in women's experiences of labour according to type of fetal monitoring: a quantitative analysis of an Australian national survey [2025]

• NSW Health
  • Maternity - Fetal heart rate monitoring

• Queensland Health
  • Intrapartum fetal surveillance

• SA Health
  • Fetal Surveillance (Cardiotocography)
  • Fetal Acid Base Balance Assessment

• Women and Birth
  • Do women have a choice when it comes to fetal monitoring? Perceptions of information provided and choice of fetal monitoring in Australia: A national survey [2024]

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance Clinical Guideline – Fourth Edition 2019 [2019]

Canada

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Intrapartum Fetal Health Monitoring/Surveillance

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Maternal Heart Rate Artefact During Intrapartum Fetal Health Surveillance [2022]
  • Fetal Health Surveillance: Intrapartum Consensus Guideline [2020]
  • Maintaining Standards in Antenatal and Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance: Quality Improvement and Risk Management [2018]

Denmark

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • The impact of a national cardiotocography education program on neonatal and maternal outcomes: A historical cohort study [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Can Intrapartum Cardiotocography Predict Uterine Rupture among Women with Prior Caesarean Delivery?: A Population Based Case-Control Study [2016]

Germany

• Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
  • S1-Guideline on the Use of CTG During Pregnancy and Labor [2014]

• PeerJ
  • What is the “normal” fetal heart rate? [2013]

High-income countries

• BMJ Open
  • Influences on safety of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring practices: a scoping review [2024]

• Women's Health
  • How does the use of continuous electronic fetal monitoring influence women's experiences of labour? A systematic integrative review of the literature from high income countries [2024]

International

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Computerized cardiotocography analysis during labor - A state-of-the-art review [2023]
  • Computer-based intrapartum fetal monitoring and beyond: a review of the 2nd Workshop on Signal Processing and Monitoring in Labor (Oct 2017, Oxford UK) [2019]
  • Agreement and accuracy using the FIGO, ACOG and NICE cardiotocography interpretation guidelines [2017]

• AJOG Global Reports
  • Electronic intrapartum fetal monitoring: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines [2021]

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Increased variability of fetal heart rate during labour: a review of preclinical and clinical studies [2022]

• CMAJ
  • Effectiveness of intrapartum fetal surveillance to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2021]

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • International expert consensus statement on physiological interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG): First revision (2024) [2024]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Physiology of fetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum fetal monitoring [2015]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Introduction [2015]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation [2015]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography [2015]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Adjunctive technologies [2015]

• PeerJ Computer Science
  • A systematic review of automated pre-processing, feature extraction and classification of cardiotocography [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Factors contributing to visual intrapartum cardiotocograph interpretation variation among healthcare professionals: An integrative review [2025]
  • Intermittent auscultation fetal monitoring during labour: A systematic scoping review to identify methods, effects, and accuracy [2019]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Intrapartum Fetal Hearth Rate Monitoring [2021]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Economic evaluation of computerised interpretation of fetal heart rate during labour: a cost-consequence analysis alongside the INFANT study [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Systematic review of Doppler for detecting intrapartum fetal heart abnormalities and measuring perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries [2020]
  • Delphi consensus statement on intrapartum fetal monitoring in low-resource settings [2019]

New Zealand

• New Zealand College of Midwives
  • Intermittent Auscultation for the Assessment of Intrapartum Fetal Wellbeing [2020]

Norway

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • National survey of routines for intrapartum fetal monitoring in Norway [2019]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Guideline on fetal monitoring in labour [2014]

Sweden

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Implementation of a revised classification for intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring and association to birth outcome: A national cohort study [2022]
  • Time to reconsider: Have the 2015 FIGO and 2017 Swedish intrapartum cardiotocogram classifications led us from Charybdis to Scylla? [2021]
  • New FIGO and Swedish intrapartum cardiotocography classification systems incorporated in the fetal ECG ST analysis (STAN) interpretation algorithm: agreements and discrepancies in cardiotocography classification and evaluation of significant ST events [2018]

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • Low sensitivity of the new FIGO classification system for electronic fetal monitoring to identify fetal acidosis in the second stage of labor [2020]

United Kingdom

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Computerised interpretation of the fetal heart rate during labour: a randomised controlled trial (INFANT) [2018]

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Critical Imperative for the Reform of British Interpretation of Fetal Heart Rate Decelerations: Analysis of FIGO and NICE Guidelines, Post-Truth Foundations, Cognitive Fallacies, Myths and Occam’s Razor [2017]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Fetal monitoring in labour [2022]
  • Novii Wireless Patch System for maternal and fetal monitoring [2020]

• NHS England
  • Fetal monitoring in labour guideline [2023]
  • Antenatal CTG Interpretation Guideline [2023]

• WISDOM
  • Fetal Surveillance Standards [2023]
  • Fetal Monitoring Guideline [2023]
  • Continuous Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Monitoring Guideline [2023]

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Oxygen Supplementation in the Setting of Category II or III Fetal Heart Tracings [2022]

• American Family Physician
  • Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring [2020]

• Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
  • Fetal Heart Monitoring [2024]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Electronic Fetal Monitoring–Prevention or Rescue? [2020]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Intrapartum Resuscitation Interventions for Category II Fetal Heart Rate Tracings and Improvement to Category I [2021]
  • Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Tracing Among Small-for-Gestational Age Compared With Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Neonates [2018]
  • What we have learned about intrapartum fetal monitoring trials in the MFMU Network [2016]

• Reproductive Sciences
  • Changing Perspectives of Electronic Fetal Monitoring [2022]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Labor, delivery
  • Fetal distress