Pregnancy

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Obesity in pregnancy, gestational weight gain

Africa

• Journal of Public Health
  • Maternal obesity in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

Asia

• Journal of Pregnancy
  • Gestational Weight Gain among Healthy Pregnant Women from Asia in Comparison with Institute of Medicine (IOM) Guidelines-2009: A Systematic Review [2019]

Asia, Europe, United States

• BMC Medicine
  • Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women [2018]

Asia-Pacific

• Nutrients
  • Weight Gain and Nutrition during Pregnancy: An Analysis of Clinical Practice Guidelines in the Asia-Pacific Region [2022]

Australia

• Journal of Pregnancy
  • Australian Pregnant Women's Awareness of Gestational Weight Gain and Dietary Guidelines: Opportunity for Action [2016]

• Public Health Research and Practice
  • Optimising weight gain in pregnancy: key challenges and solutions for maternal obesity prevention [2022]

• Queensland Health
  • Obesity and pregnancy (including post bariatric surgery)

• SA Health
  • Women with high body mass index (BMI)
  • Obese Obstetric Woman Management Standards Clinical Directive

Australia, Europe, United States

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
  • Full-term induction of labor vs expectant management and cesarean delivery in women with obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Management of Obesity in Pregnancy [2022]

Australia, United Kingdom

• PLoS ONE
  • Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with BMI >50: An international collaborative study [2019]

Belgium

• Obesity Facts
  • Reappraisal of Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations in Obese Pregnant Women: A Population-Based Study of 337,590 Births [2020]

Brazil

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Gestational weight gain charts: results from the Brazilian Maternal and Child Nutrition Consortium [2021]

• Clinics
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of gestational weight gain recommendations and related outcomes in Brazil [2015]

• Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
  • Different methods for assessing gestational weight gain and its association with birth weight [2021]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Prevalence and temporal trends in prepregnancy nutritional status and gestational weight gain of adult women followed in the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System from 2008 to 2018 [2022]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Guidelines on how to monitor gestational weight gain during antenatal care [2023]

Cameroon

• BMC Research Notes
  • Associations of body mass index and gestational weight gain with term pregnancy outcomes in urban Cameroon: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital [2015]

Canada

• Alberta Health Services
  • Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain

• Association of Ontario Midwives
  • The Management of High or Low Body Mass Index During Pregnancy [2019]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Knowledge translation tool to improve pregnant women’s awareness of gestational weight gain goals and risks of gaining outside recommendations: a non-randomized intervention study [2015]
  • Contribution of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain to adverse neonatal outcomes: population attributable fractions for Canada [2015]
  • Documentation of guideline adherence in antenatal records across maternal weight categories: a chart review [2014]

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Widespread misconceptions about pregnancy for women living with obesity [2021]
  • Gestational weight gain trajectories in primary care [2016]
  • Distribution of pregnancy-related weight measures [2016]

• CMAJ Open
  • Prevalence of and risk factors for excess weight gain in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study using survey data [2021]

• Health Canada
  • Prenatal Nutrition Guidelines for Health Professionals: Gestational Weight Gain [2010]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Gestational Weight Gain
  • Care of Women/People with Obesity: Preconception and Antepartum Considerations
  • Care of Women/People with Obesity: Intrapartum Management

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Effect of Maternal Weight on Pregnancy Outcomes

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Pregnancy and Maternal Obesity Part 2: Team Planning for Delivery and Postpartum Care [2019]
  • Pregnancy and Maternal Obesity Part 1: Pre-conception and Prenatal Care [2019]
  • Obesity in Pregnancy [2018]

Canada, France

• Scientific Reports
  • Impact of maternal obesity on the incidence of pregnancy complications in France and Canada [2017]

Canada, United States

• Annals of Medicine
  • Effectiveness of multimodal nutrition interventions during pregnancy to achieve 2009 Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

Chile

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Effectiveness of a normative nutrition intervention (diet, physical activity and breastfeeding) on maternal nutrition and offspring growth: the Chilean maternal and infant nutrition cohort study (CHiMINCs) [2015]

China

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Association among pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and neonatal birth weight: a prospective cohort study in China [2020]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Comparison of Chinese vs US Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines for Chinese Women [2022]
  • Analysis and Comparison of Early Childhood Nutritional Outcomes Among Offspring of Chinese Women Under the Chinese 2021 and US 2009 Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines [2022]

• Journal of Epidemiology
  • Gestational weight gain charts by gestational age and body mass index for Chinese women: A population-based follow-up study [2019]

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • Optimal gestational weight gain for Chinese women - analysis from a longitudinal cohort with childhood follow-up [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Birth Weight: A Cohort Study in China [2015]
  • Joint and Independent Associations of Gestational Weight Gain and Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index with Outcomes of Pregnancy in Chinese Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study [2015]

• Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
  • Investigation of optimal gestational weight gain based on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes for Chinese women: a prospective cohort study [2021]

Denmark

• International Journal of Obesity
  • Maternal obesity, interpregnancy weight changes and congenital heart defects in the offspring: a nationwide cohort study [2024]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Maternal weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum and subsequent risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Danish women: A cohort study [2021]

Ethiopia

• BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
  • Effect of overweight/obesity on caesarean section occurrence among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia: a secondary data analysis [2021]

Europe, North America, Oceania

• BMC Medicine
  • Gestational weight gain charts for different body mass index groups for women in Europe, North America, and Oceania [2018]

Finland

• Anaesthesia
  • Labour analgesia in obese and morbidly obese parturients: a nationwide register analysis in Finland from 2004 to 2018 [2022]

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • Incidence of obese parturients and the outcomes of their pregnancies: A nationwide register study in Finland [2022]

France

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Gestational weight gain adequacy and intrapartum oxytocin and cesarean section use: Observational population-based study in France [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • Maternal characteristics associated with gestational weight gain in France: a population-based, nationally representative study [2021]

Germany

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Secular trends in pregnancy weight gain in German women and their influences on foetal outcome: a hospital-based study [2014]

• Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
  • Obesity and Pregnancy. Guideline of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015-081, June 2019) [2021]

Greece

• Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
  • Association between gestational weight gain and risk of obesity in preadolescence: a longitudinal study (1997–2007) of 5,125 children in Greece [2017]

High-income countries

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Healthcare related barriers and enablers for weight management among pregnant women with overweight and obesity: a rapid scoping review [2025]
  • Facilitators and barriers influencing weight management behaviours during pregnancy: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research [2022]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Maternal obesity management: a narrative literature review of health policies [2024]

Iceland

• PLoS ONE
  • The combined effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on the risk of pre-labour and intrapartum caesarean section-The ICE-MCH study [2023]

India

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Population estimates, consequences, and risk factors of obesity among pregnant and postpartum women in India: Results from a national survey and policy recommendations [2020]

International

• AJP Reports
  • Nutrition and Exercise Strategies to Prevent Excessive Pregnancy Weight Gain: A Meta-analysis [2019]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Gestational weight gain outside the Institute of Medicine recommendations and adverse pregnancy outcomes: analysis using individual participant data from randomised trials [2019]
  • No global consensus: a cross-sectional survey of maternal weight policies [2014]

• BMC Public Health
  • Physical activity and gestational weight gain: a systematic review of observational studies [2022]

• Current Obesity Reports
  • Addressing Obesity in Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum: A Review of the Literature [2022]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Influence of maternal body mass index on pregnancy complications and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Frontiers in Medicine
  • Physical Exercise vs. Metformin to Improve Delivery- and Newborn-Related Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Overweight: A Network Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Intergrowth-21st
  • Gestational weight gain standards based on women enrolled in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project: a prospective longitudinal cohort study [2016]
  • Gestational Weight Gain

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the FIGO Pregnancy and Non-Communicable Diseases Committee: A FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline [2020]
  • FIGO Pregnancy Obesity and Nutrition Initiative (PONI) [2019]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • The Challenge of Weight Stigma for Women in the Preconception Period: Workshop Recommendations for Action from the 5th European Conference on Preconception Health and Care [2023]
  • Predictors of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women Living with Obesity: A Systematic Review [2022]

• JAMA Internal Medicine
  • Association of Antenatal Diet and Physical Activity-Based Interventions With Gestational Weight Gain and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2022]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Key Components of Antenatal Lifestyle Interventions to Optimize Gestational Weight Gain: Secondary Analysis of a Systematic Review [2023]

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Recent Insights and Recommendations for Preventing Excessive Gestational Weight Gain [2024]
  • Exercise versus Metformin to Improve Pregnancy Outcomes among Overweight Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis [2021]
  • Health in Preconception, Pregnancy and Postpartum Global Alliance: International Network Preconception Research Priorities for the Prevention of Maternal Obesity and Related Pregnancy and Long-Term Complications [2019]

• Journal of Medical Internet Research
  • Association of Digital Health Interventions With Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Medicine
  • The effects of exercise intervention on complications and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Obesity Reviews
  • Association between maternal adiposity measures and adverse maternal outcomes of pregnancy: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • A meta-review of systematic reviews of lifestyle interventions for reducing gestational weight gain in women with overweight or obesity [2021]
  • Guidelines for the management of pregnant women with obesity: A systematic review [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Estimated global overweight and obesity burden in pregnant women based on panel data model [2018]

• Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
  • Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review [2023]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review [2022]

• Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health
  • A review of maternal overweight and obesity and its impact on cardiometabolic outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum [2021]

• World Obesity Federation
  • Pregnancy & Obesity

Italy

• BMC Public Health
  • Monitoring gestational weight gain: setting up a regional surveillance system in Italy [2023]

• Eating and Weight Disorders
  • Position statement of Italian Society of Obesity (SIO): Gestational Obesity [2024]

Japan

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Gestational weight gain mediates the effects of energy intake on birth weight among singleton pregnancies in the Japan Environment and Children's Study [2022]

• Journal of Epidemiology
  • Gestational weight gain growth charts adapted to Japanese pregnancies using a Bayesian approach in a longitudinal study: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study [2021]
  • Pre-pregnancy BMI-specific optimal gestational weight gain for women in Japan [2017]

• Nagoya Journal of Medical Science
  • Practical weight management to minimize pregnancy complications and promote women's health: the possibility of interpregnancy care [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Pregnancy Outcomes Based on Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index in Japanese Women [2016]

• Scientific Reports
  • Effective gestational weight gain advice to optimize infant birth weight in Japan based on quantile regression analysis [2023]
  • Optimal gestational weight gain for underweight pregnant women in Japan [2019]
  • Investigation of optimal weight gain during pregnancy for Japanese Women [2017]

Latin America

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Comparison of Three Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines Under Use in Latin America [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Gestational weight gain in 4 low- and middle-income countries and associations with birth outcomes: a secondary analysis of the Women First Trial [2021]

• BMJ
  • Suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis [2023]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Gestational weight gain in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling analysis using nationally representative data [2020]

Malawi

• Reproductive Health
  • Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi [2019]

Malaysia

• Ministry of Health Malaysia
  • Consensus Clinical Guideline on Obesity in Pregnancy [2022]

• Nutrients
  • Intergenerational Transmission of Obesity from Mothers to Their Offspring: Trends and Associated Factors Derived from the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) [2022]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Guidance for Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy [2014]

Norway

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Pre-pregnancy obesity among immigrant and non-immigrant women in Norway: Prevalence, trends, and subgroup variations [2024]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Associations of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcome and postpartum weight retention: a prospective observational cohort study [2014]

Poland

• Ginekologia Polska
  • Guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians on the obstetric care of women with obesity [2023]

• Scientific Reports
  • Effects of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in Poland [2025]

Republic of Korea

• PLoS ONE
  • Is it appropriate for Korean women to adopt the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations for gestational weight gain? [2017]

• Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
  • Determining optimal gestational weight gain in the Korean population: a retrospective cohort study [2017]

South and Southeast Asia

• PLoS ONE
  • Association of maternal obesity with fetal and neonatal death: Evidence from South and South-East Asian countries [2021]

South Asia

• Obesity Reviews
  • Effects of maternal anthropometrics on pregnancy outcomes in South Asian women: a systematic review [2018]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Annals of Global Health
  • Country-Level Analysis of the Association between Maternal Obesity and Neonatal Mortality in 34 Sub-Saharan African Countries [2019]

• Life
  • Maternal Obesity as a Risk Factor for Caesarean Delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Gestational weight gain in sub-Saharan Africa: Estimation based on pseudo-cohort design [2021]
  • Gestational weight gain and its effect on birth outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Maternal obesity and Caesarean delivery in sub-Saharan Africa [2016]

Sweden

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Relation between perinatal outcome and gestational duration in term primiparous pregnancies stratified by body mass index [2022]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Prolonged pregnancy and stillbirth among women with overweight or obesity - a population-based study in Sweden including 64,632 women [2023]

• BMJ
  • Risk of major congenital malformations in relation to maternal overweight and obesity severity: cohort study of 1.2 million singletons [2017]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Inter-pregnancy Weight Change and Risks of Severe Birth-Asphyxia-Related Outcomes in Singleton Infants Born at Term: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Body mass index and gestational weight gain in migrant women by birth regions compared with Swedish-born women: A registry linkage study of 0.5 million pregnancies [2020]
  • Prediction of stillbirth in women with overweight or obesity—A register-based cohort study [2018]

• Scientific Reports
  • Obesity rates in two generations of Swedish women entering pregnancy, and associated obesity risk among adult daughters [2015]

Taiwan

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Decreased Physical Activity during Pregnancy Is Associated with Excessive Gestational Weight Gain [2021]
  • Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Taiwan: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study [2020]

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Inadequate gestational weight gain contributes to increasing rates of low birth weight in Taiwan: 2011–2016 nationwide surveys [2021]
  • Gestational weight gain and risks for adverse perinatal outcomes: A retrospective cohort study based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines [2015]

Thailand

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Prevalence and related factors of inappropriate gestational weight gain among pregnant women with overweight/ obesity in Thailand [2023]

United Kingdom

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Healthy weight services in England before, during and after pregnancy: a mixed methods approach [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Clinical guidelines for the management of weight during pregnancy: a qualitative evidence synthesis of practice recommendations across NHS Trusts in England [2023]
  • Maternal obesity classes, preterm and post-term birth: a retrospective analysis of 479,864 births in England [2019]
  • Obesity and normal birth: A qualitative study of clinician’s management of obese pregnant women during labour [2015]
  • Existing maternal obesity guidelines may increase inequalities between ethnic groups: a national epidemiological study of 502,474 births in England [2012]

• BMJ Open
  • Cohort study of high maternal body mass index and the risk of adverse pregnancy and delivery outcomes in Scotland [2020]

• British Journal of General Practice
  • Obesity in pregnant women: a primary care perspective on pre-conception counselling and the role of supplements [2020]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Guidelines and interventions for obesity during pregnancy [2012]

• NHS England
  • Pregnant Women with a Raised BMI [2015]

• Obesity Reviews
  • Newspaper media framing of obesity during pregnancy in the UK: A review and framework synthesis [2022]

• Right Decisions
  • Obesity, Management in pregnancy

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Care of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy [2018]

• WISDOM
  • Management of Obesity during Pregnancy Guideline [2024]

United States

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Racial-Ethnic Differences in Pregnancy-Related Weight [2012]

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Counseling and Behavioral Interventions for Healthy Weight and Weight Gain in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2021]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Weight Gain During Pregnancy [2013]

• American Family Physician
  • Obesity in Pregnancy: Risks and Management [2018]

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Gestational weight gain below recommendations and adverse maternal and child health outcomes for pregnancies with overweight or obesity: a United States cohort study [2024]
  • Do current pregnancy weight gain guidelines balance risks of adverse maternal and child health in a United States cohort? [2024]

• American Journal of Epidemiology
  • Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcome: A Comparison of Methods of Accounting for Gestational Age [2022]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Gestational weight gain [2017]
  • Weight gain in pregnancy: does the Institute of Medicine have it right? [2015]
  • Trends in gestational weight gain: the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2000—2009 [2015]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
  • The association between personal weight gain goals, provider recommendations, and appropriate gestational weight gain [2020]

• American Journal of Perinatology
  • Gestational Weight Gain and Pregnancy Outcomes among Nulliparous Women [2021]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • The effect of the 2009 revised U.S. guidelines for gestational weight gain on maternal and infant health: a quasi-experimental study [2023]
  • Gestational weight gain and group prenatal care: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Prevalence and Trends in Prepregnancy Normal Weight — 48 States, New York City, and District of Columbia, 2011–2015 [2018]
  • Prepregnancy Body Mass Index by Maternal Characteristics and State: Data From the Birth Certificate, 2014 [2016]

• Cureus
  • Increasing Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States [2022]

• Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
  • Optimizing Weight for Maternal and Infant Health – Tenable, or Too Late? [2014]

• Healthcare
  • Impact of Pre-Pregnancy Weight and Gestational Weight Gain on Birth Outcomes by Nativity in the United States: A Systematic Review [2017]

• Journal of Clinical Investigation
  • Time to change weight gain recommendations for pregnant women with obesity [2019]

• Journal of Environmental and Public Health
  • Prevalence and Social and Built Environmental Determinants of Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity in 68 Major Metropolitan Cities of the United States, 2013–2016 [2021]

• Journal of General Internal Medicine
  • Pregnancy-Related Weight Gain and the Obesity Epidemic-a Missed Opportunity: Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Recommendations [2022]

• Journal of Obesity
  • Marked Disparities in Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and Overweight Prevalence among US Women by Race/Ethnicity, Nativity/Immigrant Status, and Sociodemographic Characteristics, 2012–2014 [2019]

• Journal of the American Heart Association
  • Trends in Prepregnancy Obesity and Association With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States, 2013 to 2018 [2021]

• Maternal and Child Health Journal
  • Reducing Maternal Obesity and Diabetes Risks Prior to Conception with the National Diabetes Prevention Program [2023]

• National Academies Press
  • Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines - Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines [2009]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Short-term neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity [2023]
  • The association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and child adiposity: A racial-ethnically diverse cohort of children [2022]
  • Association Between Gestational Weight Gain and Perinatal Outcomes [2018]
  • Inadequate weight gain in overweight and obese pregnant women: what is the effect on fetal growth? [2014]
  • Pregnancy outcomes with weight gain above or below the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines [2013]

• Nutrition Reviews
  • Gestational weight gain recommendations in the context of the obesity epidemic [2013]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Prevalence and Characteristics Associated With Gestational Weight Gain Adequacy [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • Associations between pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and prenatal diet quality in a national sample [2019]

• Pregnancy Hypertension
  • Weight gain in early, mid, and late pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [2020]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Coding Obesity in Pregnancy - Updated [2022]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Healthy Weight and Weight Gain In Pregnancy: Behavioral Counseling Interventions [2021]

Uruguay

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Excessive Maternal Weight and Diabetes Are Risk Factors for Macrosomia: A Cross-Sectional Study of 42,663 Pregnancies in Uruguay [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Global gestational weight gain standards project: eligibility criteria for the inclusion of study datasets into the pooled underlying database [2023]
  • Development of Global gestational weight gain standards

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology