Breastfeeding

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Breastfeeding and complementary feeding: premature or low birth weight infants

Australia

• WA Health
  • Breastfeeding

Canada

• Nutrients
  • Guidelines for Feeding Very Low Birth Weight Infants [2015]

Denmark

• PLoS ONE
  • Exclusive breastfeeding: Relation to gestational age, birth weight, and early neonatal ward admission. A nationwide cohort study of children born after 35 weeks of gestation [2023]

Europe

• European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
  • Feeding the Late and Moderately Preterm Infant: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition [2019]

• European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
  • The role of preterm formula
  • The role of nutrient supplements for preterm infants
  • Providing mother’s own milk (MOM) for preterm and ill term infants
  • Feeding of late preterm infants

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Room for improvement in breast milk feeding after very preterm birth in Europe: Results from the EPICE cohort [2018]

France

• Acta Paediatrica
  • Review concludes that specific recommendations are needed to harmonise the provision of fresh mother's milk to their preterm infants [2018]

Germany

• Nutrients
  • Update on Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Preterm Infants and Recommendations for Enteral Mineral Intake [2021]

India

• Frontiers in Nutrition
  • Optimizing Nutrition in Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants-Consensus Summary [2017]

International

• Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research
  • INTERPRACTICE-21st - Preterm infant feeding and growth monitoring: Implementation of the INTERGROWTH-21st protocol [2017]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • The effect of milk type and fortification on the growth of low-birthweight infants: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [2021]

• Nutrients
  • A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Short-Term Growth in Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants [2021]

Italy

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Complementary feeding in preterm infants: a position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies [2022]

• Nutrients
  • Complementary Feeding: Recommendations for the Introduction of Allergenic Foods and Gluten in the Preterm Infant [2021]
  • Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements [2020]
  • Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review [2020]
  • Weaning Time in Preterm Infants: An Audit of Italian Primary Care Paediatricians [2018]

Low and middle income countries

• Neonatology
  • Nutritional Management of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants in Low- and Low Middle-Income Countries [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Maternal-focused interventions to improve infant growth and nutritional status in low-middle income countries: A systematic review of reviews [2021]

• World Health Organization
  • Guidelines on optimal feeding of low birth-weight infants in low- and middle-income countries [2011]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Breastfeeding - preterm infants

Taiwan

• Nutrients
  • Adherence to Nutritional Practice Guideline in Premature Infants: A Nationwide Survey in Taiwan [2024]

United Kingdom

• Health Economics Review
  • Modelling the cost-effectiveness of human milk and breastfeeding in preterm infants in the United Kingdom [2016]

United States

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016 [2016]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infant [2021]
  • Nutrition for the Preterm, VLBW Infant After NICU Discharge

• American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Working group reports: evaluation of the evidence to support practice guidelines for nutritional care of preterm infants—the Pre-B Project [2016]
  • Executive summary: evaluation of the evidence to support practice guidelines for nutritional care of preterm infants—the Pre-B Project [2016]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Disparities in Hospital-Reported Breast Milk Use in Neonatal Intensive Care Units — United States, 2015 [2017]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Fed Donor Milk or Preterm Infant Formula: A Randomized Clinical Trial [2024]

• Pediatric Research
  • Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast milk feedings in US neonatal intensive care units [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Breastfeeding of low-birth-weight infants

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Premature infants, low birth weight, small for gestational age
  • Neonatal feeding
  • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding
  • Breastfeeding