Pregnancy

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Stillbirth, perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality

Algeria

• African Health Sciences
  • Socio-demographic determinants of neonatal mortality in Algeria according to MICS4 data (2012–2013) [2021]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Health in the Americas: Potentially avoidable premature mortality [2024]

Australia

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  • Perinatal deaths in Australia 2013–2014 [2018]
  • Stillbirths and neonatal deaths

• NSW Health
  • Perinatal deaths by gestational age

• Queensland Health
  • Stillbirth care

• SA Health
  • Stillbirth Investigations
  • Oxytocin High Dose Regimen for Intrauterine Fetal Death
  • Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD): Medical management in the Third Trimester

• Scientific Reports
  • Stillbirth risk prediction using machine learning for a large cohort of births from Western Australia, 1980–2015 [2020]

Austria

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Institutional guidelines on maternal care and investigations following antepartum stillbirth - a national survey [2021]

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Epidemiology of Antepartum Stillbirths in Austria—A Population-Based Study between 2008 and 2020 [2021]

Bangladesh

• BMC Public Health
  • Sociodemographic and maternal health-related factors associated with mortality among children under three in Bangladesh: an analysis of data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 [2024]

• BMJ Open
  • Identifying regional disparities of infant mortality rates in Bangladesh: insights from nationwide cross-sectional studies and a statistical modelling approach using linear mixed effects model with temporal variability [2023]

• Global Health Action
  • The importance of intersectoral factors in promoting equity-oriented universal health coverage: a multilevel analysis of social determinants affecting neonatal infant and under-five mortality in Bangladesh [2016]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Availability and readiness of health care facilities and their effects on under-five mortality in Bangladesh: Analysis of linked data [2022]
  • Child mortality in Bangladesh – why, when, where and how? A national survey-based analysis [2021]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Health care services use, stillbirth, and neonatal and infant survival following implementation of the Maternal Health Voucher Scheme in Bangladesh: A difference-in-differences analysis of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data, 2000 to 2016 [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Association between maternal high-risk fertility behaviour and perinatal mortality in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey [2023]
  • Exploring association between place of delivery and newborn care with early-neonatal mortality in Bangladesh [2022]
  • Trends and projections of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh including the effects of maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services [2021]
  • When, Where, and Why Are Babies Dying? Neonatal Death Surveillance and Review in Bangladesh [2016]

• Scientific Reports
  • An explanation of the stagnant under-5 mortality rate in Bangladesh using multilevel, multivariable analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys [2024]

Brazil

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Birth in Brazil survey: neonatal mortality, pregnancy and childbirth quality of care [2014]

• Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
  • Epidemiological profile of mortality in indigenous children under five years of age in Brazil: an integrative literature review [2025]
  • Trends in neonatal mortality in Brazil from 2007 to 2017 [2022]

• Revista de Saúde Pública
  • Space-time trends in fetal mortality in Brazil, 1996–2021 [2025]
  • Fetal deaths in Brazil: a systematic review [2015]

Burundi

• Archives of Public Health
  • Time trends, geographical, socio-economic, and gender disparities in neonatal mortality in Burundi: evidence from the demographic and health surveys, 2010–2016 [2020]

Cameroon

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Stillbirths in Cameroon: an analysis of the 1998-2011 demographic and health surveys [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Journal of Public Health
  • Stillbirth in Canada: anachronistic definition and registration processes impede public health surveillance and clinical care [2021]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Perinatal Mortality Guideline [2017]
  • Stillbirth

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Hospital Livebirths in Canada: A National Retrospective Study [2024]

• Public Health Reports
  • Stillbirth Among Arab Women in Canada, 1981-2015 [2020]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Stillbirth Investigation [2020]
  • Management of Pregnancy Subsequent to Stillbirth [2018]
  • Fetal and Perinatal Autopsy in Prenatally Diagnosed Fetal Abnormalities with Normal Chromosome Analysis [2018]

• Statistics Canada
  • Perinatal mortality (late fetal deaths and early neonatal deaths)

Canada, Europe, United States

• BMJ Open
  • Impact of regionalisation and case-volume on neonatal and perinatal mortality: an umbrella review [2020]

Canada, France

• CMAJ Open
  • A population-based comparison of preterm neonatal deaths (22–34 gestational weeks) in France and Ontario: a cohort study [2019]

China

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Stillbirths in China: a nationwide survey [2021]

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Neonatal mortality and morbidity among infants between 24 to 31 complete weeks: a multicenter survey in China from 2013 to 2014 [2016]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Apgar score and neonatal mortality in China: an observational study from a national surveillance system [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Neonatal mortality and leading causes of deaths: a descriptive study in China, 2014–2018 [2021]
  • Effect of basic public health service project on neonatal health services and neonatal mortality in China: a longitudinal time-series study [2020]

• China CDC Weekly
  • The Trend and Cause of Mortality Burden in Infancy — China, 1990–2019 [2021]
  • Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of Eliminating Preventable Newborn Deaths — China in Action [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Preterm neonatal mortality in China during 2009–2018: A retrospective study [2021]

Colombia

• Social Science & Medicine
  • Stillbirths, miscarriages and early losses in armed conflict contexts. The modification effect of violence. The Colombian case [2023]

Croatia

• BioMed Research International
  • Perinatal Health Statistics as the Basis for Perinatal Quality Assessment in Croatia [2015]

Democratic Republic of Congo

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Under-five mortality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: secondary analyses of survey and conflict data by province [2022]

Denmark

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • The Danish newborn standard and the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century newborn standard: a nationwide register-based cohort study [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • Are the Danish stillbirth rates still record low? A nationwide ecological study [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Social and ethnic disparities in stillbirth and infant death in Denmark, 2005–2016 [2021]

Dominica

• Lancet Global Health
  • The national tragedy of rising childhood mortality in Dominica: 15 years and counting [2019]

East Africa

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Prevalence of stillbirth and its associated factors in East Africa: generalized linear mixed modeling [2021]

Ecuador

• BMC Public Health
  • The spatio-temporal dynamics of infant mortality in Ecuador from 2010 to 2019 [2022]

Ethiopia

• African Health Sciences
  • Determinants of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: an analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey [2020]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • The effect of distance to health facility on neonatal mortality in Ethiopia [2023]

• BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
  • Predicting perinatal mortality based on maternal health status and health insurance service using homogeneous ensemble machine learning methods [2022]

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Trend, and multivariate decomposition of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia using further analysis of EDHS 2005-2016 [2024]
  • Early neonatal mortality and determinants in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey, 2019 [2024]
  • Epidemiology of neonatal mortality: a spatial and multilevel analysis of the 2019 mini-Ethiopian demographic and health survey data [2023]
  • Adverse fetal outcomes and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Trends of stillbirth among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia based on Ethiopian demographic and health surveys: a multivariate decomposition analysis [2020]
  • Magnitude and trend of perinatal mortality and its relationship with inter-pregnancy interval in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Public Health
  • Early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2019: an analysis of trends and a multivariate decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey [2024]
  • Neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: trends and determinants [2013]

• BMC Research Notes
  • Factors affecting neonatal mortality in the general population: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS)—multilevel analysis [2019]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Neonatal mortality and associated factors in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional population-based study [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Spatial distribution of stillbirth and associated factors in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis [2020]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Prevalence and determinants of early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: findings from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [2023]

• Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
  • Perinatal Mortality Trends in Ethiopia [2014]

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • The Magnitude of Neonatal Mortality and Its Predictors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Incidence of neonatal mortality and its predictors among live births in Ethiopia: Gompertz gamma shared frailty model [2020]

• Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
  • Pooled estimates of stillbirth in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2013-2024 [2025]

• Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
  • Logistic regression analysis on the determinants of stillbirth in Ethiopia [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Timing of perinatal death; causes, circumstances, and regional variations among reviewed deaths in Ethiopia [2023]
  • Prevalence and determinants of neonatal near miss in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Spatial pattern of perinatal mortality and its determinants in Ethiopia: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [2020]
  • Inequalities and trends in Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) in Ethiopia: Evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000–2016 [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Prevalence and associated factors of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia [2022]

• Tropical Medicine and Health
  • Risk factor of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of 2016 Demographic and Health Survey [2021]

Europe

• Euro-Peristat
  • Neonatal Mortality Disparities by Gestational Age in European Countries [2024]
  • Clarity and consistency in stillbirth reporting in Europe: why is it so hard to get this right? [2022]
  • Producing valid statistics when legislation, culture and medical practices differ for births at or before the threshold of survival: report of a European workshop [2020]
  • How do late terminations of pregnancy affect comparisons of stillbirth rates in Europe? Analyses of aggregated routine data from the Euro-Peristat Project [2018]
  • Socioeconomic inequalities in stillbirth rates in Europe: measuring the gap using routine data from the Euro-Peristat Project [2016]
  • Declines in stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates in Europe between 2004 and 2010: results from the Euro-Peristat project [2016]
  • International comparisons of fetal and neonatal mortality rates in high-income countries: should exclusion thresholds be based on birth weight or gestational age? [2013]
  • Gestational age patterns of fetal and neonatal mortality in Europe: results from the Euro-Peristat project [2011]

• WHO European Region
  • Child and adolescent health in the WHO European Region: mortality fact sheet [2024]
  • Perinatal deaths per 1000 births
  • Neonatal deaths per 1000 live births
  • Fetal deaths per 1000 births

Gambia

• BMC Pediatrics
  • The large contribution of twins to neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in The Gambia, a 5-year prospective study [2016]

Germany

• Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Temporal trends in fetal mortality at and beyond term and induction of labor in Germany 2005–2012: data from German routine perinatal monitoring [2015]

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • Rising Stillbirth Rates in Germany [2023]

Ghana

• Archives of Public Health
  • Survival analysis of neonatal mortality in Ghana using three population-based surveys [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Geospatial analysis of determinants of neonatal mortality in Ghana [2021]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Out of sight, out of mind? Evidence from cross-sectional surveys on hidden caesarean sections among women with stillbirths in Ghana, 2007 and 2017 [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Evaluating the impact of maternal health care policy on stillbirth and perinatal mortality in Ghana; a mixed method approach using two rounds of Ghana demographic and health survey data sets and qualitative design technique [2022]
  • Evaluation of neonatal mortality data completeness and accuracy in Ghana [2021]

High-income countries

• Journal of Perinatal Medicine
  • Investigation and management of stillbirth: a descriptive review of major guidelines [2022]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Risks of stillbirth and neonatal death with advancing gestation at term: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of 15 million pregnancies [2019]

India

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Unraveling the complexity of selected adverse neonatal outcomes in India: a multilevel analysis using data from a nationally representative sample survey [2025]

• BMJ Open
  • Stillbirth among women in nine states in India: rate and risk factors in study of 886,505 women from the annual health survey [2018]
  • Estimation of perinatal mortality rate for institutional births in Rajasthan state, India, using capture–recapture technique [2015]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Stillbirth undercount in the sample registration system and national family health survey, India [2023]

• Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
  • Prevention and Management of Stillbirths [2024]

• Indian Journal of Community Medicine
  • Differential and Determinants of Neonatal Mortality: A Comparative Study in Northern and Southern Regions of India [2021]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • State of newborn health in India [2016]

• Lancet
  • Subnational mapping of under-5 and neonatal mortality trends in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2000–17 [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • The association between institutional delivery and neonatal mortality based on the quality of maternal and newborn health system in India [2022]

• SSM - Population Health
  • Can administrative health data be used to estimate population level birth and child mortality estimates? A comparison of India's Health Information Management System data with nationally representative survey data [2022]

India, Pakistan

• Lancet Global Health
  • The causes of stillbirths in south Asia: results from a prospective study in India and Pakistan (PURPOSe) [2022]

• Reproductive Health
  • Gender variations in neonatal and early infant mortality in India and Pakistan: a secondary analysis from the Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry [2020]

Indonesia

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Risk of recurrent stillbirth and neonatal mortality: mother-specific random effects analysis using longitudinal panel data from Indonesia (2000 - 2014) [2022]

International

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Making stillbirths visible: a systematic review of globally reported causes of stillbirth [2017]
  • Optimising the International Classification of Diseases to identify the maternal condition in the case of perinatal death [2016]
  • Giving a voice to millions: developing the WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM [2016]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Understanding the clinical utility of stillbirth investigations: a scoping review [2025]
  • Ending preventable stillbirths and improving bereavement care: a scorecard for high- and upper-middle income countries [2023]
  • Seeking order amidst chaos: a systematic review of classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014 [2016]
  • Evaluation of an international educational programme for health care professionals on best practice in the management of a perinatal death: IMproving Perinatal mortality Review and Outcomes Via Education (IMPROVE) [2016]
  • Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system [2016]
  • Counting every stillbirth and neonatal death through mortality audit to improve quality of care for every pregnant woman and her baby [2015]
  • Count every newborn; a measurement improvement roadmap for coverage data [2015]

• BMC Public Health
  • Global trends in incidence and death of neonatal disorders and its specific causes in 204 countries/territories during 1990-2019 [2022]
  • Neonatal mortality burden and trends in UNHCR refugee camps, 2006–2017: a retrospective analysis [2021]

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Neonatal death prediction scores: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Child Mortality Estimates
  • Child Mortality Estimates

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Antenatal interventions for preventing stillbirth, fetal loss and perinatal death: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews [2020]

• Current Epidemiology Reports
  • Methodological Challenges in International Comparisons of Perinatal Mortality [2017]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • FIGO good practice recommendations: Bundle of care to reduce neonatal mortality and improve outcomes after preterm and term delivery [2023]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Definitions, terminology and standards for reporting of births and deaths in the perinatal period: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [2025]

• International Journal of Public Health
  • A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Risk of Stillbirth, Perinatal and Neonatal Mortality in Immigrant Women [2022]

• JBI Evidence Synthesis
  • Timing of neonatal mortality and severe morbidity during the postnatal period: a systematic review [2023]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Spatial patterns and temporal trends in stillbirth, neonatal, and infant mortality: an exploration of country-level data from 2000 to 2021 [2025]
  • The global use of the International Classification of Diseases to Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM): A systematic review [2022]
  • Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025 [2015]

• Journal of Perinatal Medicine
  • Perinatal mortality audits and reporting of perinatal deaths: systematic review of outcomes and barriers [2022]

• Lancet
  • Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [2024]
  • Effects of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 198 655 pregnancies [2022]
  • Global, regional, and national estimates and trends in stillbirths from 2000 to 2019: a systematic assessment [2021]
  • Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 [2016]
  • Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 [2014]

• Lancet Global Health
  • The risk of perinatal mortality following short inter-pregnancy intervals-insights from 692 402 pregnancies in 113 Demographic and Health Surveys from 46 countries: a population-based analysis [2023]

• Nature
  • Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017 [2019]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Neonatal Mortality Levels for 193 Countries in 2009 with Trends since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of Progress, Projections, and Priorities [2011]

• Population Health Metrics
  • Four decades of measuring stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Demographic and Health Surveys: historical review [2021]
  • Every newborn-INDEPTH study: improving the measurement of pregnancy outcomes in population-based surveys [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Evidence of health inequity in child survival: spatial and Bayesian network analyses of stillbirth rates in 194 countries [2019]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Preventing and Addressing Stillbirths Along the Continuum of Care [2023]
  • Stillbirth Definition and Data Quality Assessment for Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) [2022]
  • A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths [2020]
  • Neonatal mortality
  • Levels and Trends in Child Mortality

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Ending Preventable Newborn Deaths and Stillbirths by 2030 [2020]

• Vaccine
  • Neonatal death: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2016]

• World Bank
  • Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births)

Iran

• Annali di Igiene
  • Incidence and maternal-fetal risk factors of stillbirth. A population-based historical cohort and a nested casecontrol study [2021]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Proposing a machine-learning based method to predict stillbirth before and during delivery and ranking the features: nationwide retrospective cross-sectional study [2021]

• Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Risk factors of neonatal mortality in Iran: a systematic review [2019]

Ireland

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Intrapartum fetal deaths and unexpected neonatal deaths in the Republic of Ireland: 2011 – 2014; a descriptive study [2018]

• European Journal of Public Health
  • Perinatal mortality in Ireland: inequalities by socio-economic group and country of birth [2023]

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Stillbirth: Prevention, Investigation, Management and Care [2023]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• BMJ Open
  • Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

Japan

• Pediatric Research
  • Impact of being large-for-gestational-age on neonatal mortality and morbidities in extremely premature infants [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Trends in perinatal mortality and its risk factors in Japan: Analysis of vital registration data, 1979-2010 [2017]

• Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  • Recommendations for Preventing Stillbirth: A Regional Population-Based Study in Japan during 2007-2011 [2015]

Jordan

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Rate, Risk Factors, and Causes of Neonatal Deaths in Jordan: Analysis of Data From Jordan Stillbirth and Neonatal Surveillance System (JSANDS) [2020]

• Journal of Medical Internet Research
  • The Jordan Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality Surveillance (JSANDS) System: Evaluation Study [2021]

Kenya

• BMJ Global Health
  • Neonatal mortality in Kenyan hospitals: a multisite, retrospective, cohort study [2021]

• International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS
  • Determinants of Neonatal Mortality in Kenya: Evidence from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014 [2021]

Latin America

• Clinics
  • Neonatal Near Miss: the need for a standard definition and appropriate criteria and the rationale for a prospective surveillance system [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • The burden of stillbirths in low resource settings in Latin America: Evidence from a network using an electronic surveillance system [2023]

Low and middle income countries

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review [2014]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based postpartum care on neonatal mortality and exclusive breastfeeding practice in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMJ Open Quality
  • Approaches, enablers, barriers and outcomes of implementing facility-based stillbirth and neonatal death audit in LMICs: a systematic review [2021]

• Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
  • A Meta-Analysis of Socio-Demographic Factors for Perinatal Mortality in Developing Countries: A Subgroup Analysis of the National Surveys and Small Scale Studies [2014]

• International Journal of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
  • Review of the evidence for interventions to reduce perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries [2020]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Adherence to Perinatal Asphyxia or Sepsis Management Guidelines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries [2025]
  • Predictive Modeling for Perinatal Mortality in Resource-Limited Settings [2020]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Population attributable fractions for modifiable risk factors of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality in 48 low- and middle-income countries [2025]
  • Stillbirths and neonatal mortality in LMICs: A community-based mother-infant cohort study [2023]
  • Negative effects of short birth interval on child mortality in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • When do newborns die? A systematic review of timing of overall and cause-specific neonatal deaths in developing countries [2016]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Measuring stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates through household surveys: a population-based analysis using an integrated approach to data quality assessment and adjustment with 157 surveys from 53 countries [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • The Global Network Socioeconomic Status Index as a predictor of stillbirths, perinatal mortality, and neonatal mortality in rural communities in low and lower middle income country sites of the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research [2022]

• Population Health Metrics
  • Stillbirth outcome capture and classification in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study [2021]
  • Stillbirth maternity care measurement and associated factors in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study [2021]
  • Birth, stillbirth and death registration data completeness, quality and utility in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study [2021]

• Reproductive Health
  • Stillbirth 2010–2018: a prospective, population-based, multi-country study from the Global Network [2020]
  • Institutional deliveries and stillbirth and neonatal mortality in the Global Network's Maternal and Newborn Health Registry [2020]
  • Evaluating the effect of care around labor and delivery practices on early neonatal mortality in the Global Network’s Maternal and Newborn Health Registry [2020]
  • Stillbirth rates in low-middle income countries 2010 - 2013: a population-based, multi-country study from the Global Network [2015]

• Scientific Reports
  • Association of maternal history of neonatal death with subsequent neonatal death across 56 low- and middle-income countries [2021]

• Seminars in Perinatology
  • Challenges in Classification and Assignment of Causes of Stillbirths in Low- and Lower Middle-Income Countries [2019]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Stillbirth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A conceptual framework [2022]

Low-income countries

• Archives of Disease in Childhood
  • Perinatal interventions and survival in resource-poor settings: which work, which don’t, which have the jury out? [2010]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Do we need a new global policy for ending preventable perinatal deaths in fragile low-income countries? [2023]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Home-based neonatal care by community health workers for preventing mortality in neonates in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review [2016]

• World Health Organization
  • Health sector contributions towards improving the civil registration of births and deaths in low-income countries: guidance for health sector managers, civil registrars and development partners [2021]

Macedonia

• WHO European Region
  • Perinatal mortality audit: North Macedonia 2020 [2023]

Malawi

• Journal of Global Health
  • Efforts to alter the trajectory of neonatal mortality in Malawi: evaluating relative effects of access to maternal care services and birth history risk factors [2018]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Obstetric Facility Quality and Newborn Mortality in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study [2016]

Malaysia

• Medical Journal of Malaysia
  • Preventable stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Malaysia: An analysis of the under-five mortality surveillance data 2015-2017 [2023]

Moldova

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • The experience of the implementation of perinatal audit in Moldova [2014]

Myanmar

• Demographic and Health Surveys
  • Use of Maternal and Neonatal Health Services Associated with Neonatal Death in Myanmar [2019]

Nepal

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • The burden of and factors associated with misclassification of intrapartum stillbirth: Evidence from a large scale multicentric observational study [2020]

• BMC Public Health
  • Neonatal health in Nepal: analysis of absolute and relative inequalities and impact of current efforts to reduce neonatal mortality [2013]

• BMJ Global Health
  • The burden of misclassification of antepartum stillbirth in Nepal [2019]

Netherlands

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Perinatal mortality and neonatal and maternal outcome per gestational week in term pregnancies: A registry-based study [2022]
  • Intrapartum and neonatal mortality in low-risk term women in midwife-led care and obstetrician-led care at the onset of labor: A national matched cohort study [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Stillbirth and neonatal mortality in a subsequent pregnancy following stillbirth: a population-based cohort study [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Decreasing trend in preterm birth and perinatal mortality, do disparities also decline? [2020]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Dutch guideline for clinical foetal-neonatal and paediatric post-mortem radiology, including a review of literature [2018]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Association Between Income and Perinatal Mortality in the Netherlands Across Gestational Age [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Perinatal mortality rate and adverse perinatal outcomes presumably attributable to placental dysfunction in (near) term gestation: A nationwide 5-year cohort study [2023]

New Zealand

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • An in-depth analysis of perinatal related mortality among women of South Asian ethnicity in Aotearoa New Zealand [2023]

• Starship
  • Death of an infant in NICU

Nigeria

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Trends in neonatal mortality in Nigeria and effects of bio-demographic and maternal characteristics [2015]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Using propensity scores to estimate the effectiveness of maternal and newborn interventions to reduce neonatal mortality in Nigeria [2020]

• Global Health Action
  • Women's empowerment as a determinant of neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review focused on Nigeria [2024]

Norway

• JAMA Network Open
  • Trends in Term Intrapartum Stillbirth in Norway [2023]

Pakistan

• BMC Public Health
  • Determinants of neonatal mortality in Pakistan: secondary analysis of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006¿07 [2014]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Trends and risk factors of stillbirth among women of reproductive age in Pakistan: A multivariate decomposition analysis [2023]

• Inquiry
  • Infant & Child Mortality in Pakistan and its Determinants: A Review [2023]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Cross-National Systematic Review of Neonatal Mortality and Postnatal Newborn Care: Special Focus on Pakistan [2017]

Papua New Guinea

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Estimating Child Mortality at the Sub-national Level in Papua New Guinea: Evidence From the Integrated Health and Demographic Surveillance System [2022]

Peru

• BMC Public Health
  • Examining national and district-level trends in neonatal health in Peru through an equity lens: a success story driven by political will and societal advocacy [2016]

Philippines

• PLoS ONE
  • Stagnant Neonatal Mortality and Persistent Health Inequality in Middle-Income Countries: A Case Study of the Philippines [2013]

Portugal

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • Biodemographic Analysis of Factors Related to Perinatal Mortality in Portugal (1988–2011) [2016]

Republic of Guinea

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Disparities in use of skilled birth attendants and neonatal mortality rate in Guinea over two decades [2022]

Republic of Korea

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Risk Factors for Cause-specific Mortality of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in the Korean Neonatal Network [2015]
  • Recent Trends in Neonatal Mortality in Very Low Birth Weight Korean Infants: In Comparison with Japan and the USA [2011]
  • Decreasing Trends of Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rates in Korea: Compared with Japan, USA, and OECD Nations [2011]

• Scientific Reports
  • Maternal age and risk of early neonatal mortality: a national cohort study [2021]

Rwanda

• International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS
  • Newborn Survival Case Study in Rwanda - Bottleneck Analysis and Projections in Key Maternal and Child Mortality Rates Using Lives Saved Tool (LiST) [2017]

Senegal

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • What caused neonatal deaths in Senegal in 2017? a secondary analysis of 2017 DHS [2020]

Serbia

• Balkan Medical Journal
  • Trends and Causes of Neonatal Mortality in Serbia, 1997-2016 [2020]

Solomon Islands

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • Prevalence and risk factors associated with under-five mortality in the Solomon Islands: an investigation from the 2015 Solomon Islands demographic and health survey data [2023]
  • Preventable stillbirths in the Solomon Islands – A hidden tragedy [2020]

South Africa

• Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
  • Economic evaluations of interventions to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality: a review of the evidence in LMICs and its implications for South Africa [2016]

• Global Health: Science and Practice
  • From Pre-Implementation to Institutionalization: Lessons From Sustaining a Perinatal Audit Program in South Africa [2023]

• Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
  • Timing and cause of perinatal mortality for small-for-gestational-age babies in South Africa: critical periods and challenges with detection [2016]

• Public Health
  • The impact of national health promotion policy on stillbirth and maternal mortality in South Africa [2021]

South Africa, United Kingdom

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM: results from pilot database testing in South Africa and United Kingdom [2016]
  • Application of ICD-PM to preterm-related neonatal deaths in the UK and South Africa [2016]

South Asia

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Perinatal Mortality in South Asia: Systematic Review of Observational Studies [2018]

• Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
  • Mortality Projections, Regional Disparities in the Burden of Neonatal Disorders, and the Status of Achieving SDG Targets by 2030 in South Asia: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Factors associated with stillbirth in selected countries of South Asia: A systematic review of observational studies [2020]

South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa

• PLoS Medicine
  • Hospital delivery and neonatal mortality in 37 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: An ecological study [2021]

Southern Europe

• PLoS ONE
  • Economic crisis and stillbirth ratios: Evidence from Southern Europe [2021]

Spain

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prevalence and Mode of Birth in Late Fetal Mortality in Spain, 2016-2019 [2023]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Management of stillbirth [2022]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • The factors associated with stillbirths among sub-saharan African deliveries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• BMC Public Health
  • Determinants of adverse birth outcome in Sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of recent demographic and health surveys [2021]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Variation in neonatal mortality and its relation to country characteristics in sub-Saharan Africa: an ecological study [2017]

• Global Health Research and Policy
  • Pooled prevalence and multilevel determinants of stillbirths in sub-Saharan African countries: implications for achieving sustainable development goal [2025]

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • Incidence Density Rate of Neonatal Mortality and Predictors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • The effect of air pollution on morbidity and mortality among children aged under five in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Early neonatal mortality and determinants in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from recent demographic and health survey data [2024]
  • Burden of early neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Application of the ICD-PM classification system to stillbirth in four sub-Saharan African countries [2019]

Sudan

• BMC Public Health
  • Neonatal mortality in Sudan: analysis of the Sudan household survey, 2010 [2013]

Suriname

• Global Health Action
  • Investigation of stillbirth causes in Suriname: application of the WHO ICD-PM tool to national-level hospital data [2020]

Sweden

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Risk of stillbirth and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a third pregnancy when an earlier pregnancy has ended in stillbirth [2024]

• Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
  • Support interventions to reduce psychological distress in families experiencing stillbirth in high income countries: A systematic review [2024]
  • Care and support when a baby is stillborn: A systematic review and an interpretive meta-synthesis of qualitative studies in high-income countries [2023]

Switzerland

• BMJ Open
  • Retrospective cohort study of all deaths among infants born between 22 and 27 completed weeks of gestation in Switzerland over a 3-year period [2017]

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Sociodemographic and regional differences in neonatal and infant mortality in Switzerland in 2011-2018: the Swiss National Cohort [2024]

Taiwan

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Neonatal mortality among outborn versus inborn babies [2021]

Tanzania

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Maternal interventions to decrease stillbirths and neonatal mortality in Tanzania: evidence from the 2017-18 cross-sectional Tanzania verbal and social autopsy study [2023]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Neonatal and perinatal mortality in the urban continuum: a geospatial analysis of the household survey, satellite imagery and travel time data in Tanzania [2023]
  • A growing disadvantage of being born in an urban area? Analysing urban–rural disparities in neonatal mortality in 21 African countries with a focus on Tanzania [2022]

• International Health
  • Trends, patterns and cause-specific neonatal mortality in Tanzania: a hospital-based retrospective survey [2021]

Turkey

• Central European Journal of Public Health
  • Recent Declines in Infant and Neonatal Mortality in Turkey from 2007 to 2012: Impact of Improvements in Health Policies [2016]

Uganda

• Health Research Policy and Systems
  • Examining the variations in the implementation of interventions to address stillbirth from the national to subnational levels: experiences from Uganda [2022]
  • Applying a system dynamics modelling approach to explore policy options for improving neonatal health in Uganda [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • National-level key stakeholders' perspectives regarding intervention progression and emerging challenges within the national stillbirth reduction response in Uganda [2023]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Marvellous to mediocre: findings of national survey of UK practice and provision of care in pregnancies after stillbirth or neonatal death [2016]
  • Exploring the intangible economic costs of stillbirth [2015]
  • A structured review and exploration of the healthcare costs associated with stillbirth and a subsequent pregnancy in England and Wales [2013]

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends in infant mortality and stillbirth rates in Scotland by socio-economic position, 2000–2018: a longitudinal ecological study [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Understanding ethnic inequalities in stillbirth rates: a UK population-based cohort study [2022]

• BMJ Open Quality
  • Assessment of the quality, content and perceived utility of local maternity guidelines in hospitals in England implementing the saving babies’ lives care bundle to reduce stillbirth [2020]

• International Journal of Epidemiology
  • Worth the paper it's written on? A cross-sectional study of Medical Certificate of Stillbirth accuracy in the UK [2023]

• Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
  • Variations in neonatal mortality, infant mortality, preterm birth and birth weight in England and Wales according to ethnicity and maternal country or region of birth: an analysis of linked national data from 2006 to 2012 [2020]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Temporal trends in stillbirth over eight decades in England and Wales: A longitudinal analysis of over 56 million births and lives saved by improvements in maternity care [2022]

• Journal of Perinatal Medicine
  • Prospective risk of stillbirth according to fetal size at term [2022]

• MBRRACE-UK
  • Perinatal mortality surveillance reports

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Maternal sleep position during pregnancy [2021]
  • Intrauterine fetal death after previous caesarean birth: Inducing labour [2021]

• NHS England
  • Saving babies’ lives version three: a care bundle for reducing perinatal mortality [2023]
  • Perinatal post-mortem investigation of fetal and neonatal deaths (England, Scotland and Wales) [2022]
  • North West Management of Stillbirth Integrated Care Pathway [2021]
  • North West Management of Stillbirth Guideline [2021]
  • Saving Babies’ Lives Version Two: A care bundle for reducing perinatal mortality [2019]

• Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
  • Understanding perinatal mortality [2024]

• Office for National Statistics
  • Child and infant mortality in England and Wales

• PLoS ONE
  • Stillbirth rates, service outcomes and costs of implementing NHS England’s Saving Babies’ Lives care bundle in maternity units in England: A cohort study [2021]

• Public Health England
  • Pregnancy and early life: reducing stillbirth and infant death

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Care of late intrauterine fetal death and stillbirth [2024]

• Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
  • Diagnosis of death by neurological criteria in infants, children and adolescents

• Royal College of Pathologists
  • Guidelines on autopsy practice: Third trimester antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth [2017]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Stillbirth

• Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • UK stillbirth trends in over 11 million births provide no evidence to support effectiveness of Growth Assessment Protocol program [2020]
  • The Growth Assessment Protocol: a major cause of declining stillbirth rates in the UK [2020]

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Standard Terminology for Fetal, Infant, and Perinatal Deaths [2016]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Management of Stillbirth [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth rates across gestation: a cross-sectional study using the revised foetal death reporting system in the U.S [2022]
  • Birth weight differences between preterm stillbirths and live births: analysis of population-based studies from the U.S. and Sweden [2012]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Perinatal Mortality in the United States, 2020-2021 [2023]
  • Decline in Perinatal Mortality in the United States, 2017-2019 [2022]
  • Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Fetal Deaths — United States, 2015–2017 [2020]
  • Fetal and Perinatal Mortality: United States, 2013 [2015]
  • Stillbirth
  • Linked Birth and Infant Death Data
  • Fetal Deaths

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Holding a baby after stillbirth: the impact of fetal congenital and structural abnormalities [2023]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Fetal growth and risk of stillbirth: a population-based case-control study [2014]
  • Stillbirth Classification—Developing an International Consensus for Research: Executive Summary of a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop [2009]
  • Stillbirth

• PLoS ONE
  • Risk factors for late (28+ weeks' gestation) stillbirth in the United States, 2014-2015 [2023]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Improving maternal and newborn health and survival and reducing stillbirth - Progress report 2023 [2023]
  • Every newborn progress report 2019 [2020]
  • Reaching the every newborn national 2020 milestones: country progress, plans and moving forward [2017]
  • The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM [2016]
  • Making Every Baby Count. Audit and review of stillbirths and neonatal deaths [2016]
  • Maternal complications and perinatal mortality: findings of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2014]
  • Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths [2014]
  • National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995 [2011]
  • Neonatal and perinatal mortality: country, regional and global estimates 2004 [2007]
  • Stillbirth rate (per 1000 total births)
  • Stillbirth
  • SDG Target 3.2: End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age
  • Number of neonatal deaths (0 to 27 days)
  • Number of infant deaths (between birth and 11 months)
  • Newborns: improving survival and well-being: Fact sheet
  • Newborn Mortality: Fact sheet
  • Neonatal mortality rate (0 to 27 days) per 1000 live births) (SDG 3.2.2)
  • Infant mortality rate (between birth and 11 months per 1000 live births)
  • Every Newborn Action Plan
  • Distribution of causes of death among children aged < 5 years (%)
  • Deaths per 1 000 live births
  • Child data

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Joint Technical Brief on Stillbirth Situation and Way Forward for the East Mediterranean, Arab States, and Middle East and North Africa Region [2021]

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Summary report on the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF joint intercountry meeting of national managers of maternal and child health: towards accelerating the reduction of neonatal mortality in the Region, Amman, Jordan, 24–27 April 2016 [2016]

Zambia

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Factors associated with neonatal mortality in the general population: evidence from the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS); a cross sectional study [2015]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Miscarriage
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: fetus, newborn