Pregnancy

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Bleeding in pregnancy, placenta diseases

Australasia

• Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
  • Placenta

Australia

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Peripartum hysterectomy in Australia: a working paper using the National Hospital Morbidity Database 2003–04 to 2013–14 [2016]

• Better Safer Care
  • Antepartum haemorrhage: assessment and management

• Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology
  • A practical guide to placental examination for forensic pathologists [2020]

• Medical Journal of Australia
  • Updated Australian consensus statement on management of inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy [2019]

• SA Health
  • Women Who Decline Blood Transfusion
  • Morbidly Adherent Placenta Management
  • Histopathology Management of the Placenta
  • Blood Transfusion and Massive Blood Transfusion (Perinatal)
  • Bleeding in Early Pregnancy (Ectopic Pregnancy, Miscarriage, PUL)
  • Antepartum Haemorrhage (including Uterine Rupture)

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) [2023]
  • Vasa praevia [2019]

Canada

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Placental Abruption
  • Placenta Previa/Accreta
  • First Trimester Bleeding

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Diagnosis and Management of Vasa Previa [2023]
  • Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa [2020]
  • Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders [2019]

China

• BMJ Open
  • Incidence, trends and risk factors for obstetric massive blood transfusion in China from 2012 to 2019: an observational study [2021]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Prevalence of placenta previa among deliveries: An update systematic review and meta-analysis after the introduction of the two-child policy in Mainland China [2024]

• Medicine
  • Prevalence of placenta previa among deliveries in Mainland China: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

• Placenta
  • Epidemiology of placenta accreta spectrum disorders in Chinese pregnant women: A multicenter hospital-based study [2022]

Colombia

• Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
  • Colombian Consensus on the Treatment of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) [2022]

Denmark

• BMC Health Services Research
  • A cost-minimisation analysis of performing point-of-care ultrasonography on patients with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy in general practice: a decision analytical model [2022]

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
  • A Literature Review of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder: The Place of Expectant Management in Ethiopian Setup [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Fetal outcomes and associated factors of antepartum hemorrhage in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

Europe

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Management of major obstetric hemorrhage prior to peripartum hysterectomy and outcomes across nine European countries [2021]
  • Epidemiological analysis of peripartum hysterectomy across nine European countries [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Management and outcomes of women with placenta accreta spectrum grade 3: an INOSS multicountry multiperiod population-based study [2025]

Europe, United States

• Society of Abdominal Radiology
  • Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: Update and Pictorial Review of the SAR-ESUR Joint Consensus Statement for MRI [2023]

India

• Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
  • Placenta Previa & Placenta Accreta Spectrum: Diagnosis & Management [2024]
  • Blood Transfusion in Obstetrics and Gynecology [2024]

• International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science
  • Contemporary issues in the management of abnormal placentation during pregnancy in developing nations: An Indian perspective [2013]

International

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Independent risk factors for placental abruption: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Prenatal ultrasound scoring in diagnosis and postpartum outcomes prediction for Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS): a systematic review [2024]
  • Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of Placenta accreta spectrum: systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Risk of preterm birth for placenta previa or low-lying placenta and possible preventive interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Heliyon
  • Quality evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for placenta accreta spectrum disorders [2024]

• Insights into Imaging
  • Performance comparison of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in their diagnostic accuracy of placenta accreta spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Prenatal diagnosis and screening [2018]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Nonconservative surgical management [2018]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Introduction [2018]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Epidemiology [2018]
  • FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Conservative management [2018]
  • FIGO Consensus Guidelines - Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders [2018]

• International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pro forma for ultrasound reporting in suspected abnormally invasive placenta (AIP): an international consensus [2016]

• International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
  • Challenges in the management of women with type 2B von Willebrand disease during pregnancy and the postpartum period: evidence from literature and data from an international registry and physicians' survey-communication from the Scientific and Standardization Committees of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis [2023]
  • Examining international practices in the management of pregnant women with von Willebrand disease [2022]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • Bleeding during the second half of pregnancy [2019]

• PRECISE Network
  • Standardised Methods for Developing Conceptual Frameworks for Placental Disorders of Pregnancy: Pre-Eclampsia and Stillbirth [2025]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon occlusion in the management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis [2025]

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Modified Delphi study of ultrasound signs associated with placenta accreta spectrum [2023]
  • Diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum in high-risk women using ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Vaccine
  • Antenatal bleeding: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2017]

Iran

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study in Iran [2025]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum [2022]

Italy

• PLoS ONE
  • Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with placenta accreta spectrum in Italy: A prospective population-based cohort study [2021]

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Third-trimester ultrasound for antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum in women with placenta previa: results from the ADoPAD study [2022]

Japan

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Maternal outcomes of placental abruption with intrauterine fetal death and delivery routes: A nationwide observational study [2023]

• International Journal of Hematology
  • Clinical practice guidelines for management of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Japan 2024: part 4-trauma, burn, obstetrics, acute pancreatitis/liver failure, and others [2025]

Low and middle income countries

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • A simple guide to ultrasound screening for placenta accreta spectrum for improving detection and optimizing management in resource limited settings [2023]

Netherlands

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Nationwide confidential enquiries into maternal deaths because of obstetric hemorrhage in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2019 [2022]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Prophylactic radiologic interventions to reduce postpartum hemorrhage in women with risk factors for placenta accreta spectrum disorder: a nationwide cohort study [2023]

New Zealand

• New Zealand Blood Service
  • Obstetric MHP Pathway

Norway, Sweden

• European Journal of Epidemiology
  • Placental abruption and long-term maternal cardiovascular disease mortality: a population-based registry study in Norway and Sweden [2015]

Switzerland

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Pathologic findings of the placenta and clinical implications - recommendations for placental examination [2024]

United Kingdom

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Management of unexplained vaginal bleeding in pregnancy [2021]

• NHS England
  • Specialised maternity care for patients (child bearing age) diagnosed with abnormally invasive placenta [2020]

• Right Decisions
  • Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Vasa Praevia: Diagnosis and Management [2018]
  • Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta: Diagnosis and Management [2018]
  • Management of Inherited Bleeding Disorders in Pregnancy [2017]
  • Blood Transfusions in Obstetrics [2015]
  • Antepartum Haemorrhage [2011]

• Royal College of Pathologists
  • Tissue pathway for histopathological examination of the placenta [2022]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Vasa praevia
  • Placenta praevia

• WISDOM
  • Guideline for the Care of Women who decline blood transfusion During Pregnancy, Labour, and Postnatal period [2024]

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Placenta Accreta Spectrum [2018]

• American College of Radiology
  • Second and Third Trimester Vaginal Bleeding
  • Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder
  • First Trimester Vaginal Bleeding

• American Family Physician
  • First Trimester Bleeding: Evaluation and Management [2019]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Criteria for placental examination for obstetrical and neonatal providers [2023]

• Expert Review of Hematology
  • The clinical management of factor XI deficiency in pregnant women [2020]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Placental abruption and risk for intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: the United States national inpatient database [2024]

• Modern Pathology
  • Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders: recommendations from an expert panel [2020]

• National Bleeding Disorders Foundation
  • MASAC Guidelines for Pregnancy and Perinatal Management of Women with Inherited Bleeding Disorders and Carriers of Hemophilia A or B [2021]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Altered fetal growth, placental abnormalities, and stillbirth [2017]
  • Morbidly adherent placenta treatments and outcomes [2015]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Emergency checklist, planning worksheet, and system preparedness bundle for placenta accreta spectrum [2024]
  • Special Report of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Placenta Accreta Spectrum Ultrasound Marker Task Force: Consensus on definition of markers and approach to the ultrasound examination in pregnancies at risk for placenta accreta spectrum [2021]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Consult Series #44: Management of bleeding in the late preterm period [2018]
  • #37: Diagnosis and management of vasa previa [2015]
  • Placenta accreta [2010]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Postpartum hemorrhage
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Miscarriage, pregnancy loss
  • Hematologic diseases in pregnancy, anemia in pregnancy
  • Ectopic pregnancy