Australia - Australia, New Zealand - Belgium - Brazil - Canada - China - East Africa - Ethiopia - Europe - Europe, United States - France - Germany - High-income countries - India - International - Ireland, United Kingdom - Japan - Kenya - Low and middle income countries - Low-income countries - Nepal - New Zealand - Norway - Poland - Portugal - Republic of Korea - Saudi Arabia - South Africa - Spain - Sri Lanka - Sub-Saharan Africa - Sweden - Taiwan - Türkiye - United Kingdom - United States - WHO - {Related topics}

Australia

• Australasian Neonatal Medicines Formulary
  • Dexamethasone [2021]

• SA Health
  • Dexamethasone

• WA Health
  • Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn
  • Surfactant Therapy
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pneumonia
  • Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation of the Lungs
  • Choanal Atresia

Australia, New Zealand

• Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand
  • Respiratory management of infants with chronic neonatal lung disease beyond the NICU: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand [2020]

Belgium

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Surfactant use in late preterm infants: a survey among Belgian neonatologists [2020]

Brazil

• Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
  • Prevalence and factors associated with surfactant use in Brazilian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A multilevel analysis [2018]

Canada

• Canadian Neonatal Network
  • Sex-based differences in apnoea of prematurity: A retrospective cohort study [2018]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Premedication for laryngoscopy in the newborn infant [2026]
  • Guidelines for surfactant replacement therapy in neonates [2021]
  • Postnatal corticosteroids to prevent or treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants [2020]

• Paediatrics & Child Health
  • Evaluation of a practice guideline for the management of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: A quality improvement initiative [2016]

China

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Prevalence and risk factors associated with birth asphyxia among neonates delivered in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
  • Epidemiology and prevalence of pulmonary sequestration in Chinese population, 2010-2019 [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • Variations in bronchopulmonary dysplasia prevalence and outcomes by definition: a multicentre cohort study from the Chinese Neonatal Network [2026]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Healthcare burden of bronchopulmonary dysplasia among very preterm infants in China: a cohort study [2026]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • A nationwide survey on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: insights from the MUNICH survey in 394 Chinese hospitals [2024]

East Africa

• Heliyon
  • Impact of respiratory distress syndrome and birth asphyxia exposure on the survival of preterm neonates in East Africa continent: systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

Ethiopia

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Incidence and predictors of mortality among neonates admitted with birth asphyxia to neonatal intensive care units in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Predictors of birth asphyxia in Ethiopia: an updated systematic review with meta-analysis [2025]

Europe

• European Respiratory Society
  • European Respiratory Society guideline on long-term management of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2020]

• European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
  • Expert Consensus Framework for Standardizing Lung Ultrasound Training for Neonatologists Issued by ESPNIC Neonatal Critical Care Section and Point-of-Care Ultrasound Working Group [2026]
  • Surfactant therapies for pediatric and neonatal ARDS: ESPNIC expert consensus opinion for future research steps [2021]

• European Society of Paediatric Radiology
  • ESR Essentials: imaging of common paediatric pulmonary diseases-practice recommendations by the European Society of Paediatric Radiology [2025]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
  • Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Neonatology
  • European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update [2023]
  • Mode of Delivery and Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Results from the Population-Based EPICE Cohort [2022]
  • European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome - 2019 Update [2019]
  • European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome - 2016 Update [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • Evidence-Based Neonatal Unit Practices and Determinants of Postnatal Corticosteroid-Use in Preterm Births below 30 Weeks GA in Europe. A Population-Based Cohort Study [2017]

Europe, United States

• American Thoracic Society
  • An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Workshop Report: Evaluation of Respiratory Mechanics and Function in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units [2016]

• European Respiratory Society
  • European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia [2025]

• Pediatric Pulmonology
  • The Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Putting The European Respiratory/American Thoracic Guideline Into Practice [2026]

France

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Respiratory distress in late-preterm neonates: from controversy to consensus - a survey of regional advisory boards and neonatologists in France [2025]

• Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • Postnatal corticosteroid exposure in very preterm infants: A French cohort study [2023]

Germany

• Current Opinion in Pediatrics
  • Less invasive surfactant administration: best practices and unanswered questions [2020]

High-income countries

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Late (>= 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants [2021]
  • Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants [2021]

• Neonatology
  • Trends, Characteristic, and Outcomes of Preterm Infants Who Received Postnatal Corticosteroid: A Cohort Study from 7 High-Income Countries [2023]

India

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Preterm with Respiratory Distress [2022]

• Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
  • Surfactants and the importance of informed consent: Nurturing culturally competent care in healthcare settings [2024]

• National Neonatology Forum
  • Surfactant Replacement Therapy in Neonates [2021]

International

• BMC Medicine
  • Guidelines for the use of lung ultrasound to optimise the management of neonatal respiratory distress: international expert consensus [2025]

• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
  • Comparative efficacy and safety of pulmonary surfactant delivery strategies in neonatal RDS: a network meta-analysis [2024]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Exploring reference standards for the measurement of respiratory rate in children under 5 years of age: a scoping review [2026]
  • Diagnostic accuracy of tachypnoea for predicting mortality and identifying sepsis in young infants aged 0-59 days: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2026]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Target product profile: aerosolized surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress [2023]

• Children
  • Evidence for the Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants [2021]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an overview of systematic reviews [2024]
  • Systemic corticosteroids for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a network meta-analysis [2023]
  • Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants [2023]
  • Interventions for the management of transient tachypnoea of the newborn - an overview of systematic reviews [2022]
  • Surfactant therapy via thin catheter in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome [2021]

• Diagnostics
  • Setting the Standards: Neonatal Lung Ultrasound in Clinical Practice [2024]

• EClinicalMedicine
  • Clinical decision thresholds for surfactant administration in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2023]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Characteristics of scores used for quantitative lung ultrasound in neonates: a systematic review [2025]

• European Respiratory Review
  • Characteristics of scores used for quantitative lung ultrasound in neonates: a systematic review [2025]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Outcomes of postnatal systemic corticosteroids administration in ventilated preterm newborns: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [2024]

• Global Health Action
  • The role of chest X-ray in the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review concerning low-resource birth scenarios [2024]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Early nutritional management and risk of neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and mata analysis [2025]

• JAMA Pediatrics
  • Assessment of Postnatal Corticosteroids for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis [2021]

• Jornal de Pediatria
  • Less invasive surfactant administration versus intubation-surfactant-extubation in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses [2024]

• Journal of Pediatrics
  • Prediction Models for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2023]

• Neonatology
  • Less Invasive Surfactant Administration Compared to Intubation, Surfactant, Rapid Extubation Method in Preterm Neonates: An Umbrella Review [2024]
  • Delivery Room Management of Asphyxiated Term and Near-Term Infants [2021]

• Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
  • Surfactant administration and cerebral oxygenation and perfusion in preterm neonates - A systematic review of literature [2025]

• Pediatric Research
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia prediction models: a systematic review and meta-analysis with validation [2023]

• PeerJ
  • Risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Respiratory Research
  • Rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • Non-invasive respiratory support paired with minimally invasive surfactant therapy in preterm infants [2025]

• Vaccine
  • Respiratory distress in the neonate: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data [2017]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Postnatal corticosteroid usage in United Kingdom and Ireland neonatal units [2023]

Japan

• Auris Nasus Larynx
  • Practical guide for the diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia [2024]

• Pediatric Surgery International
  • Timing of surgery and outcomes in patients with congenital pulmonary airway malformation: a national inpatient database study [2025]

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Diagnosis and management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in Japan: A national survey [2023]
  • Management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in Japan: A 10-year nationwide survey [2020]

Kenya

• Ministry of Health Kenya
  • Management of Apnoea of Prematurity National Guideline [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Surfactant Administration Through Laryngeal or Supraglottic Airways (SALSA): A Viable Method for Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries [2022]

• Neonatology
  • The Care of Preterm and Term Newborns with Respiratory Conditions: A Systematic Synthesis of Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries [2025]

• World Health Organization
  • Target product profile for aerosolized surfactant therapy in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome in low- and middle-income countries [2023]

Low-income countries

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Efficacy and safety of surfactant replacement therapy for preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review [2016]

Nepal

• BMC Pediatrics
  • A multicenter study of incidence, risk factors and outcomes of babies with birth asphyxia in Nepal [2021]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Surfactant administration in NICU
  • Pneumothorax in the neonate
  • Oximetry
  • LISA - MIST practice recommendation
  • Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate
  • Chronic Lung Disease discharge planning in Newborn Services
  • Chest drains in the neonate
  • Apnoea monitoring on discharge from Newborn Services
  • Apnoea monitoring and caffeine treatment

Norway

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Early surfactant and non-invasive ventilation versus intubation and surfactant: a propensity score-matched national study [2022]

Poland

• PLoS ONE
  • Implementation of less invasive surfactant administration in clinical practice - Experience of a mid-sized country [2020]

Portugal

• Acta Médica Portuguesa
  • Expert Perspectives on the Management of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency [2023]

Republic of Korea

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Risk factors for refractory respiratory distress syndrome among very-low-birth-weight infants [2024]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Factors associated with the response to postnatal dexamethasone use in very low birthweight infants: a nationwide cohort study [2023]

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Pulmonary Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates: a Nationwide Epidemiological Study in Korea [2020]
  • Recent Changes in the Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea [2015]

• Medicine
  • Risk factors and neonatal outcomes of pulmonary air leak syndrome in extremely preterm infants: A nationwide descriptive cohort study [2023]

• World Journal of Pediatrics
  • Factors affecting length of stay according to bronchopulmonary dysplasia severity: a nationwide cohort study in Korea [2024]

Saudi Arabia

• Council of Health Insurance
  • Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome [2023]

South Africa

• South African Family Practice
  • Management of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome in resource-limited settings [2024]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Management of respiratory distress syndrome in moderate/late preterm neonates: A Delphi consensus [2024]

• Sociedad Española de Neonatología
  • Usefulness of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of respiratory diseases in neonates [2022]
  • Recommendations for respiratory support in the newborn (III). Surfactant and nitric oxide [2015]

Sri Lanka

• Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
  • National Guidelines on Paediatric Respiratory Disorders [2019]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • The effect of gestational age, low birth weight and parity on birth asphyxia among neonates in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis: 2021 [2022]

Sweden

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association of Adherence to Surfactant Best Practice Uses With Clinical Outcomes Among Neonates in Sweden [2021]

Taiwan

• PLoS ONE
  • First-year outcomes of very low birth weight preterm singleton infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with milrinone and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) compared to iNO alone: A nationwide retrospective study [2024]

Türkiye

• Turkish Archives of Pediatrics
  • Surfactant Therapy in Late Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress in Türkiye: An Observational, Prospective, Multicenter Study [2025]
  • Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on the management of respiratory distress syndrome and surfactant treatment [2018]
  • Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2018]

United Kingdom

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Changes in practice of less-invasive surfactant administration (LISA) in United Kingdom neonatal units [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Postnatal corticosteroid use for prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in England and Wales 2012-2019: a retrospective population cohort study [2022]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Increase in the use of inhaled nitric oxide in neonatal intensive care units in England: a retrospective population study [2021]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • Impact of postnatal dexamethasone timing on preterm mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a propensity score analysis [2023]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Specialist neonatal respiratory care for babies born preterm (Quality standard) [2020]
  • Quality statement 2: Minimally invasive administration of surfactant [2020]
  • Specialist neonatal respiratory care for babies born preterm [2019]

• NHS England
  • Less Invasive Surfactant Administration Therapy (LISA) Neonatal Clinical Guideline [2025]
  • Clinical Guideline: Use of Hydrocortisone to reduce incidence of chronic lung disease in neonates [2023]
  • Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Neonates with Respiratory Distress [2022]

• Pediatric Research
  • Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus [2019]

• Right Decisions
  • Surfactant Administration via Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Standard Operating Procedure
  • Respiratory management of preterm infants
  • Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA), neonatal guideline
  • Apnoea of Prematurity

• Scientific Reports
  • Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Infants In Wales: A Full Audit Cycle of a Quality Improvement Project [2020]

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants [2010]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Postnatal Corticosteroids to Prevent or Treat Chronic Lung Disease Following Preterm Birth [2022]
  • Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants [2014]
  • Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Preterm and Term Neonates With Respiratory Distress [2014]
  • Postnatal Corticosteroids to Prevent or Treat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia [2014]

• American Association for Respiratory Care
  • AARC Clinical Practice Guideline. Surfactant Replacement Therapy: 2013 [2013]

• American Family Physician
  • Newborn Respiratory Distress [2015]

• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome [2024]
  • Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia [2024]
  • Apnea of Prematurity [2024]

• American Thoracic Society
  • Outpatient Respiratory Management of Infants, Children, and Adolescents with Post-Prematurity Respiratory Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline [2021]
  • An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: classification, evaluation, and management of childhood interstitial lung disease in infancy [2013]
  • An Official ATS Clinical Policy Statement: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome - Genetic Basis, Diagnosis, and Management [2010]
  • Mechanisms and Limits of Induced Postnatal Lung Growth [2004]

• European Respiratory Journal
  • An interdisciplinary consensus approach to pulmonary hypertension in developmental lung disease [2024]

• Journal of Clinical Investigation
  • Life-saving effect of pulmonary surfactant in premature babies [2024]

• Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research
  • The Burden of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in Preterm and Term/Near-term Infants in the United States 2011–2015 [2019]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • RDS-NExT workshop: consensus statements for the use of surfactant in preterm neonates with RDS [2023]
  • Postnatal steroid management in preterm infants with evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2021]
  • Using quality improvement to implement consensus guidelines for postnatal steroid treatment of preterm infants with developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia [2020]
  • Outcomes associated with surfactant in more mature and larger premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome [2020]

• Laryngoscope
  • Perinatal Airway Management Mandibular Anomalies: A National Inpatient Cohort Analysis [2025]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects of Hydrocortisone by Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Among Extremely Preterm Infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Trial: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial [2023]
  • Assessment of Corticosteroid Therapy and Death or Disability According to Pretreatment Risk of Death or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Preterm Infants [2023]
  • Online clinical tool to estimate risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants [2022]
  • Timing of postnatal steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes [2020]

• Pediatric Drugs
  • Current and Emerging Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants [2025]

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Long-term burden of respiratory complications associated with extreme prematurity: An analysis of US Medicaid claims [2022]

• StatPearls
  • Surfactant

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Perinatal asphyxia

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Premature infants, low birth weight, small for gestational age
  • Newborn
  • Neonatal resuscitation
  • Neonatal respiratory support
  • Neonatal infections
  • Meconium aspiration syndrome, meconium-stained amniotic fluid
  • Fetal maturation, antenatal corticosteroids