Obesity, eating disorders

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Obesity: diet, nutrition, physical activity

Africa

• Nutrients
  • A Scoping Review of Policies Related to the Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Africa [2021]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Consumption of Ultra-processed and Processed Foods with Excessive Nutrients Associated with Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases and Unhealthy Diets in the Americas [2023]
  • Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in the Region of the Americas [2021]
  • Research to Support the Development of Front-of-Package Labeling Regulations for Food Products in the Americas: Methods, Tools, and Procedures [2021]
  • Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model [2016]

Arab countries

• Nutrición Hospitalaria
  • The Food Dome: dietary guidelines for Arab countries [2012]

Argentina

• PLoS ONE
  • The burden of disease and economic impact of sugar-sweetened beverages’ consumption in Argentina: A modeling study [2023]

Australia

• Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
  • Local government policies on healthy food promotion and obesity prevention: results from a national Australian survey [2022]

• Australian Family Physician
  • The 2013 Australian dietary guidelines and recommendations for older Australians [2015]
  • Overweight and obesity – use of portion control in management [2010]

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Poor diet [2019]

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • The Australian Dietary Guidelines review: Time to plan for wider dissemination via general practitioners [2021]

• Department of Health and Aged Care
  • Eat for Health

• National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Australian Dietary Guidelines [2013]

• Nutrients
  • A Comparison of the Australian Dietary Guidelines to the NOVA Classification System in Classifying Foods to Predict Energy Intakes and Body Mass Index [2022]
  • Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults [2018]
  • Interpreting the Australian Dietary Guideline to “Limit” into Practical and Personalised Advice [2015]

• Nutrition Australia
  • Nutrition Australia

• Scientific Reports
  • Typical food portion sizes consumed by Australian adults: results from the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey [2016]

Austria

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Obesity, Fruit and Vegetable Intake, and Physical Activity Patterns in Austrian Farmers Compared to the General Population [2022]

• Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
  • Evaluation of a meal replacement-based weight management program in primary care settings according to the actual European Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Obesity in Adults [2014]

Bahrain

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • The Bahraini food based dietary guidelines: a holistic perspective to health and wellbeing [2023]

Barbados

• International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • Assessing the impact of the Barbados sugar-sweetened beverage tax on beverage sales: an observational study [2019]

Brazil

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Evolution of nutrition actions in primary health care along the 20-year history of the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Policy [2022]

• International Journal of Public Health
  • Changes in Obesity Prevalence Attributable to Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Brazil Between 2002 and 2009 [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Impact of implementation of front-of-package nutrition labeling on sugary beverage consumption and consequently on the prevalence of excess body weight and obesity and related direct costs in Brazil: An estimate through a modeling study [2023]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Canada’s new Healthy Eating Strategy [2019]

• Government of Canada
  • Canada's Food Guide

• Health Canada
  • Canada’s food guide stakeholder toolkit [2019]
  • Health Canada's healthy eating strategy
  • Canada’s dietary guidelines

• Nutrients
  • Assessment of Packaged Foods and Beverages Carrying Nutrition Marketing against Canada’s Food Guide Recommendations [2019]

• Nutrition Journal
  • Association of breakfast consumption with body mass index and prevalence of overweight/obesity in a nationally-representative survey of Canadian adults [2016]

• Obesity Canada
  • Medical Nutrition Therapy [2022]
  • Physical Activity in Obesity Management [2020]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Healthy food procurement and nutrition standards in public facilities: evidence synthesis and consensus policy recommendations [2018]

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Adherence to a priori dietary patterns in relation to obesity: results from two cycles of the Canadian National Nutrition Survey [2023]

• Statistics Canada
  • Health associations with meeting the new Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommendations according to body mass index classes in Canadian adults [2022]

Canada, United States

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy [2023]

Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Recommended Nutrient Intakes and Population Nutrient Intake Goals for the Caribbean [2020]

China

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Guidelines for medical nutrition treatment of overweight/obesity in China (2021) [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Is economic environment associated with the physical activity levels and obesity in Chinese adults? A cross-sectional study of 30 regions in China [2017]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Trends of central obesity and associations with nutrients intake and daily behaviors among women of childbearing age in China [2022]

• China CDC Weekly
  • Interpretation of Healthy Diet Campaign in Healthy China Initiative 2019–2030 [2021]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Modeling the Effect of Physical Activity on Obesity in China: Evidence from the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Study 1989–2011 [2017]
  • A Review of the Growth of the Fast Food Industry in China and Its Potential Impact on Obesity [2016]

• Nutrients
  • Dietary Patterns and Obesity in Chinese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • A Systematic Review of Diet Quality Index and Obesity among Chinese Adults [2021]
  • The Development of a Chinese Healthy Eating Index and Its Application in the General Population [2017]

• Obesity Reviews
  • The emergence of cardiometabolic disease risk in Chinese children and adults: consequences of changes in diet, physical activity, and obesity [2014]
  • Synthesis and Implications: China’s Nutrition Transition in the Context of Changes Across other Low and Middle Income Countries [2014]
  • Dynamics of the Chinese Diet and the Role of Urbanicity, 1991–2011 [2014]
  • China in the period of transition from scarcity and extensive undernutrition to emerging nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases, 1949–1992 [2014]

Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East

• Nutrients
  • Food-Based Dietary Guidelines around the World: Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Countries [2019]

Ethiopia

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Dietary Recommendations for Ethiopians on the Basis of Priority Diet-Related Diseases and Causes of Death in Ethiopia: An Umbrella Review [2023]

Europe

• European Association for the Study of Obesity
  • European Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults Developed in Collaboration with the European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians [2023]
  • Exercise training in the management of overweight and obesity in adults: Synthesis of the evidence and recommendations from the European Association for the Study of Obesity Physical Activity Working Group [2021]
  • European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Nutritional management of individuals with obesity and COVID-19: ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance [2022]

• WHO European Region
  • The Diet Impact Assessment model: a tool for analyzing the health, environmental and affordability implications of dietary change [2023]
  • Promoting physical activity and healthy diets for healthy ageing in the WHO European Region [2023]
  • Nutrition, overweight and obesity: factsheet on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): health target [2021]
  • Factsheets on health-enhancing physical activity in the 28 European Union Member States of the WHO European Region [2015]
  • Country profiles on nutrition, physical activity and obesity in the 53 WHO European Region Member States [2013]
  • Nutrition, Physical Activity & Obesity

France

• Nutrients
  • Guidelines on Standard and Therapeutic Diets for Adults in Hospitals by the French Association of Nutritionist Dieticians (AFDN) and the French Speaking Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SFNCM) [2021]
  • French Recommendations for Sugar Intake in Adults: A Novel Approach Chosen by ANSES [2018]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort [2020]
  • Adherence to the 2017 French dietary guidelines and adult weight gain: A cohort study [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Dietary Quality and 6-Year Anthropometric Changes in a Sample of French Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults [2014]

Germany

• BMC Public Health
  • Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: impact on overweight and obesity in Germany [2017]

High-income countries

• Food Science & Nutrition
  • A mixed-method systematic review and meta-analysis of the influences of food environments and food insecurity on obesity in high-income countries [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Physical activity motives, barriers, and preferences in people with obesity: A systematic review [2021]

Ibero-America

• Nutrients
  • Ibero–American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages [2018]

India

• Nutrients
  • Sugar Intake, Obesity, and Diabetes in India [2014]

• World Health Organization
  • The growth of ultra-processed foods in India: an analysis of trends, issues and policy recommendations [2023]

Indonesia

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Taking the Indonesian nutrition history to leap into betterment of the future generation: development of the Indonesian Nutrition Guidelines [2011]
  • Do Indonesians follow its Dietary Guidelines? - evidence related to food consumption, healthy lifestyle, and nutritional status within the period 2000-2010 [2011]

International

• Archives of Medical Science : AMS
  • Which exercise interventions are more helpful in treating primary obesity in young adults? A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis [2022]

• Current Obesity Reports
  • Food Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention: An International Perspective [2014]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Progress Evaluation for Transnational Restaurant Chains to Reformulate Products and Standardize Portions to Meet Healthy Dietary Guidelines and Reduce Obesity and Non-Communicable Disease Risks, 2000–2018: A Scoping and Systematic Review to Inform Policy [2019]

• International Journal of Obesity
  • International Study of Objectively-measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with Body Mass Index and Obesity: IPEN Adult Study [2015]

• Lancet Planetary Health
  • Health and nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their association with environmental impacts: a global modelling analysis with country-level detail [2018]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Sustainable Diets, Food, and Nutrition: Proceedings of a Workshop [2019]
  • Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans [2017]
  • Optimizing the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: The Selection Process [2017]

• Nutrients
  • Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies [2023]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Artificially Sweetened Beverages and the Response to the Global Obesity Crisis [2017]

Italy

• Epidemiologia e Prevenzione
  • From surveillance to development of nutritional guidelines [2015]

Japan

• Nutrients
  • Trends in Food Group Intake According to Body Size among Young Japanese Women: The 2001-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey [2022]

Latin America

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Trends in dietary patterns of Latin American populations [2003]

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications [2019]
  • Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Trends, impact on obesity, policy implications [2015]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Sugar-sweetened Beverage Tax Indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean [2022]
  • Healthy Food: A Human Rights-based Approach [2022]
  • Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2021: Statistics and Trends [2021]

Lebanon

• BMC Public Health
  • Diet, physical activity and socio-economic disparities of obesity in Lebanese adults: findings from a national study [2015]

Malaysia

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Intake of added sugar in Malaysia: a review [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • Physical activity and overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults: findings from the 2015 National Health and morbidity survey (NHMS) [2017]

• NutriWeb Malaysia
  • NutriWeb Malaysia

Mexico

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Taxes on Sugar-sweetened Beverages as a Public Health Strategy: The Experience of Mexico [2015]

Middle-income countries

• PLoS ONE
  • Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages to Reduce Overweight and Obesity in Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review [2016]

Netherlands

• Nutrients
  • Total, Free, and Added Sugar Consumption and Adherence to Guidelines: The Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007–2010 [2016]

• SSM - Population Health
  • The association of unhealthy and healthy food store accessibility with obesity prevalence among adults in the Netherlands: A spatial analysis [2022]

New Zealand

• Ministry of Health New Zealand
  • Adults’ Dietary Habits [2022]
  • Eating and Activity Guidelines for New Zealand Adults [2020]
  • How We Eat – Reviews of the evidence on food and eating behaviours related to diet and body size [2017]
  • Evaluation of the Food and Nutrition Guidelines Series [2014]
  • Guidelines on Physical Activity for Older People (aged 65 years and over) [2013]
  • Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People: A background paper [2013]

• Nutrients
  • Exploring the Dietary Patterns of Young New Zealand Women and Associations with BMI and Body Fat [2016]

Peru

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Reformulation of Top-Selling Processed and Ultra-Processed Foods and Beverages in the Peruvian Food Supply after Front-of-Package Warning Label Policy [2022]

• Nutrients
  • The Fruit Intake-Adiposity Paradox: Findings from a Peruvian Cross-Sectional Study [2023]
  • Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Adults: Evidence from a National Health Survey in Peru [2022]

Poland

• Nutrients
  • Public Awareness of Diet-Related Diseases and Dietary Risk Factors: A 2022 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey among Adults in Poland [2022]
  • A National Study of Nutrition and Nutritional Status of the Adult Polish Population in the Years 2017–2020 before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Design and Methods [2021]

• Przeglad Menopauzalny = Menopause Review
  • Guidelines for dietary management of menopausal women with simple obesity [2015]

Republic of Korea

• Clinical Hypertension
  • Effect of carbohydrate-restricted diets and intermittent fasting on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension management: consensus statement of the Korean Society for the Study of obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension [2022]

• Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
  • Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension [2022]

• Epidemiology and Health
  • Positive association of unhealthy plant-based diets with the incidence of abdominal obesity in Korea: a comparison of baseline, most recent, and cumulative average diets [2022]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Associations between Physical Activity and Obesity Defined by Waist-To-Height Ratio and Body Mass Index in the Korean Population [2016]

Russia

• WHO European Region
  • Nutrition labelling and nutrient composition of food products in the Russian Federation: assessment summary [2023]

Samoa

• American Journal of Human Biology
  • Long-term trends in food availability, food prices, and obesity in Samoa [2012]

Singapore

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Dietary guidelines in Singapore [2011]

South Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Evidence to support a food-based dietary guideline on sugar consumption in South Africa [2012]

South-East Asia, Western Pacific

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • National nutrition surveillance programmes in 18 countries in South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions: a systematic scoping review [2023]

Spain

• Nutrición Hospitalaria
  • The Spanish diet: an update [2013]
  • Associated factors of obesity in Spanish representative samples [2013]
  • Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document): The role of diet in obesity treatment (III/III) [2012]
  • Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document): The role of diet in obesity prevention (II/III) [2012]
  • Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document): Methodology and executive summary (I/III) [2012]

• PLoS ONE
  • Adherence to dietary guidelines for the Spanish population and risk of overweight/obesity in the SUN cohort [2019]

Switzerland

• Nutrients
  • The Importance of Sweet Beverage Definitions When Targeting Health Policies—The Case of Switzerland [2020]
  • The Contribution of Diet Quality to Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity: A Population-based Study of Swiss Adults [2019]

Taiwan

• Journal of Nutritional Science
  • Relationship between overweight and obesity and insufficient micronutrient intake: a nationwide study in Taiwan [2023]

Thailand

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Food based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) development and promotion in Thailand [2011]

United Kingdom

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price
  • Healthy eating

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Maintaining a healthy weight and preventing excess weight gain among adults and children [2015]
  • Diet - NICE Pathways [2011]

• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
  • The Eatwell Guide
  • Healthy eating: applying All Our Health

• Public Health England
  • Healthy weight environments: using the planning system
  • Health matters: obesity and the food environment

• Scottish Government
  • Diet and healthy weight monitoring report

United States

• Advances in Nutrition
  • What Do Government Agencies Consider in the Debate Over Added Sugars? [2013]

• American Heart Association
  • Popular Dietary Patterns: Alignment With American Heart Association 2021 Dietary Guidance: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Implementing American Heart Association Pediatric and Adult Nutrition Guidelines [2009]
  • Dietary Recommendations for Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Practitioners [2006]
  • Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee [2006]
  • Dietary Recommendations for Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Practitioners: Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association [2005]

• BMJ Open
  • What is the cost-effectiveness of menu calorie labelling on reducing obesity-associated cancer burdens? An economic evaluation of a federal policy intervention among 235 million adults in the USA [2023]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Prevalence of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Adults — 23 States and the District of Columbia, 2013 [2016]
  • Nutrition
  • Exercise or Physical Activity

• International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus: an updated systematic review of the literature [2011]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Variations in Obesity Rates between US Counties: Impacts of Activity Access, Food Environments, and Settlement Patterns [2017]

• JAMA
  • Behavioral Treatment of Obesity in Patients Encountered in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review [2014]

• Journal of Nutrition
  • The Healthy Eating Index-2010 Is a Valid and Reliable Measure of Diet Quality According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [2014]

• Journal of Obesity
  • A Study of the Relationship between Food Group Recommendations and Perceived Stress: Findings from Black Women in the Deep South [2015]
  • Weight Loss Maintenance in African American Women: A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention Literature [2013]

• Mayo Clinic Proceedings
  • The Inadmissibility of ‘What We Eat In America’ (WWEIA) and NHANES Dietary Data in Nutrition & Obesity Research and the Scientific Formulation of National Dietary Guidelines [2015]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Evaluating the Process to Develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025: Final Report [2022]

• National Academies Press
  • Physical Activity: Moving Toward Obesity Solutions: Workshop Summary [2015]

• Nutrients
  • A Diet for Healthy Weight: Why Reaching a Consensus Seems Difficult [2020]

• Nutrition Journal
  • Whole grain consumption trends and associations with body weight measures in the United States: results from the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2012 [2016]
  • Are restrictive guidelines for added sugars science based? [2015]

• Nutrition.gov
  • Nutrition.gov

• Obesity Reviews
  • A systematic scoping review of the literacy literature to develop a digital food and nutrition literacy model for low-income adults to make healthy choices in the online food retail ecosystem to reduce obesity risk [2022]

• Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy
  • The State of Evaluation Research on Food Policies to Reduce Obesity and Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 2000–2011 [2015]

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Vietnam

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Food based dietary guidelines in Vietnam: progress and lessons learned [2011]

• PLoS ONE
  • Estimating the health impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage tax for informing policy decisions about the obesity burden in Vietnam [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline [2023]
  • Total fat intake for the prevention of unhealthy weight gain in adults and children: WHO guideline [2023]
  • Healthy diet metrics: a suitability assessment of indicators for global and national monitoring purposes [2023]
  • Healthier food and healthier food environments at sports events: an action guide for sports event organizers [2023]
  • Harmonizing and mainstreaming the measurement of healthy diets: technical expert meeting, Bellagio, Italy, 28 November-2 December 2022 [2023]
  • Global report on the use of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, 2023 [2023]
  • Carbohydrate intake for adults and children: WHO guideline [2023]
  • WHO manual on sugar-sweetened beverage taxation policies to promote healthy diets [2022]
  • The nutrition challenge: food system solutions [2022]
  • Reformulation of food and beverage products for healthier diets: policy brief [2022]
  • Nutrition labelling: policy brief [2022]
  • Health effects of the use of non-sugar sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Fiscal policies to promote healthy diets: policy brief [2022]
  • Report of the technical consultation on measuring healthy diets: concepts, methods and metrics [2021]
  • Implementing policies to restrict food marketing: a review of contextual factors [2021]
  • Implementing nutrition labelling policies: a review of contextual factors [2021]
  • Implementing fiscal and pricing policies to promote healthy diets: a review of contextual factors [2021]
  • Food systems for health: information brief [2021]
  • Action framework for developing and implementing public food procurement and service policies for a healthy diet [2021]
  • Mobilizing ambitious and impactful commitments for mainstreaming nutrition in health systems: nutrition in universal health coverage – global nutrition summit [2020]
  • Sustainable healthy diets: guiding principles [2019]
  • Strengthening nutrition action: a resource guide for countries based on the policy recommendations of the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) [2018]
  • Global recommendations on physical activity for health [2010]
  • Physical Activity
  • Healthy diet: Fact sheet
  • Healthy diet

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Summary report on the Regional meeting on tackling obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region with more focus on healthy diet [2019]
  • Promoting a healthy diet for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: user-friendly guide [2012]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obesity in children and adolescents: diet, nutrition, physical activity
  • Obesity