Neonatology

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Newborn nervous system diseases

Africa

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Pooled prevalence and predictors of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm neonates (28-34 weeks) in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

Australia

• Better Safer Care
  • Encephalopathy in neonates

• Queensland Health
  • Neonatal seizures
  • Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

• SA Health
  • Subgaleal Haemorrhage
  • Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy including Neonatal Hypothermic Neuroprotection

• WA Health
  • Ventricular Dilatation
  • Subgaleal Haemorrhage Detection and Management in the Newborn
  • Seizures Neonatal
  • Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and Therapeutic Hypothermia

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Prevention, detection, and management of subgaleal haemorrhage in the newborn [2021]

Brazil

• Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
  • Motor and cognitive outcomes of neonates with low birth weight in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
  • Microcephaly caused by or associated with congenital infections in the last 20 years in Brazil: a systematic review [2022]

Canada

• BMJ Open
  • Obstetrical brachial plexus injury (OBPI): Canada's national clinical practice guideline [2017]

• Canadian College of Medical Geneticists
  • Genetic and metabolic investigations for neurodevelopmental disorders: position statement of the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists (CCMG) [2023]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Measuring head circumference: update on infant microcephaly [2015]

• Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
  • Guidelines for the Institutional Implementation of Developmental Neuroprotective Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Part A: Background and Rationale. A Joint Position Statement From the CANN, CAPWHN, NANN, and COINN [2017]
  • Guidelines for the Institutional Implementation of Developmental Neuroprotective Care in the NICU. Part B: Recommendations and Justification. A Joint Position Statement From the CANN, CAPWHN, NANN, and COINN [2017]

• Canadian Neonatal Network
  • Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Impairment among Very Preterm Infants with Sepsis, Meningitis, and Intraventricular Hemorrhage [2024]
  • Grading of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Neurodevelopment in Preterm <29 Weeks’ GA in Canada [2022]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • The evaluation and management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy [2021]
  • Routine imaging of the preterm neonatal brain [2020]
  • Neuroprotection from acute brain injury in preterm infants [2019]
  • Imaging the term neonatal brain [2018]
  • Hypothermia for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [2018]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Consensus Approach for Standardizing the Screening and Classification of Preterm Brain Injury Diagnosed With Cranial Ultrasound: A Canadian Perspective [2021]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Investigation and Management of Prenatally Identified Microcephaly [2019]

China

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy diagnosis and treatment: a National Survey in China [2021]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Incidence of Neonatal Seizures in China Based on Electroencephalogram Monitoring in Neonatal Neurocritical Care Units [2023]

Colombia, Ecuador, Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Quality assessment of clinical practice guidelines on hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborns using the AGREE II tool: a systematic review [2024]

Europe

• European Society of Neuroradiology
  • European recommendations on practices in pediatric neuroradiology: consensus document from the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) and European Union of Medical Specialists Division of Neuroradiology (UEMS) [2023]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • Postnatal management of newborn infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE)
  • Neurological monitoring of the high-risk infant: EEG and aEEG
  • Neurological monitoring in the high-risk infant: ultrasound and MRI scanning
  • Neurological monitoring in the high-risk infant: clinical neurological evaluation
  • Neurological monitoring in the high-risk infant: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

France

• Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
  • Translating Neurodevelopmental Care Policies Into Practice: The Experience of Neonatal ICUs in France—The EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Adherence to Hypothermia Guidelines: A French Multicenter Study of Fullterm Neonates [2013]

Germany

• Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care
  • Newborn screening for 5q-linked spinal muscular atrophy [2020]

• Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases
  • Newbornscreening SMA - From Pilot Project to Nationwide Screening in Germany [2023]

• Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
  • Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy in Germany: clinical results after 2 years [2021]

High-income countries

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • MRI-based brain volumes of preterm infants at term: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
  • Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• Pediatric Research
  • Machine learning for understanding and predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants: a systematic review [2023]

India

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Neonatal Seizures [2022]

• National Neonatology Forum
  • Management of Seizures in the Newborn [2023]

International

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Management and investigation of neonatal encephalopathy: 2017 update [2017]

• Birth Defects Research
  • Analysis of early neonatal case fatality rate among newborns with congenital hydrocephalus, a 2000-2014 multi-country registry-based study [2022]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review of reported treatment outcomes [2024]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures [2023]

• International League Against Epilepsy
  • The 2022 International League Against Epilepsy Classification and Definition of Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes: An Update for Pediatricians [2024]
  • The International League Against Epilepsy New Classification of Neonatal Seizures [2022]
  • The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures [2021]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Interventions to Reduce Severe Brain Injury Risk in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2023]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Journal of International Medical Research
  • Global prevalence of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment following extremely preterm birth: a systematic literature review [2021]

• Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
  • Long-lasting effects of very preterm birth on brain structure in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Newborn Brain Society
  • Neuroprotective therapies in the NICU in preterm infants: present and future (Neonatal Neurocritical Care Series) [2024]
  • Neuroprotective therapies in the NICU in term infants: present and future [2023]
  • Neuromonitoring in neonatal critical care part II: extremely premature infants and critically ill neonates [2023]
  • Neuromonitoring in neonatal critical care part I: neonatal encephalopathy and neonates with possible seizures [2023]
  • Supporting families in their child's journey with neonatal encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia [2021]
  • Neuroimaging in the term newborn with neonatal encephalopathy [2021]
  • Management of comfort and sedation in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia [2021]
  • Bedside and laboratory neuromonitoring in neonatal encephalopathy [2021]

• Pediatric Research
  • Recommendations for the design of therapeutic trials for neonatal seizures [2019]
  • Preterm birth–associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010 [2013]
  • Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990 [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on death among asphyxiated neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials [2021]

• Vaccine
  • Neonatal seizures: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2019]
  • Neonatal encephalopathy: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunisation safety data [2017]
  • Congenital microcephaly: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of safety data after maternal immunisation [2017]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Incidence, Etiology, and Outcome of Bacterial Meningitis in Infants Aged <90 Days in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland: Prospective, Enhanced, National Population-Based Surveillance [2014]

Italy

• Behavioural Neurology
  • Identification of Potential Clusters of Signs and Symptoms to Prioritize Patients' Eligibility for AADCd Screening by 3-OMD Testing: An Italian Delphi Consensus [2024]

• Clinical Drug Investigation
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Italy [2024]

• Clinical Neurophysiology
  • Consensus protocol for EEG and amplitude-integrated EEG assessment and monitoring in neonates [2021]

Japan

• International Journal of Neonatal Screening
  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Diagnosis, Incidence, and Newborn Screening in Japan [2021]

Latin America

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Prevalence of microcephaly: the Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations 2010-2017 [2021]

• MEDICC Review
  • Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Units Reporting to the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology Network: Prevalence and Mortality [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• BMJ Global Health
  • Incidence and outcomes of intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Journal of Global Health
  • The prevalence of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm-born children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of developmental outcomes in 72 974 preterm-born children [2025]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Erythropoietin monotherapy for neuroprotection after neonatal encephalopathy in low-to-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Newborn Brain Society
  • Need for more evidence in the prevention and management of perinatal asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy in low and middle-income countries: A call for action [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2013]

Malaysia

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • The burden of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in Malaysian neonatal intensive care units [2016]

Mexico

• Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
  • Prevalence of early neurodevelopmental disabilities in Mexico: a systematic review [2009]

Netherlands

• Value in Health
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in The Netherlands [2022]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Seizures - management in the neonate
  • Observation and management of infants at risk of neonatal encephalopathy
  • Neonatal Subgaleal Haemorrhage - Practice Recommendation
  • Neonatal Encephalopathy Consensus Statement from the Newborn Clinical Network
  • Microcephaly Diagnostic Guidelines
  • Intracranial haemorrhage in the neonate
  • Hypotonia in neonates
  • Cooling – using TECOtherm NEO in transport
  • Cooling - therapeutic hypothermia in the neonate
  • Brain monitoring in the neonate - Cadwell Video aEEG
  • Brain monitoring in the neonate - Brainz BRM aEEG

Norway

• Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
  • Multidisciplinary and neuroimaging findings in preterm born very low birthweight individuals from birth to 28 years of age: A systematic review of a Norwegian prospective cohort study [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Umbilical cord length and neurodevelopmental disorders, a national cohort study [2025]

Republic of Korea

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Impact of Outborn/Inborn Birth Status of Infants Born at <29 Weeks of Gestation on Neurodevelopmental Impairment: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea [2022]

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Post Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea [2015]

• Scientific Reports
  • Risk factors and influence on neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonatal seizures in very low birth weight infants based on nationwide cohort [2025]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Adherence to hypothermia guidelines in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [2022]

• Neurología (English Edition)
  • Delphi consensus on recommendations for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in Spain (RET-AME consensus) [2022]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Scientific Reports
  • A survey on the diagnosis and management of neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in sub-saharan Africa [2024]

Sweden

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders and somatic diagnoses in a national cohort of children born before 24 weeks of gestation [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Risk factors for seizures in the vigorous term neonate: A population-based register study of singleton births in Sweden [2022]

Switzerland

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Process variations between Swiss units treating neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and their effect on short-term outcome [2021]

Turkey

• Turkish Archives of Pediatrics
  • Turkish Neonatal Society Guideline on neonatal encephalopathy [2018]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Investigating and managing neonatal seizures in the UK: an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach [2020]

• British Association of Perinatal Medicine
  • Neonatal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging [2023]
  • Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy [2020]
  • Fetal and Neonatal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Indications, Acquisitions and Reporting - A Framework for Practice (2016) [2016]

• Health Technology Assessment
  • Nutritional management in newborn babies receiving therapeutic hypothermia: two retrospective observational studies using propensity score matching [2021]

• Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
  • Feeding during neonatal therapeutic hypothermia, assessed using routinely collected National Neonatal Research Database data: a retrospective, UK population-based cohort study [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Neon EEG electrode for EEG monitoring in newborns [2018]
  • Drainage, irrigation and fibrinolytic therapy (DRIFT) for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants [2011]
  • Therapeutic hypothermia with intracorporeal temperature monitoring for hypoxic perinatal brain injury [2010]

• Right Decisions
  • Seizures in the neonate

• Scottish Medical Journal
  • A call to introduce newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in Scotland [2022]

• Scottish Perinatal Network
  • Neuroprotection Care Pathway for Infants with Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy [2020]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Spinal muscular atrophy

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Management of Infantile Epilepsies [2022]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Primary Care Framework to Monitor Preterm Infants for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Early Childhood [2023]
  • Routine Neuroimaging of the Preterm Brain [2020]
  • Hypothermia and Neonatal Encephalopathy [2014]

• American Clinical Neurophysiology Society
  • The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline on Indications for Continuous Electroencephalography Monitoring in Neonates [2025]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy [2014]

• American College of Radiology
  • ACR–AIUM–SPR–SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of an Ultrasound Examination of the Neonatal and Infant Spine
  • ACR–AIUM–SPR–SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of Neurosonography in Neonates and Infants

• American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
  • AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Neurosonography in Neonates and Infants, 2024 Revision [2024]
  • The AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of an Ultrasound Examination of the Neonatal and Infant Spine [2022]
  • AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Neurosonography in Neonates and Infants [2020]
  • AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of an Ultrasound Examination of the Neonatal and Infant Spine [2016]

• American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
  • Newborn screening for neurodevelopmental diseases: Are we there yet? [2022]

• International Journal of Neonatal Screening
  • Landscape of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Newborn Screening in the United States: 2018–2021 [2021]

• JAMA Neurology
  • Newborn Screening for Fragile X [2014]

• JAMA Pediatrics
  • Newborn Screening and Birth Prevalence for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in the US [2024]

• Journal of Child Neurology
  • A National, Electronic Health Record-Based Study of Perinatal Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke [2023]
  • Impact of the Updated Guideline for Pediatric Brain Death Determination on Current Practice [2022]

• Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases
  • Revised Recommendations for the Treatment of Infants Diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Via Newborn Screening Who Have 4 Copies of SMN2 [2020]
  • Treatment Algorithm for Infants Diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy through Newborn Screening [2018]

• National Birth Defects Prevention Network
  • Population-based microcephaly surveillance in the United States, 2009 to 2013: An analysis of potential sources of variation [2016]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Incidence of and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Late-Onset Meningitis Among Children Born Extremely Preterm [2022]
  • Association Between Increased Seizures During Rewarming After Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Abnormal Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2-Year Follow-up: A Nested Multisite Cohort Study [2022]
  • The relationship of neurodevelopmental impairment to concurrent early childhood outcomes of extremely preterm infants [2021]
  • Outcomes of infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: results from three NICHD studies [2021]
  • Neurodevelopmental Impairment Among Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Research Network [2018]
  • Hypothermia and other treatment options for neonatal encephalopathy: an executive summary of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD workshop [2011]

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Neonatal seizures in the U.S. National Inpatient Population: Prevalence and outcomes [2020]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Mild fetal ventriculomegaly: diagnosis, evaluation, and management [2018]

Western countries

• JAMA Neurology
  • Multicenter Consensus Approach to Evaluation of Neonatal Hypotonia in the Genomic Era: A Review [2022]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Guidelines on neonatal seizures [2011]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Newborn
  • Cerebral palsy