Obesity, eating disorders

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Obesity in children and adolescents: diet, nutrition, physical activity

Canada

• Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
  • The effectiveness of voluntary policies and commitments in restricting unhealthy food marketing to Canadian children on food company websites [2018]

• BMC Public Health
  • Proportion of preschool-aged children meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and associations with adiposity: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey [2017]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Calls for restricting the marketing of unhealthy foods to children ignored by policy makers [2014]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • The role of dietary fibre and prebiotics in the paediatric diet [2020]
  • School nutrition: Support for providing healthy food and beverage choices in schools [2020]
  • A proposal to increase taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Canada [2020]
  • Energy and sports drinks in children and adolescents [2017]
  • Dieting in adolescence [2014]

• Health Canada
  • Children and Healthy Eating

• International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • Changes to the school food and physical activity environment after guideline implementation in British Columbia, Canada [2014]

• Paediatrics & Child Health
  • Increasing Canadian paediatricians’ awareness and use of the new Canadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for ages 0 to 17 years [2017]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Benchmarking unhealthy food marketing to children and adolescents in Canada: a scoping review [2022]

Canada, Central Asia, Europe

• WHO European Region
  • A focus on adolescent physical activity, eating behaviours, weight status and body image in Europe, central Asia and Canada: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021/2022 survey [2024]

Chile

• Nutrients
  • Nutritional Status of 8,128,014 Chilean and Immigrant Children and Adolescents Evaluated by the National Board of School Aid and Scholarships (JUNAEB) Between 2013 and 2023 [2025]

China

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Limitations of studies on school-based nutrition education interventions for obesity in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • Physical activity, screen viewing time, and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: an update from the 2017 physical activity and fitness in China—the youth study [2019]

• British Journal of Sports Medicine
  • Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) [2020]

• Journal of Sport and Health Science
  • Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: Prevalence, correlates, and the relationships with overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents [2021]

• Nutrients
  • Meeting 24-Hour Movement and Dietary Guidelines: Prevalence, Correlates and Association with Weight Status among Children and Adolescents: A National Cross-Sectional Study in China [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Time Trends in Fast Food Consumption and Its Association with Obesity among Children in China [2016]

Czech Republic

• Advances in Nutrition
  • From an Inactive and Obese to a Fit Child: How Long Is the Way? Czech Experiences [2011]

• Central European Journal of Public Health
  • Sugar-sweetened beverages and childhood abnormal adiposity in the Czech Republic - narrative literature review [2023]

Developed countries

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Use of Dietary Indexes among Children in Developed Countries [2011]

Ethiopia

• PLoS ONE
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of adolescent nutrition in Ethiopia: Transforming adolescent lives through nutrition (TALENT) initiative [2023]

Europe

• European Academy of Paediatrics
  • Front-Of-Pack Nutrition Labelling: A Position Statement of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Childhood Obesity Group [2021]
  • Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Paediatric Age: A Position Paper of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Childhood Obesity Group [2019]

• European Association for the Study of Obesity
  • EASO and EFAD Position Statement on Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents [2023]

• European Childhood Obesity Group
  • There Is a Clinical Need to Consider the Physical Activity: Sedentary Pattern in Children with Obesity - Position Paper of the European Childhood Obesity Group [2022]
  • Ultra-Processed Food Consumption among the Paediatric Population: An Overview and Call to Action from the European Childhood Obesity Group [2020]
  • Physical Activity in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity: The Position of the European Childhood Obesity Group and the European Academy of Pediatrics [2020]
  • Digital Food Marketing to Young People: A Substantial Public Health Challenge [2020]
  • Could sport be part of pediatric obesity prevention and treatment? Expert conclusions from the 28th European Childhood Obesity Group Congress [2019]
  • Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Pediatric Obesity: What are the First Steps for Clinicians? Expert Conclusion from the 2016 ECOG Workshop [2017]
  • Muscle Strength and Fitness in Pediatric Obesity: a Systematic Review from the European Childhood Obesity Group [2016]

• European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
  • Role of Dietary Factors, Food Habits, and Lifestyle in Childhood Obesity Development: A Position Paper From the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition [2021]
  • Sugar in Infants, Children and Adolescents: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition [2017]

• Obesity Facts
  • Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration of Children Aged 6–9 Years in 25 Countries: An Analysis within the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) 2015–2017 [2020]

• Preventive Medicine Reports
  • Public health interventions tackling childhood obesity at European level: A literature review [2022]

• WHO European Region
  • Protecting children from unhealthy food marketing in the WHO European Region: guidance for Member States on designing a legislative response [2024]
  • Policy brief on the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and childhood overweight and obesity [2024]
  • WHO Regional Office for Europe nutrient profile model: second edition [2023]
  • Nutrient and promotion profile model: supporting appropriate promotion of food products for infants and young children 6–36 months in the WHO European Region [2022]
  • Future steps to tackle obesity: digital innovations into policy and actions. Conference report, 29 June 2021 (2022) [2022]
  • Fifteenth Meeting of the WHO European Action Network on Reducing Marketing Pressure on Children [2022]
  • Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): physical activity habits of children aged 6-9 in the WHO European region [2020]
  • Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): eating habits of children in 23 European countries [2020]

Greece

• Children
  • Do Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity Adhere to the National Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in Greece? [2022]
  • Dietary Patterns, Weight Perception and Obesity Status, among 10–12-Year-Old Children; an Epidemiological Study in Greece [2021]

• Nutrients
  • The Association between the Dietary Antioxidant Index and Weight Status in Primary School Students: An Epidemiological Study [2024]

High-income countries

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Obesity Prevention within the Early Childhood Education and Care Setting: A Systematic Review of Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity Policies and Guidelines in High Income Countries [2021]

• Obesity Reviews
  • Methods for the economic evaluation of obesity prevention dietary interventions in children: A systematic review and critical appraisal of the evidence [2022]

India

• Diabetes Therapy
  • Childhood Obesity and Essential Micronutrients: Insights from India's Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (2016-18) [2023]

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on the Fast and Junk Foods, Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Energy Drinks [2019]

International

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption in Children and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Optimal exercise dose on Body Mass Index (BMI) in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and bayesian model-based network meta-analysis [2025]

• BMJ Medicine
  • Effects of nutritional intervention strategies in the primary prevention of overweight and obesity in school settings: systematic review and network meta-analysis [2022]

• Children
  • The Effectiveness of School-Based Interventions on Obesity-Related Behaviours in Primary School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials [2021]

• Current Obesity Reports
  • Diet Quality Scores, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • A Review of Nutritional Guidelines and Menu Compositions for School Feeding Programs in 12 Countries [2015]

• Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
  • Clinical and school-based intervention strategies for youth obesity prevention: A systematic review [2023]

• Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness
  • Policies for promotion of physical activity and prevention of obesity in adolescence [2016]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children: Proceedings of a Workshop [2017]

• Nutrients
  • Association between Food, Beverages and Overweight/Obesity in Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies [2023]
  • Current Recommendations for Nutritional Management of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Structured Framework [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Correlates of Total Sedentary Time and Screen Time in 9–11 Year-Old Children around the World: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment [2015]

• Sports Medicine - Open
  • 24-h Movement Guidelines and Overweight and Obesity Indicators in Toddlers, Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2023]

• Systematic Reviews
  • Effect of interventions based on regular physical activity on weight management in adolescents: a systematic review and a meta-analysis [2021]

Iran

• Iranian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Regional Disparities in Sedentary Behaviors and Meal Frequency in Iranian Adolescents: The CASPIAN-III Study [2015]

Japan

• Nutrients
  • School Lunch and Body Size in Japanese Junior High School Students: The Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey [2025]
  • Association between Food Sources of Free Sugars and Weight Status among Children and Adolescents in Japan: The 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan [2022]

Kyrgyzstan

• WHO European Region
  • Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Kyrgyzstan: fourth round of data collection (2017/2018) [2022]

Latin America

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activity and sitting time patterns in adolescents aged 15-17 years: an international comparison in eight Latin American countries [2020]

• Obesity Reviews
  • Nutrition status of children in Latin America [2017]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• International Journal of Obesity
  • School environments and obesity: a systematic review of interventions and policies among school-age students in Latin America and the Caribbean [2023]

Malta

• BMC Public Health
  • Physical activity, screen time and obesity status in a nationally representative sample of Maltese youth with international comparisons [2014]

Mexico, United States

• Children
  • The Effects of Food Environment on Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review [2023]

Middle East

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
  • Burden of Early Life Obesity and Its Relationship with Protein Intake in Infancy: The Middle East Expert Consensus [2022]

New Zealand

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Child feeding indexes measuring adherence to New Zealand nutrition guidelines: Development and assessment [2022]

• Ministry of Health New Zealand
  • Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children and Young People (Aged 2–18 years): A background paper [2015]

Peru

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Impact of Food Assistance Programs on Obesity in Mothers and Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Peru [2016]

Poland

• Archives of Medical Science
  • Assessment of selected nutrient intake by Polish preschool children compared to dietary recommendations: a meta-analysis [2020]

Portugal

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Exploring dietary patterns and their association with environmental sustainability and body mass index in children and adolescents: Insights from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016 [2024]

Republic of Korea

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Nutritional standards for energy-dense low-nutrient density foods for children in Korea [2014]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Association of dietary habits with general and abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents: cluster analysis of nationwide population survey data [2024]

• Nutrients
  • Associations between School Lunch and Obesity in Korean Children and Adolescents Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2019 Data: A Cross-Sectional Study [2023]
  • Association between the Dietary Phytochemical Index and Lower Prevalence of Obesity in Korean Preschoolers [2023]

• Nutrition Research and Practice
  • Relationship between adhering to dietary guidelines and the risk of obesity in Korean children [2014]

Singapore

• Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore
  • Consensus statement on Singapore integrated 24-hour activity guide for children and adolescents [2022]

South Asia

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Diet and Physical Activity Interventions to Prevent or Treat Obesity in South Asian Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2015]

Tajikistan

• WHO European Region
  • Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Tajikistan. Report on the fourth (2016/2017) and fifth (2019) rounds of data collection [2023]

United Kingdom

• British Journal of Nutrition
  • Examination of dietary intake of UK preschool children by varying carers: evidence from the 2008-2016 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey [2022]

• International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associations with socio-demographics and obesity: cross-sectional analysis of UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–12) [2015]

• Journal of Sport and Health Science
  • A critical review of national physical activity policies relating to children and young people in England [2020]

• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
  • Childhood obesity: applying All Our Health

• PLoS Medicine
  • Associations between trajectories of obesity prevalence in English primary school children and the UK soft drinks industry levy: An interrupted time series analysis of surveillance data [2023]

• Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
  • Nutrition and obesity

• Scottish Government
  • Healthy eating in schools: guidance 2020 [2021]
  • Growing up in Scotland: overweight, obesity and activity [2012]

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Physical Activity Assessment and Counseling in Pediatric Clinical Settings [2020]
  • The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children [2019]
  • Public Policies to Reduce Sugary Drink Consumption in Children and Adolescents [2019]
  • Snacks, Sweetened Beverages, Added Sugars, and Schools [2015]

• American Heart Association
  • Promoting Physical Activity in Children and Youth: A Leadership Role for Schools [2006]

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Executive summary: evaluating the evidence base to support the inclusion of infants and children from birth to 24 mo of age in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans—“the B-24 Project” [2014]

• American Journal of Public Health
  • Reducing Childhood Obesity by Eliminating 100% Fruit Juice [2012]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Temporal Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake Among Adults Aged >=19 Years — United States, 2003–2016 [2021]
  • Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019 [2020]

• Childhood Obesity
  • iPhone App Adherence to Expert-Recommended Guidelines for Pediatric Obesity Prevention [2014]
  • States Lack Physical Activity Policies in Child Care That Are Consistent with National Recommendations [2014]

• International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • Development of a national childhood obesogenic environment index in the United States: differences by region and rurality [2020]

• Journal of Nutrition
  • Trends in Added Sugars Intake and Sources Among US Children, Adolescents, and Teens Using NHANES 2001–2018 [2022]

• Journal of Pediatrics
  • 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Body Weight in Youth [2020]

• Society of Behavioral Medicine
  • Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: SBM supports retaining healthy school lunch policies [2015]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Taking action to protect children from the harmful impact of food marketing: a child rights-based approach [2023]
  • Policies to protect children from the harmful impact of food marketing: WHO guideline [2023]
  • Protecting children from the harmful impact of food marketing: policy brief [2022]
  • Promoting physical activity through schools: policy brief [2022]
  • Nudges to promote healthy eating in schools: policy brief [2022]
  • Food marketing exposure and power and their associations with food-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviours: a narrative review [2022]
  • Standards for healthy eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in early childhood education and care settings: a toolkit: web annex: development of the standards and global survey questionnaire [2021]
  • Standards for healthy eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in early childhood education and care settings: a toolkit [2021]
  • Promoting physical activity through schools: a toolkit [2021]
  • Nutrition action in schools: a review of evidence related to the nutrition-friendly schools initiative [2021]
  • Implementing school food and nutrition policies: a review of contextual factors [2021]
  • Assessing the existing evidence base on school food and nutrition policies: a scoping review [2021]
  • Guideline: implementing effective actions for improving adolescent nutrition [2018]
  • Global nutrition targets 2025: childhood overweight policy brief [2014]
  • Nutrition in adolescence - Issues and Challenges for the Health Sector [2005]

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Regional framework on nurturing resilient and healthy future generations in the Western Pacific [2022]
  • Regional action framework on protecting children from the harmful impact of food marketing in the Western Pacific [2020]
  • Protecting children from the harmful impact of food marketing [2019]
  • Be smart drink water : a guide for school principals in restricting the sale and marketing of sugary drinks in and around schools [2016]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obesity: diet, nutrition, physical activity
  • Obesity in children and adolescents