Pregnancy

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Cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy

Australia

• Queensland Health
  • Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy (guideline supplement)
  • Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy

• SA Health
  • Collapse (maternal)
  • Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

Benin

• PLoS ONE
  • High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in pregnant women in Benin [2024]

Brazil

• Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
  • Brazilian Cardiology Society Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease – 2020 [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • The Impact of Cardiac Diseases during Pregnancy on Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Brazil [2015]

Burkina Faso

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Cardiovascular Society
  • Canadian Cardiovascular Society: Clinical Practice Update on Cardiovascular Management of the Pregnant Patient [2021]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Pregnancy-related cardiovascular risk indicators [2019]

Europe

• European Society of Cardiology
  • 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy [2018]
  • Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease [2015]
  • ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) [2011]
  • Genetic counselling and testing in cardiomyopathies: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases [2010]
  • Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy [2010]

Germany

• European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
  • Ivabradine use in pregnant women—treatment indications and pregnancy outcome: an evaluation of the German Embryotox database [2021]

Germany, Hungary, Japan

• Circulation Journal
  • Frequency of Miscarriage/Stillbirth and Terminations of Pregnancy Among Women With Congenital Heart Disease in Germany, Hungary and Japan [2016]

High-income countries

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Outcome of Pregnancy in Women With D-Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Systematic Review [2022]

International

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by maternal cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Maternal pregnancy outcomes in women with cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• European Heart Journal
  • Management of valvular disease in pregnancy: a global perspective [2015]

• Heart Rhythm Society
  • 2023 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Arrhythmias During Pregnancy [2023]

• International Heart Journal
  • Worldwide Incidence of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Overall Maternal Mortality [2019]

• International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
  • Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Women's Health Issues in Thrombosis and Haemostasis: A Survey on Anticoagulation for Mechanical Heart Valves in Pregnancy [2021]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies in Women With Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute
  • Statement on pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute [2015]

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Cardiovascular-obstetric state-of-the-art review: pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy [2025]

• Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
  • Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in women with cardiovascular disease: position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) [2021]

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Methods and considerations concerning cardiac output measurement in pregnant women: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2019]
  • Functional hemodynamic testing in pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2018]
  • Assessment of venous hemodynamics and volume homeostasis during pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2018]
  • Assessment of arterial function in pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2017]

Italy

• Thrombosis and Haemostasis
  • Anticoagulant Therapy in Pregnant Women with Mechanical Heart Valves: Italian Federation of Centers for Diagnosis and Surveillance of the Antithrombotic Therapies (FCSA) Position Paper [2024]

Japan

• Circulation Journal
  • Pregnancy-Related Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japan [2013]
  • Guidelines for Indication and Management of Pregnancy and Delivery in Women with Heart Disease (JCS 2010): digest version [2012]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Pregnancy-related maternal deaths due to cardiovascular diseases in Japan from 2010 to 2019: an analysis of maternal death exploratory committee data [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• Global Heart
  • Routine Antenatal Echocardiography in High-Prevalence Areas of Rheumatic Heart Disease: A WHO-Guideline Systematic Review [2024]

Malaysia

• Ministry of Health Malaysia
  • Heart Disease in Pregnancy [2016]

Netherlands

• Netherlands Heart Journal
  • Maternal mortality due to cardiovascular disease in the Netherlands: a 21-year experience [2020]

Norway

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with maternal congenital heart disease: A nationwide cohort study from Norway [2024]

• Atherosclerosis
  • Use of statins and other lipid-modifying agents across pregnancy: A nationwide drug utilization study in Norway in 2005-2018 [2023]

Oman

• Global Heart
  • Incidence, Risk Factors, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Oman [2023]

Poland

• Polish Heart Journal (Kardiologia Polska)
  • Prevention of cardiovascular diseases in women planning pregnancy and during pregnancy. Expert opinion of the Section of Prevention and Epidemiology of the Polish Cardiac Society, the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, the Polish Society of Family Medicine, the Polish Lipid Association, and the Polish Lifestyle Medicine Society [2025]

Republic of Korea

• BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Pregnancy related complications in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a nationwide population-based cohort study [2024]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to statins among women with dyslipidemia: a nationwide cohort [2025]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Temporal Trends in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: The Nationwide Multicenter Registry Over 20 Years [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Preterm birth and maternal heart disease: A machine learning analysis using the Korean national health insurance database [2023]

Saudi Arabia

• Annals of Thoracic Medicine
  • Saudi Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension [2014]

South Africa

• BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
  • The burden of antenatal heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review [2012]

• Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
  • The importance of cardiovascular pathology contributing to maternal death: Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in South Africa, 2011–2013 [2016]

Spain

• Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)
  • Comments on the 2018 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases During Pregnancy [2019]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Immediate resuscitation following maternal collapse during pregnancy [2021]

Sweden

• Journal of Cardiac Failure
  • Heart Failure in Late Pregnancy and Postpartum: Incidence and Long-Term Mortality in Sweden From 1997 to 2010 [2017]

Taiwan

• Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
  • Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with congenital heart disease: A nationwide population-based study [2024]

United Kingdom

• BJA Education
  • Adult congenital heart disease and pregnancy [2018]

• British Society for Haematology
  • British Society for Haematology guideline for anticoagulant management of pregnant individuals with mechanical heart valves [2023]

• British Society of Echocardiography
  • Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of the Heart in Pregnancy-a position statement on behalf of the British Society of Echocardiography and the United Kingdom Maternal Cardiology Society [2023]

• Clinical Medicine
  • Tachycardia in pregnancy: when to worry? [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Quality statement 3: Heart disease – risk assessment [2020]

• NHS England
  • Cardiac disease in pregnancy guideline [2022]

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and the Puerperium [2019]

• UK Maternal Cardiology Society
  • Cardiac implantable electronic devices in pregnancy: A position statement [2024]

United States

• Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health
  • Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health: Consensus Bundle on Cardiac Conditions in Obstetric Care [2023]

• American College of Cardiology
  • 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [2022]
  • Team-Based Care of Women With Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 1/5 [2021]
  • Management of Women With Congenital or Inherited Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 2/5 [2021]
  • Management of Women With Acquired Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 3/5 [2021]
  • Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutic Strategies in Pregnancy: JACC Focus Seminar 4/5 [2021]
  • Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women [2020]
  • Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy [2018]

• American Heart Association
  • Status of Maternal Cardiovascular Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Individuals: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Optimizing Prepregnancy Cardiovascular Health to Improve Outcomes in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals and Offspring: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Appraising the Preclinical Evidence of the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Antenatal Programming of Maternal and Offspring Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course: Moving the Field Forward: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Anesthetic Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Survival outcomes and resuscitation process measures in maternal in-hospital cardiac arrest [2022]
  • Call to Action: Maternal Health and Saving Mothers: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association [2021]
  • Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Unique Opportunities for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2021]
  • Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2020]
  • Promoting Risk Identification and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women Through Collaboration With Obstetricians and Gynecologists: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [2018]
  • Management of Pregnancy in Patients With Complex Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association [2017]
  • Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2015]

• American Journal of Cardiology
  • Assessing Pregnancy, Gestational Complications, and Co-morbidities in Women With Congenital Heart Defects (Data from ICD-9-CM Codes in 3 US Surveillance Sites) [2020]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Trends in cardiovascular disease-related maternal mortality in the United States, 1999-2018 [2022]

• Circulation
  • Cardiovascular Management in Pregnancy: Antithrombotic Agents and Antiplatelet Agents [2015]

• Clinical Cardiology
  • Early identification and treatment of women's cardiovascular risk factors prevents cardiovascular disease, saves lives, and protects future generations: Policy recommendations and take action plan utilizing policy levers [2022]

• Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
  • A Call to Action: Cardiovascular-Related Maternal Mortality: Inequities in Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color [2021]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Social Vulnerability: An Epidemiological Analysis of Mortality Outcomes [2024]
  • Aortic Dissection During Pregnancy and Puerperium: Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes in the United States [2023]
  • Trends, Predictors, and Outcomes of Cardiovascular Complications Associated With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During Delivery Hospitalizations: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis (2002–2019) [2022]
  • Need for Better and Broader Training in Cardio-Obstetrics: A National Survey of Cardiologists, Cardiovascular Team Members, and Cardiology Fellows in Training [2022]
  • Reducing Cardiovascular Maternal Mortality by Extending Medicaid for Postpartum Women [2021]
  • Improving Cardiovascular Workforce Competencies in Cardio-Obstetrics: Current Challenges and Future Directions [2020]
  • Receipt of American Heart Association–Recommended Preconception Health Care Among Privately Insured Women With Congenital Heart Defects, 2007–2013 [2019]

• Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal
  • The Impact of Pregnancy in Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Management Considerations [2024]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • National Trends in Prepregnancy Cardiometabolic Risk and Counseling: An Analysis of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2016-2022 [2025]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #73: Diagnosis and management of right and left heart failure during pregnancy and postpartum [2025]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #61: Anticoagulation in pregnant patients with cardiac disease [2022]

• Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology
  • The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the Management of Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy [2014]

Western countries

• American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
  • Guidelines for assessing maternal cardiovascular physiology during pregnancy and postpartum [2024]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Embolism and thrombosis in pregnancy