Breastfeeding

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Breastfeeding and complementary feeding

Algeria

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Food consumption, nutritional intakes and the role of milk formulas in nutrient adequacy among young children from birth to 2 years living in urban Algeria [2023]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding

Argentina

• Archivos argentinos de pediatría
  • Inequality in breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Argentina by household income level in 2018-2019 [2024]

Australia

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Breastfeeding: Expressing and supplementing [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Factors influencing infant feeding for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families: a systematic review of qualitative evidence [2023]

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for Health Workers [2012]

• JMIR mHealth and uHealth
  • Content and Quality of Infant Feeding Smartphone Apps: Five-Year Update on a Systematic Search and Evaluation [2020]

• Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
  • An Australian Consensus on Infant Feeding Guidelines to Prevent Food Allergy: Outcomes From the Australian Infant Feeding Summit [2015]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Comprehensiveness of infant formula and bottle feeding resources: A review of information from Australian healthcare organisations [2022]

• Medical Journal of Australia
  • Infant feeding patterns before and after changes to food allergy prevention guidelines in Australia [2022]

• National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Infant Feeding Guidelines: information for health workers [2012]

Australia, New Zealand

• Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy
  • The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy infant feeding for allergy prevention guidelines [2019]

Bangladesh

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • BRAC's experience in scaling-up MNP in Bangladesh [2014]

• BMC Public Health
  • How is parental education associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? a systematic literature review [2023]
  • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh [2017]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators and Intake from Specific Food Groups among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Bangladesh [2022]

Brazil

• Public Health Nutrition
  • Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019 [2023]

• Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
  • Complementary feeding of infants in their first year of life: focus on the main pureed baby foods [2014]

Cambodia

• Nutrients
  • Breastfeeding Trends in Cambodia, and the Increased Use of Breast-Milk Substitute—Why Is It a Danger? [2014]

Canada

• Alberta Health Services
  • Introduction to Complementary Foods

• Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
  • Evidence gaps and research needs in current guidance on feeding children from birth to 24 months [2021]

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • Cow’s milk protein allergy in infants and children [2024]
  • Breastfeeding and human milk in the NICU: From birth to discharge [2023]
  • Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants [2021]
  • Timing of introduction of allergenic solids for infants at high risk [2020]

• Health Canada
  • Revision of Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants

• Journal of Nutrition
  • Adherence to Vitamin D Supplementation Recommendations for Breastfed Infants and Young Children: An Analysis of Canadian Community Health Survey Data Cycles From 2015 to 2018 [2024]

Canada, United States

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research [2022]

Central Asia, Europe

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Overview of the Complementary Feeding and Diets of Young Children in Europe and Central Asia Region [2020]

China

• Food & Nutrition Research
  • Food groups consumed by infants and toddlers in urban areas of China [2016]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Prevalence of Complementary Feeding Indicators and Associated Factors Among 6- to 23-Month Breastfed Infants and Young Children in Poor Rural Areas of China [2021]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Complementary feeding practices for children aged 6-23 months in early childhood education institutions in urban China: A cross-sectional study [2024]

Côte d'Ivoire

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Promising trends and influencing factors of complementary feeding practices in Côte d'Ivoire: An analysis of nationally representative survey data between 1994 and 2016 [2023]

East Africa

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Prelacteal feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers having children less than 2 years of age in East Africa: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health surveys [2021]

Eswatini

• Ministry of Health Eswatini
  • National Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding [2016]

Ethiopia

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Minimum acceptable diet and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Frontiers in Nutrition
  • Complementary Feeding: Review of Recommendations, Feeding Practices, and Adequacy of Homemade Complementary Food Preparations in Developing Countries – Lessons from Ethiopia [2016]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Individual and community level determinants of minimum meal frequency among breastfeeding children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey data [2024]
  • Spatial variation and determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practice and its effect on the undernutrition of infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months in Ethiopia by using the Ethiopian Mini-demographic and health survey, 2019: spatial and multilevel analysis [2023]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Complementary feeding and food-group level inequality among Ethiopian children 6-23 months of age (2011-2019) [2024]

• Maternal and Child Health Journal
  • Trends and factors associated with complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2016 [2020]

• Ministry of Health Ethiopia
  • Joint statement on infant and young child feeding in emergencies - Ethiopia, July 2021 [2021]
  • Guideline for Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies for Ethiopia [2021]

Europe

• European Commission
  • Infant and Young Children Feeding in Emergencies [2014]

• European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
  • Infant formulas for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee [2024]
  • Early diet and the risk of coeliac disease. An update 2024 position paper by the ESPGHAN special interest group on coeliac disease [2024]
  • Palm Oil and Beta-palmitate in Infant Formula: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition [2019]
  • Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition [2017]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Promoting Breastfeeding and Interaction of Pediatric Associations With Providers of Nutritional Products [2020]

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Are our babies off to a healthy start? The state of implementation of the Global strategy for infant and young child feeding in Europe [2020]

• Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
  • National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region [2020]

• WHO European Region
  • Effective regulatory frameworks for ending inappropriate marketing of breast-milk substitutes and foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region [2022]
  • Improving the nutritional quality of commercial foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region [2019]
  • Commercial foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region: a study of the availability, composition and marketing of baby foods in four European countries [2019]

France

• Santé Publique France
  • Designing the new recommendations on complementary feeding for children up to 3 years of age [2022]

Germany

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding [2016]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • National survey of infant feeding bottles in Germany: Their characteristics and marketing claims [2024]

Guatemala

• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • Feeding patterns before 6 months of age: the relative validity of recall from interviews of mothers of Guatemalan infants and toddlers [2014]

India

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence and factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in India: a regional analysis [2019]
  • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in India [2017]

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • Infant and Young Child Feeding Guidelines, 2016 [2016]

• Indian Pediatrics
  • Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy [2020]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Scaling-up interventions to improve infant and young child feeding in India: What will it take? [2017]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • Guidelines for enhancing optimal infant and young child feeding practices [2013]

• Nutrients
  • Understanding the Enablers and Barriers to Appropriate Infants and Young Child Feeding Practices in India: A Systematic Review [2021]
  • Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among Adolescent Mothers and Associated Factors in India [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • Association between mass media exposure and infant and young child feeding practices in India: a cross-sectional study [2023]

Indonesia

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia [2022]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Do various types of prelacteal feeding (PLF) have different associations with breastfeeding duration in Indonesia? A cross-sectional study using Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey datasets [2024]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Marketing of commercial milk formula during COVID-19 in Indonesia [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of prelacteal feeding and associated risk factors in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey [2020]

International

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective [2024]
  • The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials [2022]
  • Perspective: Should Exclusive Breastfeeding Still Be Recommended for 6 Months? [2019]

• BMJ Open
  • Sponsorship of national and regional professional paediatrics associations by companies that make breast-milk substitutes: evidence from a review of official websites [2019]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset [2024]
  • Ultra-processed food for infants and toddlers; dynamics of supply and demand [2023]

• Clinical and Translational Allergy
  • An update to the Milk Allergy in Primary Care guideline [2019]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health [2020]
  • Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants [2020]

• Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
  • Human milk and breastfeeding during ketogenic diet therapy in infants with epilepsy: Clinical practice guideline [2024]

• Health Policy and Planning
  • The economic cost consequences of suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices: a scoping review [2024]

• Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
  • World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on the complementary feeding of infants and young children aged 6-23 months 2023: A multisociety response [2024]

• Lancet
  • Breastfeeding 2023 [2023]

• Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
  • Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries [2021]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review [2024]
  • Food pattern modeling to inform global guidance on complementary feeding of infants [2024]
  • Impact of prelacteal feeds and neonatal introduction of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review [2022]

• Nutrients
  • Effectiveness of Interventions to Manage Difficulties with Breastfeeding for Mothers of Infants under Six Months with Growth Faltering: A Systematic Review Update [2023]
  • The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• Nutrition Reviews
  • Why do mothers mix milk feed their infants? Results from a systematic review [2024]
  • Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices [2024]

• Science of The Total Environment
  • Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review [2023]

• UN Refugee Agency
  • Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) [2018]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Infant Feeding Area Graphs Interpretation Guide [2022]
  • Improving Young Children’s Diets During the Complementary Feeding Period [2020]
  • Infant and young child feeding

• World Allergy Organization Journal
  • A systematic review of infant feeding food allergy prevention guidelines – can we AGREE? [2021]

Iran

• Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
  • Breastfeeding Practices During the First Month Postpartum and Associated Factors: Impact on Breastfeeding Survival [2015]

Iraq

• Global Pediatric Health
  • Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market [2015]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Working within the Code - HSE policy on the marketing of breast milk substitutes: A guide for staff [2021]
  • HSE Policy on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes in the public health services [2021]

• Nutrients
  • Ethnic Variation in Breastfeeding and Complimentary Feeding in the Republic of Ireland [2014]

Israel

• Ministry of Health Israel
  • The Significance of Breastfeeding

Italy

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants [2015]

• Nutrients
  • Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls [2024]
  • Complementary Feeding in the Clinical Practice: An Exploratory Survey among Italian Primary Care Pediatricians [2024]
  • Recommendations on Complementary Feeding as a Tool for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)—Paper Co-Drafted by the SIPPS, FIMP, SIDOHaD, and SINUPE Joint Working Group [2022]

Japan

• Nutrients
  • Infant Feeding and Growth Patterns in Japanese Children: A Nationwide Secondary Analysis [2025]

Jordan

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Deteriorating complementary feeding practices and dietary quality in Jordan: Trends and challenges [2024]

Kenya

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Identifying and understanding barriers to optimal complementary feeding in Kenya [2024]

• Ministry of Health Kenya
  • National Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Policy Guidelines [2013]

Kyrgyzstan

• WHO European Region
  • Promotion of foods for children aged under 36 months in Kyrgyzstan [2024]

Latin America

• Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition)
  • Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023 [2023]
  • E-1500: Survey on feeding practices in the first 1,500 days of life, recommended by healthcare professionals in Latin America [2022]

Lebanon

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Infant formula in Lebanon: An essential but "luxury" commodity [2024]

Lesotho

• Ministry of Health Lesotho
  • The World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi) Report [2012]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Public Health
  • Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries [2011]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Legislation on marketing of breast-milk substitutes in digital and social media: a scoping review [2023]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age [2020]

• Current Developments in Nutrition
  • Exploring the Influence of Social Norms on Complementary Feeding: A Scoping Review of Observational, Intervention, and Effectiveness Studies [2021]

• Frontiers in Pediatrics
  • Associations between Infant Feeding Practices and Length, Weight, and Disease in Developing Countries [2013]

• Gates Open Research
  • Interventions to improve linear growth during complementary feeding period for children aged 6-24 months living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2020]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Prevalence of Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Who Did Not Consume Animal Milk, Formula, or Solid or Semisolid Food During the Last 24 Hours Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries [2024]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Prelacteal feeding and its relationship with exclusive breastfeeding and formula consumption among infants in low- and middle-income countries [2022]
  • Importance of breastfeeding and complementary feeding for management and prevention of childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries [2022]

• Journal of Nutrition
  • Complementary Feeding Practices in 80 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Prevalence of and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dietary Diversity, Meal Frequency, and Dietary Adequacy [2021]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Engaging family members in maternal, infant and young child nutrition activities in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review [2021]

Low-income countries

• Nutrients
  • Qualitative Studies of Infant and Young Child Feeding in Lower-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Dietary Patterns [2017]

Maldives

• Ministry of Health Maldives
  • National Guidelines on Optimal Feeding of Infants and Young Children [2017]

Mexico

• Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)
  • Guidelines for complementary feeding in healthy infants [2016]

• Breastfeeding Medicine
  • Introduction of Breast Milk Substitutes During the First 3 Days of Life: Results of the Mexican National Survey of Demographic Dynamics, 2018 [2024]

• Globalization and Health
  • Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico [2023]

• Nutrients
  • Many Infants and Young Children Are Not Compliant with Mexican and International Complementary Feeding Recommendations for Milk and Other Beverages [2018]

• World Health Organization
  • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding: report - Mexico [2022]

Middle East

• Nutrients
  • Prevention of Allergic Sensitization and Treatment of Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy in Early Life: The Middle-East Step-Down Consensus [2019]

Myanmar

• PLoS ONE
  • Feeding practices and nutritional status of children age 6-23 months in Myanmar: A secondary analysis of the 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey [2019]

Nepal

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Determinants of complementary feeding practices among Nepalese children aged 6–23 months: findings from demographic and health survey 2011 [2013]

• BMC Public Health
  • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in Nepal [2017]

• Ministry of Health and Population
  • Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding: Nepal 2014 [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Commercial milk formula feeding among children under two years in Nepal: Trends and determinants from four Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (2006-2022) [2026]

Netherlands

• Nutrients
  • Food Consumption, Nutrient Intake and Status during the First 1000 days of Life in the Netherlands: a Systematic Review [2019]

New Zealand

• British Journal of Nutrition
  • Prevalence and maternal determinants of early and late introduction of complementary foods: results from the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study [2023]

• Ministry of Health New Zealand
  • Healthy Eating Guidelines for New Zealand Babies and Toddlers (0-2 years old) [2021]
  • WHO Code for breast-milk substitutes

• Nutrients
  • Adherence to Infant Feeding Guidelines in the First Foods New Zealand Study [2023]

• Starship
  • Fluid requirements and age appropriate formula for infants, children and young people
  • Feeding - handling powdered formula and breast milk with additives
  • Breastfeeding - expressing

Nigeria

• BMJ Open
  • Trends in complementary feeding indicators in Nigeria, 2003–2013 [2015]

• International Breastfeeding Journal
  • Have policy responses in Nigeria resulted in improvements in infant and young child feeding practices in Nigeria? [2017]

Nordic countries

• Food & Nutrition Research
  • Infant feeding-a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 [2024]

Oman

• Ministry of Health Oman
  • Infant Feeding Guideline

Pakistan

• BMC Public Health
  • Overview of the infant and young child feeding policy environment in Pakistan: Federal, Sindh and Punjab context [2017]

Poland

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Stress and feeding choices: How do socio-demographic factors shape formula use among Polish mothers? [2025]

• Nutrients
  • Baby-Led Weaning vs. Traditional Complementary Feeding-Differences in Feeding Practices Among Polish Children Aged 6-36 Months-A Cross-Sectional Study [2025]

• WHO European Region
  • Commercial foods for infants and young children in Poland: a study of the availability, composition and marketing of baby foods in Warsaw, Poland [2021]

Russia

• WHO European Region
  • Investigation of inappropriate promotion of commercially available complementary foods for infants and young children aged 6-36 months in the Russian Federation [2024]

Saudi Arabia

• Global Pediatric Health
  • Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia [2017]

South Africa

• World Health Organization
  • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding: report - South Africa [2022]

South Asia

• BMC Public Health
  • Opportunities for strengthening infant and young child feeding policies in South Asia: Insights from the SAIFRN policy analysis project [2017]

• World Bank
  • Feeding of Infants and Young Children in South Asia [2018]

South-East Asia

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
  • Guidelines and Minimum Standards for the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding [2022]

Sri Lanka

• BMC Public Health
  • Policy and stakeholder analysis of infant and young child feeding programmes in Sri Lanka [2017]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • A comparison of observed feeding practices of infants and young children aged 6-23 months to national responsive feeding recommendations in Sri Lanka [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Minimum milk feeding frequency and its associated factors among non-breastfed children aged 6-23 months in sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health survey data [2024]
  • Complementary feeding practices and associated factors among mothers of children aged 6 to 23 months in Sub-saharan African countries: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health survey [2024]
  • Bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of children aged 0 to 23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-level analysis of demographic and health surveys (2015-2022) [2024]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Minimum meal frequency and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of the demographic and health survey data [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Determinants of formula feeding among mothers with infants and young children in six Sub Sahara African countries: Multilevel analysis of data from demographic and health survey [2024]

Switzerland

• Appetite
  • Complementary feeding challenges: Insights from Swiss parents' perspectives [2024]

Tanzania

• Ministry of Health Tanzania
  • National Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding [2013]

Thailand

• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  • Mathematical modeling to inform the development of national guidelines on infant feeding in Thailand [2022]

Trinidad and Tobago

• Ministry of Health Trinidad and Tobago
  • Breastfeeding & Beyond: A Guide to Infant and Child Feeding [2021]

Türkiye

• Journal of Asthma and Allergy
  • An Expert Panel Statement on the Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Early Life and Potential Utility of HMO-Supplemented Infant Formula in Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy [2021]

• Turkish Archives of Pediatrics
  • Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on nutrition of the healthy term newborn [2018]

• WHO European Region
  • Commercial foods for infants and young children in Türkiye [2023]

United Arab Emirates

• BMC Public Health
  • Nutritional status and adequacy of feeding Practices in Infants and Toddlers 0-23.9 months living in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): findings from the feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2020 [2022]
  • Patterns and determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of Emirati Mothers in the United Arab Emirates [2013]

United Kingdom

• British Dietetic Association
  • Complementary Feeding [2020]

• Clinical and Translational Allergy
  • Diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy in infancy - a UK primary care practical guide [2013]

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Infant and follow-on formula and food for special medical purposes

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • Associations between breastfeeding duration and adherence to complementary feeding recommendations in Scotland [2024]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Evidence reviews for interventions to promote appropriate and timely introduction to solids (complementary feeding) for babies from 6 to 12 months [2025]

• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
  • Commercial baby food and drink: voluntary industry guidelines

United States

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
  • ABM Statement on Shortage of Breastmilk Substitutes [2022]
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #29: Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin D Supplementation During Breastfeeding [2018]
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017 [2017]
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017 [2017]
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #27: Breastfeeding an Infant or Young Child with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes [2017]

• Advances in Nutrition
  • Nutrition Monitoring of Children Aged Birth to 24 Mo (B-24): Data Collection and Findings from the NHANES [2020]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Older Infant-Young Child “Formulas” [2023]
  • The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods [2019]
  • Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days To Support Childhood Development and Adult Health [2018]
  • Newborn and Infant Nutrition

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods — United States, 2016–2018 [2023]
  • Receipt of Breast Milk by Gestational Age — United States, 2017 [2019]
  • Infant and Toddler Nutrition

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • A comparison of U.S. infant feeding policy changes to Global Breastfeeding Collective policy priorities [2025]

• Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
  • Vitamin D Intake and Meeting Recommendations Among Infants Participating in WIC Nationally [2022]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Impact of early formula supplementation on breastfeeding duration, National Immunization Survey, 2019 births [2023]

• Journal of the National Medical Association
  • A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black infants, toddlers, and young children in the US [2024]

• Maternal & Child Nutrition
  • A nation-wide study on the common reasons for infant formula supplementation among healthy, term, breastfed infants in US hospitals [2022]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Complementary Feeding Interventions for Infants and Young Children Under Age 2: Scoping of Promising Interventions to Implement at the Community or State Level [2023]
  • Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months: Summarizing Existing Guidance [2020]

Vietnam

• Nutrients
  • The Role of Complementary Feeding Practices in Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Children Aged 6-23 Months: Insight from the Vietnamese General Nutrition Survey 2020 [2024]

Western countries

• BMC Public Health
  • Infant feeding experiences among Indigenous communities in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa: a scoping review of the qualitative literature [2024]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals, 2nd ed [2025]
  • Global nutrition targets 2030: topical briefs on maternal, infant and young child nutrition [2025]
  • Global nutrition targets 2030: stunting brief [2025]
  • Global nutrition targets 2030: child wasting brief [2025]
  • Sponsorship of health professional associations by manufacturers and distributors of commercial milk formula: case studies [2024]
  • Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: national implementation of the International Code, status report 2024 [2024]
  • WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age [2023]
  • Guidance on regulatory measures aimed at restricting digital marketing of breast-milk substitutes [2023]
  • Scope and impact of digital marketing strategies for promoting breastmilk substitutes [2022]
  • Nurturing care practice guide: strengthening nurturing care through health and nutrition services [2022]
  • Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: national implementation of the international code, status report 2022 [2022]
  • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding [2022]
  • Infant and young child feeding counselling: an integrated course: trainer’s guide, 2nd ed [2021]
  • International trade agreements and implementation of the international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: frequently asked questions [2020]
  • Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline [2020]
  • Nurturing care for early childhood development [2018]
  • The international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: frequently asked questions [2017]
  • Netcode toolkit: monitoring the marketing of breast-milk substitutes: protocol for ongoing monitoring systems [2017]
  • NetCode toolkit: monitoring the marketing of breast-milk substitutes: protocol for periodic assessments [2017]
  • Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children: implementation manual [2017]
  • WHO guideline: use of multiple micronutrient powders for point-of-use fortification of foods consumed by infants and young children aged 6–23 months and children aged 2–12 years [2016]
  • Maternal, infant and young child nutrition: guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children: report by the Secretariat [2016]
  • Global nutrition targets 2025: breastfeeding policy brief [2014]
  • Designing appropriate complementary feeding recommendations: tools for programmatic action [2013]
  • Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals [2009]
  • Acceptable medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes [2009]
  • Global strategy for infant and young child feeding [2003]
  • Complementary feeding: report of the global consultation [2002]
  • Policies by country | Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA)
  • Infant nutrition
  • Infant and young child feeding: Fact sheet
  • Ending exploitative marketing of formula milk
  • Complementary feeding

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [2018]

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • WHO Regional Office organizes an Expert Group Consultation on young child diets [2022]
  • Expert Group Consultation on supporting the infant and young child nutrition through improving feeding practices and the food environment, WHO South-East Asia Region: 20-21 October 2021 [2022]
  • Infant and young child feeding in SEARO

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal feeding
  • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding: premature or low birth weight infants
  • Breastfeeding