Influenza in pregnancy : Guidelines, reviews, epidemiology

Maternal and neonatal infections

Influenza in pregnancy

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Vaccines
- Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Programs in the Americas: A Platform for Sustainable Life-Course Immunization and Its Role for Pandemic Preparedness and Response [2024]

Birth Defects Research
- The risk of major structural birth defects associated with seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A population-based cohort study [2022]

NSW Health
- Influenza information for antenatal care providers

Public Health Research and Practice
- An evaluation of the 2016 influenza vaccination in pregnancy campaign in NSW, Australia [2020]

SA Health
- Managing pregnant women with suspected influenza

Vaccine
- Introducing seasonal influenza vaccine in Bhutan: Country experience and achievements [2023]

Public Health Agency of Canada
- Updated guidance on influenza vaccination during pregnancy [2023]

Canada, United States

Vaccine
- A prospective study of influenza vaccination and time to pregnancy [2020]

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Acceptance of seasonal influenza vaccination and associated factors among pregnant women in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study based on health belief model [2021]

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Review of the status and challenges associated with increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in China [2020]

Journal of Internal Medicine
- Effectiveness of maternal immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women and their infants [2019]

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
- Survey report on national seasonal influenza vaccination recommendations and coverage rates in EU/EEA countries, 2024/25 [2025]
- Seasonal influenza vaccination recommendations and coverage rates in EU/EEA Member States [2023]

European Journal of Medical Research
- Determinants of influenza vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women in Europe: a systematic review [2021]

WHO European Region
- WHO Regional Office for Europe recommendations on influenza vaccination for the 2021/2022 season during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic [2021]
- Tailoring immunization programmes for seasonal influenza (TIP FLU): a guide for promoting uptake of maternal influenza vaccination [2017]
- Influenza vaccination coverage, pregnant women

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake and vaccine refusal among pregnant women in France: results from a national survey [2020]

Scientific Reports
- Trends of influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women: a ten-year analysis from a French healthcare database [2022]

Vaccines
- Monitoring of Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Pregnant Women in Germany Based on Nationwide Outpatient Claims Data: Findings for Seasons 2014/15 to 2019/20 [2021]

Gulf Cooperation Council

Vaccines
- Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake, Acceptance and Willingness to Vaccinate in Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Era Among Adult High-Risk Groups in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC): A Narrative Review of the Literature [2026]

Vaccine
- Programme costs for introducing age/gestation-based universal influenza vaccine schedules for young children and pregnant women in Hong Kong [2021]
- Feasibility of age- and gestation-based routine universal influenza vaccines schedules for children aged 6 months - 2 years and pregnant women [2021]

BMC Infectious Diseases
- Pregnancy as a risk factor for severe influenza infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis [2019]

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Maternal influenza vaccination during the first trimester of pregnancy and risk for birth defects: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [2026]

BMC Public Health
- One “misunderstood” health issue: demonstrating and communicating the safety of influenza a vaccination in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

BMJ Open
- Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review [2023]

Expert Review of Vaccines
- Enhancing influenza vaccination uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention strategies [2025]

Frontiers in Immunology
- Influenza virus infection during pregnancy: a review of risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and prevention strategies [2026]
- Safety, Immunogenicity, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Healthy Pregnant Women and Children Under 5 Years: An Evidence-Based Clinical Review [2021]

Healthcare
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards the Influenza Vaccine Among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies [2025]

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
- Exposure to quadrivalent influenza vaccine during pregnancy: Results from a global pregnancy registry [2022]
- The Global Influenza Initiative recommendations for the vaccination of pregnant women against seasonal influenza [2015]

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Vaccinating pregnant women against influenza needs to be a priority for all countries: An expert commentary [2020]

PLOS One
- Views and experiences of maternal healthcare providers regarding influenza vaccine during pregnancy globally: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis [2022]

Vaccine
- Seasonal influenza vaccination: A global review of national policies in 194 WHO member states in 2022 [2025]
- The faces of influenza vaccine recommendation: A Literature review of the determinants and barriers to health providers’ recommendation of influenza vaccine in pregnancy [2020]
- The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in pregnancy in relation to child health outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
- Influenza epidemiology and immunization during pregnancy: Final report of a World Health Organization working group [2017]
- Review of prescribing information for influenza vaccines for pregnant and lactating women [2016]
- Does influenza vaccination improve pregnancy outcome? Methodological issues and research needs [2015]
- A global perspective of maternal influenza immunization [2015]

Viruses
- First-Trimester Influenza Infection Increases the Odds of Non-Chromosomal Birth Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

Health Protection Surveillance Centre
- Pregnancy Guidance for Seasonal Influenza

Ireland's Health Services
- Influenza in pregnancy guideline

Ireland, United Kingdom

Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Seasonal Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and the Risk of Major Congenital Malformations in Live-born Infants: A 2010–2016 Historical Cohort Study [2021]

JCPP Advances
- Maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring [2025]

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Maternal influenza vaccination relates to receiving relevant information among pregnant women in Japan [2020]

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Safety of influenza vaccination on adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women: A prospective cohort study in Japan [2020]

Vaccine
- Cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnant women, healthcare workers and adults >= 60 years of age in Lao People’s Democratic Republic [2021]

Low and middle income countries

PLoS Medicine
- Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022 [2024]

PLOS One
- Determinants of maternal influenza vaccination in the context of low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review [2022]

Middle-income countries

Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Performance of Symptom-Based Case Definitions to Identify Influenza Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women in Middle-Income Countries: Findings From the Pregnancy and Influenza Multinational Epidemiologic (PRIME) Study [2021]

PLOS One
- Burden of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Pregnant Women and Infants Under 6 Months in Mongolia: A Prospective Cohort Study [2016]

Immunisation Advisory Centre
- Influenza Pregnancy

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
- Multi-decade national cohort identifies adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with acute respiratory illness hospitalisations during the influenza season [2023]

European Journal of Epidemiology
- Seasonal and pandemic influenza during pregnancy and risk of fetal death: A Norwegian registry-based cohort study [2020]

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Expert opinion on improving influenza vaccination coverage rate in Qatar: Strategic solutions and role of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) [2026]

Republic of Korea

PLOS One
- The impact of free vaccination policies under the Korean Influenza National Immunization Program: Trends in influenza vaccination rates in South Korea from 2010 to 2019 [2022]

BMC Health Services Research
- An evaluation of an influenza vaccination campaign targeting pregnant women in 27 clinics in two provinces of South Africa, 2015 – 2018 [2021]

Vaccine
- A cost-effectiveness analysis of antenatal influenza vaccination among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women in South Africa [2019]

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Influenza hospitalizations in children under 1 year old in Spain: the importance of maternal immunization [2021]

PLOS One
- Exploring the risk of severe outcomes and the role of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnant women hospitalized with confirmed influenza, Spain, 2010/11-2015/16 [2018]

BMJ Open
- Losing ground at the wrong time: trends in self-reported influenza vaccination uptake in Switzerland, Swiss Health Survey 2007–2017 [2021]

BMC Public Health
- Influenza vaccine uptake among at-risk adults (aged 16–64 years) in the UK: a retrospective database analysis [2021]

Department of Health and Social Care
- Annual flu programme

HSC Public Health Agency
- Influenza immunisation programme: Factsheet for healthcare practitioners

NHS Scotland
- Influenza in Pregnancy

PLOS One
- Incidence, risk factors and impact of seasonal influenza in pregnancy: A national cohort study [2021]

UK Health Security Agency
- Seasonal influenza: guidance, data and analysis
- Influenza: the green book, chapter 19
- Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: advice for healthcare professionals
- Appendix G: pregnant women

American Academy of Pediatrics
- Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2024–2025: Technical Report [2024]

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- Influenza in Pregnancy: Prevention and Treatment [2025]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2025–26 Influenza Season [2025]
- Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and risk of selected major structural congenital heart defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 2006-2011 [2023]
- Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and risk of selected major structural noncardiac birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 2006-2011 [2022]
- Vital Signs: Burden and Prevention of Influenza and Pertussis Among Pregnant Women and Infants — United States [2019]
- Influenza Vaccination Coverage During Pregnancy — Selected Sites, United States, 2005–06 Through 2013–14 Influenza Vaccine Seasons [2016]
- Interim Clinical Considerations for the Use of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in the United States
- Influenza Vaccine Safety Considerations during Pregnancy or while Breastfeeding
- Guidance for the Prevention and Control of Influenza in the Peri- and Postpartum Settings

JAMA
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness and Safety for the 2026-2027 Respiratory Season [2026]

JAMA Pediatrics
- Maternal Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits in Infants [2024]

Journal of Women's Health
- Preventing Influenza Virus Infection and Severe Influenza Among Pregnant People and Infants [2024]

Open Forum Infectious Diseases
- Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Antivirals for Influenza in Pregnancy [2021]

Vaccine
- Public health benefits of maternal influenza vaccination among pregnant women and infants <6 months in the United States, 2011-2020 [2026]
- Influenza vaccination during early pregnancy and risk of major birth defects, US Birth Defects Study To Evaluate Pregnancy exposureS, 2014-2019 [2025]
- Maternal influenza vaccination and associated risk of fetal loss: A claims-based prospective cohort study [2024]

World Health Organization
- WHO preferred product characteristics for next generation influenza vaccines, 2nd ed [2025]
- Improved influenza vaccines: full value vaccine assessment [2025]
- Behavioural and social drivers of influenza vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake [2025]
- Clinical practice guidelines for influenza [2024]
- Seasonal influenza vaccination: developing and strengthening national programmes - policy brief [2023]
- Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 [2022]
- Labelling information of inactivated influenza vaccines for use in pregnant women, Annex 8, TRS No 1004 [2017]
- WHO Informal consultation on labelling information of influenza vaccines intended to be used in pregnant women [2016]
- How to implement influenza vaccination of pregnant women: An introduction manual for national immunization programme managers and policy makers [2016]
- WHO working group meeting on labelling information of influenza vaccines intended to be used in pregnant women [2015]

{Related topics}

Topic
- Vaccines in pregnancy
- Respiratory and hypersensitivity disorders in pregnancy
- Influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy
- Infections in pregnancy