Neonatology

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Neonatal respiratory support

Australia

• Queensland Health
  • Respiratory distress and CPAP

• WA Health
  • Ventilation: Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
  • Ventilated Neonate: Nursing Care of
  • Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitoring
  • Safety in air test and home oxygen referral
  • Nitric Oxide Therapy (iNO)
  • Low Flow Oxygen Therapy
  • Intubation
  • Humidified High Flow (HHF) Nasal Cannula Therapy
  • High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
  • High Frequency Jet Ventilation
  • Extubation: Planned and Unplanned
  • End Tidal Capnography Monitoring (ETCO2)
  • Difficult Airway Neonatal
  • Conventional Ventilation
  • Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

Bangladesh

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Bangladesh
  • National guidelines on use of oxygen therapy for management of newborn and paediatric hypoxaemia [2020]

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia agents in Brazilian Neonatal Intensive Care Units – a systematic review [2018]

• Jornal de Pediatria
  • Mechanical ventilation weaning practices in neonatal and pediatric ICUs in Brazil: the Weaning Survey-Brazil [2020]

Canada

• Canadian Neonatal Network
  • Noninvasive Respiratory Support or Intubation during Stabilization after Birth and Neonatal and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Born Preterm at 23-25 Weeks of Gestation [2024]
  • Intermediate vs. High Oxygen Saturation Targets in Preterm Infants: A National Cohort Study [2024]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Inhaled nitric oxide use in newborns [2023]

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • Is It Time to Review Guidelines for ETT Positioning in the NICU? SCEPTIC—Survey of Challenges Encountered in Placement of Endotracheal Tubes in Canadian NICUs [2016]

China

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Analysis of early risk factors of death in preterm infants treated with iNO: a national multicentre retrospective study [2025]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation: a nationwide multicenter study [2025]

• Pediatric Medicine
  • Oxygenation in the newborn: a narrative review in Chinese perspective [2023]

Europe

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Neonatal respiratory and cardiac ECMO in Europe [2021]

India

• BMJ Open
  • Availability and use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for neonatal care in public health facilities in India: a cross-sectional cluster survey [2020]

• Indian Pediatrics
  • Noninvasive Ventilation Strategies in Neonates [2025]

• National Neonatology Forum
  • Oxygen Therapy in Neonates [2021]

International

• Children
  • The Intertemporal Role of Respiratory Support in Improving Neonatal Outcomes: A Narrative Review [2021]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Non-invasive high-frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress [2024]
  • High-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis [2024]
  • Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation [2023]
  • Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants [2023]
  • Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants [2023]

• Early Human Development 
  • Oxygen saturation targets in neonatal care: A narrative review [2024]

• Neonatology
  • Positive Pressure Ventilation in Preterm Infants in the Delivery Room: A Review of Current Practices, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies [2024]
  • Blinding Assessments in Neonatal Ventilation Meta-Analyses: A Systematic Meta-Epidemiological Review [2024]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • NIPPV vs CPAP: Lessons from meta-analyses [2025]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Respiratory support strategies in neonatal transport in the UK and Ireland [2025]

Italy

• Società Italiana di Neonatologia
  • Neonatal respiratory support strategies for the management of extremely low gestational age infants: an Italian survey [2019]

Low and middle income countries

• Journal of Global Health Reports
  • Neonatal oxygen therapy in low- and middle-income countries: a pragmatic review [2020]

Low-income countries

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Efficacy and safety of CPAP in low- and middle-income countries [2016]

Malawi

• Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • National scale of neonatal CPAP to district hospitals in Malawi improves survival for neonates weighing between 1.0 and 1.3 kg [2022]

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Development and validation of a simple algorithm for initiation of CPAP in neonates with respiratory distress in Malawi [2015]

Maldives

• Ministry of Health Maldives
  • National Guideline on Management of Oxygen Therapy in Neonates [2024]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Oxygen Therapy & Monitoring in Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) [2023]

• Starship
  • Ventilation - overview of ventilation in PICU
  • Oxygen therapy and monitoring in neonates
  • Oxygen saturation targets for newborns cared for in New Zealand neonatal units
  • Oxygen - low flow oxygen for neonates
  • Oxygen - humidified high flow oxygen or air for neonates
  • Endotracheal tube management in NICU
  • Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
  • Collapsed ventilated infant in Newborn Services
  • Chronic Lung Disease and Home Oxygen - discharge planning and care following discharge from NICU

Nigeria

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Using intermittent pulse oximetry to guide neonatal oxygen therapy in a low-resource context [2020]

Saudi Arabia

• Journal of Clinical Neonatology
  • Mechanical Ventilation in Newborn Infants Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Saudi Neonatology Society [2017]

Spain

• Archivos de Bronconeumología
  • Summary of Recommendations and Key Points of the Consensus of Spanish Scientific Societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the Use of Non-Invasive Ventilation and High-Flow Oxygen Therapy with Nasal Cannulas in Adult, Pediatric, and Neonatal Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Failure [2021]

• Sociedad Española de Neonatología
  • Recommendations for respiratory support in the newborn (IV). High frequency ventilation, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) [2017]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Oxygen management among infants in neonatal units in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional survey [2021]

Sudan

• Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics
  • Oxygen therapy in neonatal intensive care units in Khartoum State [2015]

Sweden

• Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Respiratory support of infants born at 22-24 weeks of gestational age [2022]

United Kingdom

• British Association of Perinatal Medicine
  • BAPM Neonatal Airway Safety Standard [2024]
  • Managing the Difficult Airway in the Neonate [2020]

• Care Quality Commission
  • Identifying and managing clinical risks in newborn babies and providing care for infants in the community who need respiratory support [2016]

• Infant
  • Home oxygen for infants leaving neonatal units: a nationwide survey [2019]

• NHS England
  • Respiratory Support in the Neonate Clinical Guideline [2025]

• Right Decisions
  • Volume Targeted Ventilation: indication and use in the Neonatal Unit
  • Nitric oxide therapy in the neonate: guideline for the use of inhaled nitric oxide
  • Nitric Oxide administration in MRI
  • Neonatal intubation
  • Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannulae (HHFNC)
  • Home oxygen therapy for neonates
  • High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) : a guide to the use of HFOV in the neonate
  • Difficult airway management, National Neonatal Network guideline

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Oxygen Targeting in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants [2016]
  • Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants at Birth [2014]

• American Association for Respiratory Care
  • AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Artificial Airway Suctioning [2022]

• American Thoracic Society
  • Home Oxygen Therapy for Children. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline [2019]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Invasive mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks post-menstrual age, adverse outcomes with a comparison of recent definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2021]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Markers of Successful Extubation in Extremely Preterm Infants, and Morbidity After Failed Extubation [2017]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Oxygen therapy for children [2016]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal respiratory diseases