Neonatology

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Necrotizing enterocolitis

Australia

• WA Health
  • Necrotising Enterocolitis

Canada

• Canadian Neonatal Network
  • Antibiotic exposure and development of necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm neonates [2018]

China

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Factors influencing necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Denmark

• PLoS ONE
  • Incidence and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in Denmark from 1994-2014 [2019]

Ethiopia

• BMJ Open
  • In-hospital mortality among neonates with necrotising enterocolitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Europe

• European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
  • Reevaluating the FDA's warning against the use of probiotics in preterm neonates: A societal statement by ESPGHAN and EFCNI [2024]
  • Probiotics and Preterm Infants: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics [2020]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • Prevention of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
  • Diagnosis and management of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)

• Neonatology
  • European Reference Network for Inherited and Congenital Anomalies Evidence-Based Guideline on Surgical Aspects of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Neonates [2025]

• Pediatric Research
  • Current pain management practices for preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: a European survey [2023]

High-income countries

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Donor human milk for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants [2024]

India

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines for Probiotic Use in Childhood Diarrhea [2022]

International

• Biomedicines
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Comprehensive Review on Toll-like Receptor 4-Mediated Pathophysiology, Clinical, and Therapeutic Insights [2025]

• BMC Gastroenterology
  • The effectiveness of treatment with probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis and related mortality: results from an umbrella meta-analysis on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials [2025]

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Effect of probiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2025]
  • Influencing factors for surgical treatment in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Global incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [2020]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants [2023]
  • Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants [2022]
  • Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants [2021]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm with necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• European Society for Paediatric Research
  • Pain management in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: an international expert consensus statement [2025]

• Frontiers in Nutrition
  • Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2021]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Racial Disparities in Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2021]

• Global Newborn Society
  • A Clinical Care Bundle to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2024]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • A meta-analysis on the predictive role of CRP in NEC diagnosis and prognosis [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Probiotic Supplements Effect on Feeding Tolerance, Growth and Neonatal Morbidity in Extremely Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Pediatric Research
  • Methods of identifying surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis-a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Defining necrotizing enterocolitis: current difficulties and future opportunities [2020]

• Pediatric Surgery International
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis: current understanding of the prevention and management [2024]

Japan

• Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
  • Chapter 2-12-2. Anaerobic infections (individual fields): necrotizing enterocolitis (neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis) [2011]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonate

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea [2015]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of necrosing enterocolitis in newborns less than 32 weeks at birth in Spain [2020]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Incidence, Treatment, and Outcome Trends of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Multicenter Cohort Study [2020]

Turkey

• Turkish Archives of Pediatrics
  • Turkish Neonatal Society Necrotizing Enterocolitis Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Guidelines [2021]

United Kingdom

• JAMA Pediatrics
  • Development of a Gestational Age-Specific Case Definition for Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2017]

• Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Incidence and enteral feed antecedents of severe neonatal necrotising enterocolitis across neonatal networks in England, 2012-13: a whole-population surveillance study [2017]

• NHS England
  • Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) Clinical Guideline [2024]

• Right Decisions
  • Necrotising enterocolitis in Paediatric Intensive Care, management guideline

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Use of Probiotics in Preterm Infants [2021]
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

• American Gastroenterological Association
  • AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders [2020]

• American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
  • A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of neonatal patients at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis [2012]

• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2024]

• Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics
  • Prevention Strategies and Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis [2024]

• Early Human Development 
  • Maternal chorioamnionitis and the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in the United States: A national cohort study [2024]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Trends and Racial and Geographic Differences in Infant Mortality in the United States Due to Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 1999 to 2020 [2023]

• Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
  • NEC-zero recommendations from scoping review of evidence to prevent and foster timely recognition of necrotizing enterocolitis [2017]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation Lead to Severe Growth Failure in Infants [2024]
  • Impact of Optimized Breastfeeding on the Costs of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants [2016]
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

• Pediatrics
  • Standardizing the Evaluation and Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in a Level IV NICU [2022]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Newborn
  • Neonatal digestive system diseases