Maternal and neonatal infections

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Infections in pregnancy

Africa

• Parasites and Vectors
  • Prevalence of schistosomiasis and its association with anemia among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• WHO African Region
  • Listeriosis

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Technical note on good practices to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 in the context of the EMTCT Plus initiative [2024]
  • The diagnosis of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and strategies to expand HTLV screening in the context of maternal and child health. Meeting Report (virtual), 7 July 2023 [2023]
  • The Response to HTLV in the Framework of Maternal and Child Health. Meeting Report, 18 August 2022 (virtual) [2022]
  • EMTCT Plus. Framework for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas [2017]
  • Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis,Hepatitis B, and Chagas

Australasia

• Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases
  • Management of Perinatal Infections [2022]

Australia

• NSW Health
  • Listeriosis control guideline

• SA Health
  • Varicella Zoster (Chicken Pox) in Pregnancy
  • Sepsis in Pregnancy
  • Parvovirus in Pregnancy
  • Measles in Pregnancy
  • Listeria in Pregnancy
  • Antibiotics in the Peripartum Period

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Prophylactic antibiotics in obstetrics and gynaecology [2021]

• Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand
  • SOMANZ guidelines for the investigation and management sepsis in pregnancy [2017]

Botswana

• Open Forum Infectious Diseases
  • The Impact of Syndromic Management of Vaginal Discharge Syndrome on Adverse Birth Outcomes in Botswana [2021]

Brazil

• BMJ Open
  • Dengue during pregnancy and live birth outcomes: a cohort of linked data from Brazil [2019]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Vulvovaginitis in pregnant women [2024]
  • Expert Recommendations on Monkeypox (MPX) in Pregnancy, Postpartum and Lactating Women [2022]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Systematic review: Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2014]

BRICS countries

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Burden and trend of maternal sepsis and other maternal infections in BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021 [2025]

Cameroon

• BioMed Research International
  • Utilization of Deworming Drugs and Its Individual and Community Level Predictors among Pregnant Married Women in Cameroon: A Multilevel Modeling [2021]

Canada

• Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
  • Incidence, morbidity, and associated factors for sepsis in women hospitalized for delivery: a nationwide retrospective observational population-based study in Canada [2022]

• Government of Alberta
  • Alberta public health disease management guidelines : listeriosis
  • Alberta prenatal screening program for select communicable diseases

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Perinatal Infections: Screening
  • Perinatal Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • SOGC Position Statement: The Prevention and Management of Oropouche Virus in Pregnancy [2025]
  • Time to Optimize Infectious Disease Screening in Pregnancy [2023]
  • Management of Tick Bites and Lyme Disease During Pregnancy [2020]
  • Management of Varicella Infection (Chickenpox) in Pregnancy [2018]
  • Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Obstetric Procedures [2017]
  • SOGC Committee Opinion on the Management of a Pregnant Woman Exposed to or Infected With Ebola Virus Disease in Canada [2015]
  • Parvovirus B19 Infection in Pregnancy [2014]

China

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Systematic review of human listeriosis in China, 1964–2010 [2013]

Colombia

• Infectio
  • First Colombian consensus on congenital Chagas and clinical approach for women of child-bearing age diagnosed with Chagas [2017]

Ecuador

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • A National Survey to Determine Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection among Pregnant Women in Ecuador [2015]

El Salvador

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Mother-to-Child Transmission of Chagas Disease in El Salvador [2015]

Ethiopia

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Individual and community level predictors of utilization of deworming medications among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Deworming utilization among pregnant mothers with at least one antenatal care follow-up in Ethiopia, 2022:- A multilevel analysis [2023]

Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening for HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and rubella susceptibility [2017]
  • Antenatal screening for HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and rubella susceptibility in the EU/EEA – addressing the vulnerable populations [2017]
  • Antenatal screening approaches effective in preventing MTCT of HIV, HBV, syphilis and rubella in vulnerable populations [2017]
  • Antenatal screening for HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and rubella susceptibility in the EU/EEA [2016]
  • Listeriosis

• EuroSurveillance
  • Screening for Coxiella burnetii infection during pregnancy: pros and cons according to the Wilson and Jungner criteria [2012]
  • Prevention of congenital and perinatal infections [2009]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Control and management of congenital Chagas disease in Europe and other non-endemic countries: current policies and practices [2016]

France

• EuroSurveillance
  • Pregnancy-related listeriosis in France, 1984 to 2011, with a focus on 606 cases from 1999 to 2011 [2014]

• Infectious Diseases Now
  • Prevention and management of VZV infection during pregnancy and the perinatal period [2024]

Germany

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Ongoing High Incidence and Case-Fatality Rates for Invasive Listeriosis, Germany, 2010–2019 [2021]

Ghana

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Incidence and determinants of maternal sepsis in Ghana in the midst of a pandemic [2022]

Haiti

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Cholera in Pregnancy: Outcomes from a Specialized Cholera Treatment Unit for Pregnant Women in Léogâne, Haiti [2013]

High-income countries

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Outcomes and management of pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcal infections: A systematic review [2023]

India

• Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
  • Peripartum Infections: A Position Statement of the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine [2024]

International

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Monkeypox in pregnancy: virology, clinical presentation, and obstetric management [2022]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • The global burden and trends of maternal sepsis and other maternal infections in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 [2021]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • The global, regional, and national burdens of maternal sepsis and other maternal infections and trends from 1990 to 2021 and future trend predictions: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021 [2025]
  • Maternal sepsis and other maternal infections: Global Burden from 1990 to 2021 [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Global, regional and national burden of infections among pregnant women, 1990-2021: a prospective cohort study [2025]
  • Early evaluation of the ‘STOP SEPSIS!’ WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Awareness Campaign implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries [2020]

• Current Obesity Reports
  • An Update on the Clinical Management of HIV and Tuberculosis Co-Infection in Pregnancy: TB Preventative Therapy, Long-Acting ARVs, and Bedaquiline-Based Regimens [2025]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Trends and predictions of maternal sepsis and other maternal infections among women of childbearing age: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019 [2024]
  • The perinatal health challenges of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: A narrative review [2023]

• Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research
  • Maternal Infections e-Learning Course [2015]

• Infection and Drug Resistance
  • Different Clinical Manifestations of Human Brucellosis in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Scoping Review of 521 Cases from 10 Countries [2020]

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Cholera Infection Risks and Cholera Vaccine Safety in Pregnancy [2023]

• International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • ISUOG Practice Guidelines: role of ultrasound in congenital infection [2020]

• Journal of Infection
  • Global prevalence of antibiotic consumption during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Acute Respiratory Infections During Pregnancy [2024]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Availability of facility resources and services and infection-related maternal outcomes in the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study: a cross-sectional study [2021]
  • Frequency and management of maternal infection in health facilities in 52 countries (GLOSS): a 1-week inception cohort study [2020]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • Ebola viral disease and pregnancy [2015]
  • Cholera in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fetal, Neonatal, and Maternal Mortality [2015]

• Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
  • Maternal respiratory viral infections during pregnancy and offspring's neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review [2023]

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Estimation of the morbidity and mortality of congenital Chagas disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of systemic antibacterial use during pregnancy worldwide: A systematic review [2024]
  • Factors affecting the use of antibiotics and antiseptics to prevent maternal infection at birth: A global mixed-methods systematic review [2022]

• Reproductive Health
  • Towards a consensus definition of maternal sepsis: results of a systematic review and expert consultation [2017]

• Vaccine
  • Chorioamnionitis: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2019]

• Women's Health
  • The burden, pathogenesis, clinical outcomes, and treatment of common respiratory virus infections during pregnancy [2025]

Ireland

• Department of Health Ireland
  • Sepsis Management for Adults (including maternity) [2021]

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • Pregnancy

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Parvovirus-B19 in Pregnancy [2024]
  • Monkeypox virus or Mpox (MPXV) in Pregnancy – Guidance for Maternity Services [2024]
  • Antimicrobial safety In Pregnancy and Lactation [2017]
  • Antimicrobial Prescribing Guidelines [2017]
  • Pregnancy and Postpartum Infections

Liberia

• Lancet Global Health
  • Pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, and infant growth and development after recovery from Ebola virus disease in Liberia: an observational cohort study [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • International virtual confidential reviews of infection-related maternal deaths and near-miss in 11 low- and middle-income countries - case report series and suggested actions [2022]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Trends and disparities of disease burden in infections among pregnant women in 131 low-income and middle-income countries, 1990-2019 [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Guidelines for tuberculosis screening and preventive treatment among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV in PEPFAR-supported countries [2024]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Monkeypox infection and pregnancy in lower and middle-income countries: Precautions & recommendations [2024]

Mozambique

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • The triple threat of pregnancy, HIV infection and malaria: reported causes of maternal mortality in two nationwide health facility assessments in Mozambique, 2007 and 2012 [2015]

Namibia

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Measles immunity among pregnant women aged 15–44 years in Namibia, 2008 and 2010 [2016]

New Zealand

• BMC Public Health
  • The epidemiology of listeriosis in pregnant women and children in New Zealand from 1997 to 2016: an observational study [2020]

Philippines

• PLoS ONE
  • Fear of Birth Defects Is a Major Barrier to Soil-Transmitted Helminth Treatment (STH) for Pregnant Women in the Philippines [2014]

Spain

• EuroSurveillance
  • Listeriosis in Spain based on hospitalisation records, 1997 to 2015: need for greater awareness [2019]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Increased incidence and mortality from Listeria monocytogenes infection in Spain [2024]

Sri Lanka

• Ceylon Medical Journal
  • Clinical management of dengue infection in pregnancy [2020]

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Intrapartum fever [2021]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
  • Monkeypox infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and metaanalysis [2022]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • The aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial maternal infections in Sub-Saharan Africa-a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• BMC Medicine
  • Achieving development goals for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa through integrated antenatal care: barriers and challenges [2016]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Composition of the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy in women living in sub-Saharan Africa: a PRISMA-compliant review [2021]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV-positive pregnant women [2024]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Development, coinfection, and the syndemics of pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Study of Vaginal Carriage of Group B Streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli in Resource-Poor Settings: Prevalences and Risk Factors [2016]

• Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Ebola virus disease in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Tropical Medicine and Health
  • Utilization of deworming medication and its associated factors among pregnant married women in 26 sub-Saharan African countries: a multi-country analysis [2021]

Tanzania

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Factors associated with the use of deworming drugs during pregnancy in Tanzania; an analysis from the 2015–16 Tanzanian HIV and malaria indicators survey [2022]

• Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety
  • Implementation of co-trimoxazole preventive therapy policy for malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in the public health facilities in Tanzania [2016]

Turkey

• Pathogens
  • Seroprevalence of TORCH Viral Agents in Pregnant Women in Turkey: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

United Kingdom

• BMJ
  • Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study [2020]

• BMJ Open
  • Maternal morbidity and mortality from severe sepsis: a national cohort study [2016]

• British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
  • BASHH position statement on doxycycline use in pregnancy [2024]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Impact and economic analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-targeted antenatal screening, England and Wales, 2021 [2024]

• HSC Public Health Agency
  • Northern Ireland Infectious diseases in pregnancy screening programme report 2018-2022 [2023]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Management of symptomatic vaginal discharge in pregnancy [2021]

• NHS England
  • Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium guideline [2021]
  • Identification of Listeria species, and other non-sporing Gram positive rods (except Corynebacterium) [2020]
  • NHS infectious diseases in pregnancy screening (IDPS) programme
  • Infectious diseases in pregnancy screening pathway requirements
  • Infectious diseases in pregnancy screening (IDPS): programme overview

• Public Health England
  • Infectious diseases in pregnancy screening: clinical guidance
  • Analysing antenatal infections national data: methods

• Right Decisions
  • Chickenpox in Pregnancy

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Identification and management of maternal sepsis during and following pregnancy [2024]
  • Chickenpox in Pregnancy [2015]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Viral rash in pregnancy
  • Mumps: risk in pregnancy, infection in healthcare settings and MMR vaccine
  • Measles: guidance, data and analysis
  • Listeria: guidance, data and analysis

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Varicella susceptibility
  • Parvovirus

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Update on Oropouche Virus and Potential Effects on Pregnancy [2024]
  • Management of Obstetric–Gynecologic Patients During a Measles Outbreak [2024]
  • Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States [2024]
  • ACOG Clinical Practice Update: Update on Criteria for Suspected Diagnosis of Intraamniotic Infection [2024]
  • Intrapartum Management of Intraamniotic Infection [2017]
  • Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes [2014]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis: An Evidence-Based Approach [2020]
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of infections during pregnancy: implementation of recommended interventions, United States, 2003–2004 [2012]

• BMJ
  • Association between use of macrolides in pregnancy and risk of major birth defects: nationwide, register based cohort study [2021]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Mpox Cases Among Cisgender Women and Pregnant Persons — United States, May 11–November 7, 2022 [2023]
  • CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023 [2023]
  • Associations between maternal reports of periconceptional fever from miscellaneous causes and structural birth defects [2022]
  • Maternal genitourinary infections and risk of birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study [2018]
  • Special Populations: Pregnant Healthcare Personnel
  • Pregnant Travelers
  • Mpox Clinical Care and Treatment During Pregnancy
  • HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD & Tuberculosis Prevention in Pregnancy

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Evidence for Implementation: Management of TB in HIV and Pregnancy [2022]

• Drugs in Context
  • Less common bacterial, fungal and viral infections: review of management in the pregnant patient [2021]

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • A First Look at Chorioamnionitis Management Practice Variation among US Obstetricians [2012]

• Infectious Diseases Society of America
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Utility of Intra-abdominal Fluid Cultures in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Utility of Blood Cultures in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Risk Assessment, Diagnostic Imaging, and Microbiological Evaluation in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Intra-abdominal Abscess in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]

• JAMA
  • Incidence of Maternal Sepsis and Sepsis-Related Maternal Deaths in the United States [2019]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Maternal and obstetric outcomes of listeria pregnancy: insights from a national cohort [2022]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Tools for patient safety and quality case review and response: Obstetric sepsis [2025]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis [2023]
  • SMFM Consult Series #47: Sepsis during pregnancy and the puerperium [2019]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: part 1: formal models: meeting report [2024]
  • Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) food: attribution, characterization and monitoring: meeting report [2022]
  • Guidelines for the management of pregnant and breastfeeding women in the context of Ebola virus disease [2020]
  • Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis: current evidence, identifying gaps and future directions [2020]
  • Reaching girls and women of reproductive age with deworming: report of the Advisory Group on deworming in girls and women of reproductive age, Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center, Bellagio, Italy 28–30 June 2017 [2018]
  • Statement on maternal sepsis [2017]
  • WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections [2015]
  • Capacity building workshop for the Global Fund proposal writing to include MNH service delivery area for health systems strengthening [2009]
  • Maternal sepsis
  • Listeriosis: Fact sheet
  • Global Maternal and Neonatal Sepsis Initiative

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Zika virus infection in pregnancy and newborn
  • Vaccines in pregnancy
  • Urinary tract infections in pregnancy
  • Tuberculosis in pregnancy
  • Trichomoniasis in pregnancy
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Tetanus in pregnancy and newborn
  • Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy
  • Rubella
  • Postpartum infections
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Neonatal infections
  • Malaria in pregnancy
  • Influenza in pregnancy
  • Influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy
  • Infections in pregnancy
  • Herpes infections in pregnancy and newborn
  • Hepatitis in pregnancy and newborn
  • Hepatitis
  • HIV/AIDS in pregnancy and newborn
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Group B streptococcal infections
  • Gonorrhea in pregnancy and newborn
  • Genital infections, sexually transmitted diseases
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: pregnancy, newborn, breastfeeding
  • Congenital syphilis, syphilis in pregnancy
  • Chlamydia infection in pregnancy
  • Candidiasis in pregnancy and newborn
  • Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy