Ethics, jurisprudence

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Ethics, jurisprudence: fetus, newborn

Australia

• Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
  • Should couples be allowed to select the sex of their offspring? [2013]

• NSW Health
  • Prevention of Termination of Pregnancy for the Sole Purpose of Sex Selection.

• Queensland Health
  • Perinatal care of the extremely preterm baby

• Reproductive Health
  • High and growing disapproval of sex-selection technology in Australia [2018]
  • Factors influencing the care provided for periviable babies in Australia: a narrative review [2015]

• SA Health
  • Perinatal Loss
  • Perinatal Care at the Threshold of Viability

• Sands
  • Sands Australian Principles of Bereavement Care [2018]

• WA Health
  • Perinatal Palliative Care Model of Care
  • Extreme Prematurity: Periviable Gestations (22 and 23 weeks)

• Women and Birth
  • Caring for families experiencing stillbirth: Evidence-based guidance for maternity care providers [2015]

Australia, New Zealand

• Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand
  • Care Around Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Clinical Practice Guideline [2024]

Austria

• Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
  • Neonatology in Austria: ethics to improve practice [2020]

Canada

• BMC Research Notes
  • A transdisciplinary approach to the decision-making process in extreme prematurity [2014]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Supporting and communicating with families experiencing a perinatal loss [2018]
  • Counselling and management for anticipated extremely preterm birth [2017]

• CMAJ
  • Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion [2016]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Grief and Loss

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Loss and grief

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Fetal Sex Determination and Disclosure [2024]

China

• Population Health Metrics
  • Sex-selective abortions over the past four decades in China [2025]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Policy Recommendations for China's Response to Gender-Biased Sex Selection and Son Preference based on UNFPA conceptual framework on son preference and daughter aversion [2024]

Croatia

• Medicina
  • End-of-Life Decision-Making in Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Croatia-A Focus Group Study among Nurses and Physicians [2022]

Europe

• European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
  • ESHRE Task Force on ethics and Law 20: sex selection for non-medical reasons [2013]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • Ethical decision-making & palliative care

Germany

• Children
  • Psychosocial Support within the Context of Perinatal Palliative Care: The "SORROWFUL" Model [2022]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Public Attitudes Toward Ethics and Practices in End-of-Life Decision-Making for Neonates [2024]

Greece

• BMC Medical Ethics
  • Physicians’ attitudes in relation to end-of-life decisions in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: a national multicenter survey [2020]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Neonatal End-of-Life Decision Making: The Possible Behavior of Greek Physicians, Midwives, and Nurses in Clinical Scenarios [2021]

High-income countries

• Children
  • Components of Perinatal Palliative Care: An Integrative Review [2023]

India

• BMJ Global Health
  • Is sex ratio at birth an appropriate measure of prenatal sex selection? Findings of a theoretical model and its application to India [2018]

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • End-of-Life Care: Consensus Statement by Indian Academy of Pediatrics [2017]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Trends in missing females at birth in India from 1981 to 2016: analyses of 2·1 million birth histories in nationally representative surveys [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Changes in sex composition of births across regions and subgroups in India from an analysis of birth histories from National Family Health Surveys [2024]

• Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
  • Assessment of delayed termination of pregnancy in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey, 2019-21 [2025]

International

• EMBO reports
  • The ethical and legal challenges of human foetal brain tissue-derived organoids : At the intersection of science, ethics, and regulation [2024]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • The ethics and practice of perinatal care at the limit of viability: FIGO recommendations [2024]

• International Journal of Nursing Studies
  • The impact of midwife/nurse-led psychosocial interventions on parents experiencing perinatal bereavement: An integrative review [2024]

• JBI Evidence Synthesis
  • Bereavement care guidelines used in health care facilities immediately following perinatal loss: a scoping review [2024]

• Newborn Brain Society
  • Ethical considerations in the care of encephalopathic neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia [2021]

• Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Sex selection and non-invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues [2020]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • National Standards for Bereavement Care following Pregnancy Loss and Perinatal Death [2022]
  • Perinatal Management of Extreme Preterm Birth at the Threshold of Viability [2021]
  • Pathway for management of fatal fetal abormalities and / or life limiting conditions diagnosed during pregnancy [2019]

• Midwifery
  • Governance of maternity services: Effects on the management of perinatal deaths and bereavement services [2021]
  • Impact of bereavement care and pregnancy loss services on families: Findings and recommendations from Irish inquiry reports [2020]

Israel

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • At the threshold of viability: to resuscitate or not to resuscitate - the perspectives of Israeli neonatologists [2024]

Italy

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Recommendations for neonatologists and pediatricians working in first level birthing centers on the first communication of genetic disease and malformation syndrome diagnosis: consensus issued by 6 Italian scientific societies and 4 parents’ associations [2021]

Japan

• Congenital Anomalies
  • Current status and legal/ethical problems in the research use of the tissues of aborted human fetuses in Japan [2020]

Jordan

• Andrologia
  • Perceptions towards sex selection among Jordanian population: A survey study [2022]

Low and middle income countries

• Annals of Palliative Medicine
  • Perinatal palliative care in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2024]

Nepal

• BMC Public Health
  • Estimation and probabilistic projection of levels and trends in the sex ratio at birth in seven provinces of Nepal from 1980 to 2050: a Bayesian modeling approach [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Prevalence and correlates of sex-selective abortions and missing girls in Nepal: evidence from the 2011 Population Census and 2016 Demographic and Health Survey [2021]

• Center for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities
  • Policy Brief: Legal Landscape: Gender-biased Sex Selection in Nepal [2020]
  • Breaking the Barriers: Safeguarding the Rights of Girl Infants [2017]
  • Understanding Factors influencing Adverse sex ratios at birth and Exploring what works to achieve balance: The situation in Selected districts of Nepal [2015]

Netherlands

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Preferred prenatal counselling at the limits of viability: a survey among Dutch perinatal professionals [2018]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Professionals’ preferences in prenatal counseling at the limits of viability: a nationwide qualitative Dutch study [2017]
  • Perinatal practice in extreme premature delivery: variation in Dutch physicians’ preferences despite guideline [2016]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • The Edge of Perinatal Viability: Understanding the Dutch Position [2021]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Parental Acceptance of Fetal Tissue Donation [2024]

• Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
  • Neonatal euthanasia in the context of palliative and EoL care [2023]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Perinatal Bereavement Support Environmental Scan Report [2023]

Republic of Korea

• American Journal of Human Biology
  • The Estimation of the Number of Aborted Girls in South Korea [2025]

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
  • Beyond Legal Boundaries: Public and Clinician Perspectives on Treatment Withdrawal in Infants With Poor Neurological Prognosis [2024]

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
  • Effects of Socio-demographic Factors on the Decreasing Trend in the Sex Ratio at Birth in Korea, 1997-2017 [2020]

Singapore

• Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore
  • Maternal and fetal best interests in day-to-day obstetrics [2011]

Spain

• Sociedad Española de Neonatología
  • Perinatal palliative care [2022]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Perinatal palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa: recommendations for practice, future research, and guideline development [2023]

United Kingdom

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Implementing two-stage consent pathway in neonatal trials [2023]
  • Babies born at the threshold of viability: changes in survival and workload over 20 years [2012]

• BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care
  • End of life care in paediatric settings: UK national survey [2025]

• British Association of Perinatal Medicine
  • Recognising uncertainty: an integrated framework for palliative care in perinatal medicine [2024]

• Legislation.gov.uk
  • Sex selection [2008]

• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
  • Sex ratios at birth: statistics

United States

• AMA Journal of Ethics
  • Sex selection for family balancing [2014]
  • Sex selection for nonhealth-related reasons [2012]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Guidance for Pediatric End-of-Life Care [2022]
  • Antenatal Counseling Regarding Resuscitation and Intensive Care Before 25 Weeks of Gestation [2015]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Perinatal Palliative Care [2019]

• American Society for Reproductive Medicine
  • Use of reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons: an Ethics Committee opinion [2022]

• Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
  • Perinatal Palliative Care [2024]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Neonatal End-of-Life Symptom Management [2020]

• Health Affairs Scholar
  • Dobbs-driven expansion of perinatal palliative care: a scoping review of the evidence and its limits [2025]

• Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
  • The Role of Midwives in US Perinatal Palliative Care: A Scoping Review [2024]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Transforming neonatal care with artificial intelligence: challenges, ethical consideration, and opportunities [2024]
  • Novel perinatal medical-legal partnership development and pilot implementation to address health-harming legal needs [2024]

Western countries

• eLife
  • Trends in female-selective abortion among Asian diasporas in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia [2022]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Preventing gender-biased sex selection: an interagency statement [2011]
  • Sex Selection practice is regulated

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Stillbirth, perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality
  • Newborn
  • Induced abortion
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: sexual and reproductive health and rights
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: assisted reproductive technology