Pregnancy

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Cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy

Australia

• Queensland Health
  • Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy (guideline supplement)
  • Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy

• SA Health
  • Collapse (maternal)
  • Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

Benin

• PLoS ONE
  • High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in pregnant women in Benin [2024]

Brazil

• Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
  • Brazilian Cardiology Society Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease – 2020 [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • The Impact of Cardiac Diseases during Pregnancy on Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Brazil [2015]

Burkina Faso

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Lifestyle Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Cardiovascular Society
  • Canadian Cardiovascular Society: Clinical Practice Update on Cardiovascular Management of the Pregnant Patient [2021]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Pregnancy-related cardiovascular risk indicators [2019]

Europe

• European Society of Cardiology
  • 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy [2018]
  • Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease [2015]
  • ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) [2011]
  • Genetic counselling and testing in cardiomyopathies: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases [2010]
  • Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy [2010]

Germany

• European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
  • Ivabradine use in pregnant women—treatment indications and pregnancy outcome: an evaluation of the German Embryotox database [2021]

Germany, Hungary, Japan

• Circulation Journal
  • Frequency of Miscarriage/Stillbirth and Terminations of Pregnancy Among Women With Congenital Heart Disease in Germany, Hungary and Japan [2016]

High-income countries

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Outcome of Pregnancy in Women With D-Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Systematic Review [2022]

International

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by maternal cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Maternal pregnancy outcomes in women with cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• European Heart Journal
  • Management of valvular disease in pregnancy: a global perspective [2015]

• Heart Rhythm Society
  • 2023 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Arrhythmias During Pregnancy [2023]

• International Heart Journal
  • Worldwide Incidence of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Overall Maternal Mortality [2019]

• International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
  • Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Women's Health Issues in Thrombosis and Haemostasis: A Survey on Anticoagulation for Mechanical Heart Valves in Pregnancy [2021]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies in Women With Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute
  • Statement on pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute [2015]

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Cardiovascular-obstetric state-of-the-art review: pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy [2025]

• Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
  • Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in women with cardiovascular disease: position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) [2021]

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Methods and considerations concerning cardiac output measurement in pregnant women: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2019]
  • Functional hemodynamic testing in pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2018]
  • Assessment of venous hemodynamics and volume homeostasis during pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2018]
  • Assessment of arterial function in pregnancy: recommendations of the International Working Group on Maternal Hemodynamics [2017]

Italy

• Thrombosis and Haemostasis
  • Anticoagulant Therapy in Pregnant Women with Mechanical Heart Valves: Italian Federation of Centers for Diagnosis and Surveillance of the Antithrombotic Therapies (FCSA) Position Paper [2024]

Japan

• Circulation Journal
  • Pregnancy-Related Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japan [2013]
  • Guidelines for Indication and Management of Pregnancy and Delivery in Women with Heart Disease (JCS 2010): digest version [2012]

• Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Pregnancy-related maternal deaths due to cardiovascular diseases in Japan from 2010 to 2019: an analysis of maternal death exploratory committee data [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• Global Heart
  • Routine Antenatal Echocardiography in High-Prevalence Areas of Rheumatic Heart Disease: A WHO-Guideline Systematic Review [2024]

Malaysia

• Ministry of Health Malaysia
  • Heart Disease in Pregnancy [2016]

Netherlands

• Netherlands Heart Journal
  • Maternal mortality due to cardiovascular disease in the Netherlands: a 21-year experience [2020]

Norway

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with maternal congenital heart disease: A nationwide cohort study from Norway [2024]

• Atherosclerosis
  • Use of statins and other lipid-modifying agents across pregnancy: A nationwide drug utilization study in Norway in 2005-2018 [2023]

Oman

• Global Heart
  • Incidence, Risk Factors, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Oman [2023]

Republic of Korea

• BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Pregnancy related complications in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a nationwide population-based cohort study [2024]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to statins among women with dyslipidemia: a nationwide cohort [2025]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Temporal Trends in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: The Nationwide Multicenter Registry Over 20 Years [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Preterm birth and maternal heart disease: A machine learning analysis using the Korean national health insurance database [2023]

Saudi Arabia

• Annals of Thoracic Medicine
  • Saudi Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension [2014]

South Africa

• BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
  • The burden of antenatal heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review [2012]

• Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
  • The importance of cardiovascular pathology contributing to maternal death: Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in South Africa, 2011–2013 [2016]

Spain

• Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)
  • Comments on the 2018 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases During Pregnancy [2019]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Immediate resuscitation following maternal collapse during pregnancy [2021]

Sweden

• Journal of Cardiac Failure
  • Heart Failure in Late Pregnancy and Postpartum: Incidence and Long-Term Mortality in Sweden From 1997 to 2010 [2017]

Taiwan

• Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
  • Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with congenital heart disease: A nationwide population-based study [2024]

United Kingdom

• BJA Education
  • Adult congenital heart disease and pregnancy [2018]

• British Society for Haematology
  • British Society for Haematology guideline for anticoagulant management of pregnant individuals with mechanical heart valves [2023]

• British Society of Echocardiography
  • Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of the Heart in Pregnancy-a position statement on behalf of the British Society of Echocardiography and the United Kingdom Maternal Cardiology Society [2023]

• Clinical Medicine
  • Tachycardia in pregnancy: when to worry? [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Quality statement 3: Heart disease – risk assessment [2020]

• NHS England
  • Cardiac disease in pregnancy guideline [2022]

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and the Puerperium [2019]

• UK Maternal Cardiology Society
  • Cardiac implantable electronic devices in pregnancy: A position statement [2024]

United States

• Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health
  • Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health: Consensus Bundle on Cardiac Conditions in Obstetric Care [2023]

• American College of Cardiology
  • 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [2022]
  • Team-Based Care of Women With Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 1/5 [2021]
  • Management of Women With Congenital or Inherited Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 2/5 [2021]
  • Management of Women With Acquired Cardiovascular Disease From Pre-Conception Through Pregnancy and Postpartum: JACC Focus Seminar 3/5 [2021]
  • Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutic Strategies in Pregnancy: JACC Focus Seminar 4/5 [2021]
  • Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women [2020]
  • Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy [2018]

• American Heart Association
  • Status of Maternal Cardiovascular Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Individuals: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Optimizing Prepregnancy Cardiovascular Health to Improve Outcomes in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals and Offspring: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Appraising the Preclinical Evidence of the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Antenatal Programming of Maternal and Offspring Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course: Moving the Field Forward: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Anesthetic Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2023]
  • Survival outcomes and resuscitation process measures in maternal in-hospital cardiac arrest [2022]
  • Call to Action: Maternal Health and Saving Mothers: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association [2021]
  • Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Unique Opportunities for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2021]
  • Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2020]
  • Promoting Risk Identification and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women Through Collaboration With Obstetricians and Gynecologists: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [2018]
  • Management of Pregnancy in Patients With Complex Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association [2017]
  • Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association [2015]

• American Journal of Cardiology
  • Assessing Pregnancy, Gestational Complications, and Co-morbidities in Women With Congenital Heart Defects (Data from ICD-9-CM Codes in 3 US Surveillance Sites) [2020]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Trends in cardiovascular disease-related maternal mortality in the United States, 1999-2018 [2022]

• Circulation
  • Cardiovascular Management in Pregnancy: Antithrombotic Agents and Antiplatelet Agents [2015]

• Clinical Cardiology
  • Early identification and treatment of women's cardiovascular risk factors prevents cardiovascular disease, saves lives, and protects future generations: Policy recommendations and take action plan utilizing policy levers [2022]

• Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
  • A Call to Action: Cardiovascular-Related Maternal Mortality: Inequities in Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color [2021]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Social Vulnerability: An Epidemiological Analysis of Mortality Outcomes [2024]
  • Aortic Dissection During Pregnancy and Puerperium: Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes in the United States [2023]
  • Trends, Predictors, and Outcomes of Cardiovascular Complications Associated With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During Delivery Hospitalizations: A National Inpatient Sample Analysis (2002–2019) [2022]
  • Need for Better and Broader Training in Cardio-Obstetrics: A National Survey of Cardiologists, Cardiovascular Team Members, and Cardiology Fellows in Training [2022]
  • Reducing Cardiovascular Maternal Mortality by Extending Medicaid for Postpartum Women [2021]
  • Improving Cardiovascular Workforce Competencies in Cardio-Obstetrics: Current Challenges and Future Directions [2020]
  • Receipt of American Heart Association–Recommended Preconception Health Care Among Privately Insured Women With Congenital Heart Defects, 2007–2013 [2019]

• Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal
  • The Impact of Pregnancy in Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Management Considerations [2024]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • National Trends in Prepregnancy Cardiometabolic Risk and Counseling: An Analysis of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2016-2022 [2025]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #73: Diagnosis and management of right and left heart failure during pregnancy and postpartum [2025]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #61: Anticoagulation in pregnant patients with cardiac disease [2022]

• Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology
  • The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the Management of Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy [2014]

Western countries

• American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
  • Guidelines for assessing maternal cardiovascular physiology during pregnancy and postpartum [2024]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Embolism and thrombosis in pregnancy