Pregnancy

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Prenatal nutrition, dietary supplements in pregnancy

Afghanistan

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Review of policies, data, and interventions to improve maternal nutrition in Afghanistan [2020]
  • Stop stunting: situation and way forward to improve maternal, child and adolescent nutrition in Afghanistan [2016]

Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Burden and determinants of malnutrition among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]

Asia-Pacific

• Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Regional Overview on Maternal Nutrition and Examples of Health System Programme and Policy Responses: Asia and the Pacific [2019]

Australia

• Australian Family Physician
  • Nutrition care by general practitioners: Enhancing women’s health during and after pregnancy [2016]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Consensus from an expert panel on how to identify and support food insecurity during pregnancy: A modified Delphi study [2022]
  • Nutrition and maternal health: a mapping of Australian dietetic services [2020]

• International Journal of Women's Health
  • Exploring Australian women’s level of nutrition knowledge during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study [2016]

• Midwifery
  • Unveiling the Craving: A systematic review of pregnant women's desires for expert nutrition care in Australia [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Do the Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women Attending Public Hospital Antenatal Clinics Align with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Recommendations? [2020]

• Nutrition Reviews
  • What Do Australians Eat? A Systematic Review of Dietary Patterns and Adverse Health Outcomes [2025]

• SA Health
  • Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Vitamin and mineral supplementation in pregnancy [2019]

Bangladesh

• PLoS ONE
  • Machine learning prediction of nutritional status among pregnant women in Bangladesh: Evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017-18 [2024]

Botswana

• Lancet Global Health
  • Iron, folic acid, and multiple micronutrient supplementation strategies during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Botswana [2022]

Brazil

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Brazilian pregnant and lactating women do not change their food intake to meet nutritional goals [2014]

• Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
  • Vitamin A supplementation in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review [2015]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Development and Validation of a Protocol for Pregnant Women Based on the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines [2023]

• Systematic Reviews
  • Deficiency of B vitamins in women of childbearing age, pregnant, and lactating women in Brazil: a systematic review [2025]

Burkina Faso

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Multiple modifiable maternal, household and health service factors are associated with maternal nutrition and early breastfeeding practices in Burkina Faso [2023]

Cambodia

• Nutrients
  • The Economic Burden of Malnutrition in Pregnant Women and Children under 5 Years of Age in Cambodia [2016]

Canada

• Alberta Health Services
  • Nutrition for Pregnancy & Lactation
  • Nutrition Guideline: Pregnancy

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fetal brain development [2015]
  • Sugar substitutes during pregnancy [2014]

• Current Developments in Nutrition
  • Adherence to Canada's Food Guide Recommendations during Pregnancy: Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health [2017]

• Health Canada
  • Prenatal Nutrition Guidelines for Health Professionals: Background on Canada's Food Guide [2009]

• Nutrients
  • Both Mother and Infant Require a Vitamin D Supplement to Ensure That Infants’ Vitamin D Status Meets Current Guidelines [2018]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Healthy Eating During Pregnancy

• PLoS ONE
  • The Current Recommended Vitamin D Intake Guideline for Diet and Supplements During Pregnancy Is Not Adequate to Achieve Vitamin D Sufficiency for Most Pregnant Women [2016]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Canadian Consensus on Female Nutrition: Adolescence, Reproduction, Menopause, and Beyond [2016]

Canada, United States

• Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
  • Does Dietitian Involvement During Pregnancy Improve Birth Outcomes? A Systematic Review [2024]

China

• Nutrition Journal
  • Prevalence and influence factors of vitamin A deficiency of Chinese pregnant women [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Vitamin D levels and its influencing factors in pregnant women in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Denmark

• PLoS Medicine
  • Mother’s dietary quality during pregnancy and offspring’s dietary quality in adolescence: Follow-up from a national birth cohort study of 19,582 mother–offspring pairs [2019]

East Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Micronutrient intake and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: Multilevel logistic regression analysis [2023]

East Asia

• Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology
  • Optimal Diet for Achieving Favorable Pregnancy Outcomes in East Asian Women-A Literature Review [2022]

Ethiopia

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Food taboos and their perceived reasons among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review, 2022 [2023]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Dietary knowledge, attitude, practice, and associated factors among pregnant mothers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Health Research Policy and Systems
  • Key element missed in nutrition policy: why does undernutrition not decline among pregnant women in Ethiopia? [2024]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review with meta-analysis [2025]

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • The effect of nutrition education and counseling on the nutritional status of pregnant women in Ethiopia, 2025: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Association Between Maternal Undernutrition During Pregnancy and Newborn Low Birth Weight in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Dietary Behaviour of Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: The Missing Aspect of Care [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Dietary diversity among pregnant women and associated factors in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Food taboo practices and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Scientific World Journal
  • A Narrative Review of Nutritional Malpractices, Motivational Drivers, and Consequences in Pregnant Women: Evidence from Recent Literature and Program Implications in Ethiopia [2021]

Europe

• Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Nutrition During Pregnancy, Lactation and Early Childhood and its Implications for Maternal and Long-Term Child Health: The Early Nutrition Project Recommendations [2019]

• Nutrients
  • Food Supplement Use Differs from the Recommendations in Pregnant Women: A Multinational Survey [2022]

• WHO European Region
  • Maternal nutrition, physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy

France

• Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
  • Weight Changes, Nutritional Intake, Food Contaminants, and Supplements in Women of Childbearing Age, including Pregnant Women: Guidelines for Interventions during the Perinatal Period from the French National College of Midwives [2022]

France, United States

• PLoS ONE
  • Pregnancy Requires Major Changes in the Quality of the Diet for Nutritional Adequacy: Simulations in the French and the United States Populations [2016]

Germany

• Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • German National Consensus Recommendations on Nutrition and Lifestyle in Pregnancy by the ‘Healthy Start - Young Family Network' [2013]

• Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
  • Diet and Lifestyle Before and During Pregnancy – Practical Recommendations of the Germany-wide Healthy Start – Young Family Network [2018]

High-income countries

• Medicina de Familia. SEMERGEN
  • Methodological and reporting quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines for prenatal care on nutritional counselling in high-income countries: A systematic review [2025]

India

• BMJ Global Health
  • Assessing progress on the coverage of interventions in the first 1000 days in India: role of national programs [2024]

• British Journal of Nutrition
  • Tipping the scale: the role of a national nutritional supplementation programme for pregnant mothers in reducing low birth weight and neonatal mortality in India [2022]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Maternal and child nutrition services associated with nutritional knowledge and practices, India [2024]

• Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • Maternal Vitamin B12 Status During Pregnancy and Its Association With Outcomes of Pregnancy and Health of the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Implications for Policy in India [2021]

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Dietary guidelines across different countries & comparisons to dietary guidelines for Indians, 2024 [2025]
  • Recommendations for India-specific multiple micronutrient supplement through expert consultation [2024]

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • Pooled estimate of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

International

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Dietary Patterns and Diet Quality before and/or during Pregnancy and How These Affect Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2025]
  • Association between the Maternal Mediterranean Diet and Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Scaling up prenatal nutrition could reduce the global burden of noncommunicable diseases in the next generation: a modeling analysis [2022]

• Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Association of Pregnancy Diet with Metabolic Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women and Their Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  • Expert consensus on an open-access United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Antenatal Preparation–multiple micronutrient supplement product specification [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • International expert consensus on micronutrient supplement use during the early life course [2025]
  • Effective dietary interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavior change techniques to promote healthy eating [2025]
  • The association between ultra-processed food and common pregnancy adverse outcomes: a dose-response systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• BMC Public Health
  • Ramadan fasting as a form of time-restricted eating during pregnancy and long-term health effects in offspring: a narrative systematic review [2024]

• BMJ Global Health
  • WHO recommendations on antenatal nutrition: an update on multiple micronutrient supplements [2020]

• Global Health Action
  • Maternal vitamin D and growth of under-five children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies [2022]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Using FIGO Nutrition Checklist counselling in pregnancy: A review to support healthcare professionals [2023]
  • The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations on adolescent, preconception, and maternal nutrition: “Think Nutrition First” [2015]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Impacts of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: An umbrella review [2025]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Do nutritional interventions before or during pregnancy affect placental phenotype? Findings from a systematic review of human clinical trials [2024]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Dietary guideline adherence during preconception and pregnancy: A systematic review [2020]

• Maternal and Child Health Journal
  • How are the Dietary Needs of Pregnant Incarcerated Women Being Met? A Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis [2024]

• Medicina
  • Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies [2025]

• Nature Reviews Endocrinology
  • Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention [2016]

• Nutrients
  • Mediterranean Diet Outcomes Across the Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: A Narrative Review [2025]
  • A Scoping Review on Nutrition Knowledge and Nutrition Literacy Among Pregnant Women and the Prevalence of Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes [2025]
  • Chrononutrition during Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ramadan and Non-Ramadan Studies [2023]
  • Maternal Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods-Rich Diet and Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • Nutrient Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation [2021]
  • Is Supplementation with Micronutrients Still Necessary during Pregnancy? A Review [2021]
  • Are Probiotics and Prebiotics Safe for Use during Pregnancy and Lactation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Nutrition
  • Nutritional supplementation in pregnant, lactating women and young children following a plant-based diet: A narrative review of the evidence [2025]

• Nutrition Research
  • Micronutrient supplement recommendations in pregnancy vary across a geographically diverse range of countries: a narrative review [2024]

• Nutrition Reviews
  • Clinical Benefits and Safety of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation During Preconception, Pregnancy, and Lactation: A Review [2025]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Maternal nutrition

Ireland

• European Journal of Nutrition
  • Maternal adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet recommendations among pregnant women in Ireland and associations with offspring birth outcomes and childhood adiposity [2025]

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Nutrition during pregnancy [2019]

Italy

• Nutrients
  • Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document [2016]

Latvia

• WHO European Region
  • Proper maternal nutrition during pregnancy planning and pregnancy: a healthy start in life (2017) [2017]

Lebanon

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Development of national dietary and lifestyle guidelines for pregnant women in Lebanon [2021]

• Medicina
  • Assessing Health Care Providers' Knowledge and Practices of Nutrition during Pregnancy in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Contribution of Maternal Adherence to the Effect of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis [2025]

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Effect of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation compared with iron and folic acid supplementation on size at birth and subsequent growth through 24 mo of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Effects of prenatal small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on pregnancy, birth, and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized controlled trials in low- and middle-income countries [2024]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Nutrition and reproductive potential of women in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Lancet Global Health
  • The effects of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on small vulnerable newborn types in low-income and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis of individual participant data [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Acceptability of Antenatal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Compared to Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation in Pregnant Individuals: A Narrative Review [2025]
  • Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

• PLoS Medicine
  • The effect of prenatal balanced energy and protein supplementation on gestational weight gain: An individual participant data meta-analysis in low- and middle-income countries [2025]

Malaysia

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Maternal diet, nutritional status and infant birth weight in Malaysia: a scoping review [2022]

Middle-income countries

• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  • Interventions to increase adherence to micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy: a systematic review [2021]

Netherlands

• Nutrients
  • An Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake among Pregnant Women in The Netherlands: A Systematic Review [2023]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Companion Statement on Vitamin D and Sun Exposure in Pregnancy and Infancy in New Zealand [2024]

• Nutrients
  • Dietary Patterns in Pregnancy in New Zealand—Influence of Maternal Socio-Demographic, Health and Lifestyle Factors [2016]

Nigeria

• Nutrients
  • Micronutrient Deficiencies and Determinants Among Pregnant Women and Children in Nigeria: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

Poland

• Ginekologia Polska
  • Comparison of Polish and international guidelines on diet supplements in pregnancy — review [2021]
  • Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians recommendations on supplementation during pregnancy [2020]

South Asia

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in South Asia: Causes, Outcomes, and Possible Remedies [2013]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • The quality of maternal nutrition and infant feeding counselling during antenatal care in South Asia [2021]

South-East Asia

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Scoping Review of Intervention Strategies for Improving Coverage and Uptake of Maternal Nutrition Services in Southeast Asia [2021]

Spain

• Nutrients
  • Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Post-Partum. ECLIPSES Study [2019]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • Food taboo practices and associated factors among pregnant women in Sub-Sahara Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Is Oral Iron and Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy Protective against Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth in Africa? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]

Thailand

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Thailand nutrition in transition: situation and challenges of maternal and child nutrition [2013]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Provision of information by midwives for pregnant women in England on guidance on foods/drinks to avoid or limit [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • Vitamin B12 status in women of childbearing age in the UK and its relationship with national nutrient intake guidelines: results from two National Diet and Nutrition Surveys [2016]

• British Nutrition Foundation
  • Diet in Pregnancy: A Review of Current Challenges and Recommendations. A British Nutrition Foundation Briefing Paper [2025]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Maternal and child nutrition: nutrition and weight management in pregnancy, and nutrition in children up to 5 years [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Fish Consumption during Pregnancy in Relation to National Guidance in England in a Mixed-Methods Study: The PEAR Study [2023]

• Scottish Government
  • Scottish maternal and infant nutrition survey 2017 [2018]

United Kingdom, United States

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Systematic review of fruit and vegetable voucher interventions for pregnant women and families with young children [2025]

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Maternal and Child Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) [2022]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Consumption of Raw or Unpasteurized Milk and Milk Products by Pregnant Women and Children [2014]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Vitamin D: Screening and Supplementation During Pregnancy [2011]

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Predictors of WIC uptake among low-income pregnant individuals: a longitudinal nationwide analysis [2023]

• Food and Drug Administration
  • Dietary Advice Before and During Pregnancy

• Journal of Correctional Health Care
  • Forgotten Fundamentals: A Review of State Legislation on Nutrition for Incarcerated Pregnant and Postpartum People [2024]

• Journal of the National Medical Association
  • A review of dairy food intake for improving health for black women in the US during pregnancy, fetal development, and lactation [2024]

• Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
  • Evidence based recommendations for an optimal prenatal supplement for women in the US: vitamins and related nutrients [2022]

• Medical Clinics of North America
  • Nutrition Recommendations in Pregnancy and Lactation [2016]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Approaches to Assessing Intake of Food and Dietary Supplements in Pregnant Women and Children 2 to 11 Years of Age: Proceedings of a Workshop Series [2022]
  • Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation: Exploring New Evidence: Proceedings of a Workshop [2020]
  • Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age [2018]

• Nutrients
  • Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake? [2023]
  • Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals [2021]

• Office of Dietary Supplements
  • Dietary Supplements and Life Stages: Pregnancy - Health Professional Fact Sheet

Western countries

• Lancet
  • Food insecurity among pregnant women living in high-income countries: a systematic review [2022]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Association between low-calorie sweetener consumption during pregnancy and child health: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Dietary Interventions for Healthy Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review of Tools to Promote a Healthy Antenatal Dietary Intake [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Nutritional interventions update: zinc supplements during pregnancy [2021]
  • Nutritional interventions update: vitamin D supplements during pregnancy [2020]
  • Nutritional interventions update: multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy [2020]
  • Micronutrient survey manual [2020]
  • Essential nutrition actions: mainstreaming nutrition through the life-course [2019]
  • Essential nutrition actions: improving maternal, newborn, infant and young child health and nutrition [2013]
  • Nutrition: nutrition of women in the preconception period, during pregnancy and the breastfeeding period: report by the Secretariat [2012]
  • Nutrition: nutrition of women in the preconception period, during pregnancy and the breastfeeding period [2012]
  • Guideline: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women [2012]
  • Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point of use) fortification of foods in pregnant women: a systematic review [2011]
  • Guideline: use of multiple micronutrient powders for home fortification of foods consumed by pregnant women [2011]
  • Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water - Public health significance [2009]
  • Programming of chronic disease by impaired fetal nutrition [2002]
  • Nutrition counselling during pregnancy

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Assessment of Vitamin A Supplementation Practices in Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Evidence to Implementation [2021]

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Maternal and child undernutrition in the Middle East and North Africa, Eastern Mediterranean and Arab regions with a focus on Afghanistan, Djibouti, Lebanon, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen: call to action to address [2022]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology