Ethics, jurisprudence

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Ethics, jurisprudence: sexual and reproductive health and rights

Afghanistan

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • "I hope to all the world they don't forget women of Afghanistan": An interrupted survey among doctors in Afghanistan [2023]

Africa

• Globalization and Health
  • Community empowerment and involvement of female sex workers in targeted sexual and reproductive health interventions in Africa: a systematic review [2014]

• WHO African Region
  • Scorecard on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in WHO African Region [2021]

Americas

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Maternal Health Analysis of Women and Girls of African Descent in the Americas [2023]

Arab countries

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: An Arab States Review [2024]
  • The need for integrated climate change action in sexual and reproductive health and gender based violence programming - Evidence and recommendations for the Arab region [2023]
  • Promoting transitional justice approach to end harmful practices in the Arab region [2021]

Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa

• Global Health Action
  • Enablers of sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Insights from capacity development projects implemented in 13 countries in Africa and Asia [2022]

Asia-Pacific

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: An Asia and the Pacific Review [2024]

Australia

• Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
  • Female genital cosmetic surgery

• SA Health
  • Placenta for Private Use Clinical Directive

• Women and Birth
  • Identifying and dismantling racism in Australian perinatal settings: Reframing the narrative from a risk lens to intentionally prioritise connectedness and strengths in providing care to First Nations families [2023]

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Reproductive health for women with an intellectual disability [2021]
  • Gynaecological examinations and procedures [2020]
  • Vaginal ‘rejuvenation’ and cosmetic vaginal procedures [2019]

Brazil

• PLoS ONE
  • Prenatal care and human rights: Addressing the gap between medical and legal frameworks and the experience of women in Brazil [2023]

Canada

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Release of Placenta

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery and Procedures [2022]
  • Placentophagy [2019]
  • The Presence of a Third Party During Breast and Pelvic Examinations [2017]
  • Pelvic Examinations by Medical Students [2017]
  • Maternity Leave in Normal Pregnancy [2017]

China

• Journal of Medical Internet Research
  • Effective Privacy Protection Strategies for Pregnancy and Gestation Information From Electronic Medical Records: Retrospective Study in a National Health Care Data Network in China [2024]

• Journal of Patient Safety
  • Improving the Quality of Maternity Care: Learning From Malpractice [2023]

Denmark

• Danish Institute for Human Rights
  • AAAQ & sexual and reproductive health and rights [2017]

East Africa

• Global Health Action
  • Two decades of research capacity strengthening and reciprocal learning on sexual and reproductive health in East Africa - a point of (no) return [2024]

Eastern and Southern Africa

• Global Health Action
  • Gender equity and sexual and reproductive health in Eastern and Southern Africa: a critical overview of the literature [2014]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: An East and Southern Africa Review [2024]

Egypt

• BMC Women's Health
  • Experience of obstetricians and gynecologists in the management of medicolegal cases in Egypt [2022]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Monitoring socioeconomic inequity in maternal health indicators in Egypt: 1995-2005 [2009]

Eswatini

• Ministry of Health Eswatini
  • National policy on sexual and reproductive health [2013]

Ethiopia

• World Bank
  • Advancing Legislative and Policy Reforms on Sexual and Reproductive Health - Ethiopia [2021]

Europe

• Center for Reproductive Rights
  • Policy brief: Advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights in the European Union [2024]

• Council of Europe
  • Sexual and reproductice health and rights in Europe: Progress and Challenges [2024]
  • Innovative approaches to sexual and reproductive health and rights [2023]

• European Parliament
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights [2016]

• Reproductive Health
  • Discrimination against childbearing Romani women in maternity care in Europe: a mixed-methods systematic review [2017]

• Social Science & Medicine
  • "It's very much part of this movement to undermine democracy": A qualitative study of European Union level opposition strategies against reproductive health and rights [2024]

Fiji

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Social capital and sexual and reproductive health and rights in Fiji: a scoping review of humanitarian preparedness and response planning and guidance documents [2025]

Finland

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Obstetric claims in Finland 2012-2022-A nationwide patient insurance registry study [2024]

High-income countries

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Strengthening open disclosure after incidents in maternity care: a realist synthesis of international research evidence [2023]

• Women and Birth
  • Health professionals' experiences of whistleblowing in maternal and newborn healthcare settings: A scoping review and thematic analysis [2024]

India

• Global Health Action
  • Inequity in India: the case of maternal and reproductive health [2013]

• Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
  • Reproductive rights of women with intellectual disability in India [2023]

International

• BMJ
  • Self care interventions for sexual and reproductive health and rights [2019]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Why a good law is not always good enough: a global review of restrictions to supportive laws for sexual and reproductive health and rights [2024]
  • Guidance on sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health in humanitarian and fragile settings: a scoping review [2024]
  • Hostilities faced by people on the frontlines of sexual and reproductive health and rights: a scoping review [2023]
  • Interventions addressing men, masculinities and gender equality in sexual and reproductive health and rights: an evidence and gap map and systematic review of reviews [2019]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Improving measures of women’s and girls’ sexual empowerment [2024]
  • Advancing the “sexual” in sexual and reproductive health and rights: a global health, gender equality and human rights imperative [2024]
  • Addressing harmful gender norms in sexual health services [2024]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights are basic human rights: The FLASOG Panama Declaration and FIGO Cartagena Declaration [2023]
  • FIGO Ethics and Professionalism Guideline 082: Menstrual Hygiene Management [2021]
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights of refugee and migrant women: gynecologists' and obstetricians' responsibilities [2020]
  • FIGO Ethics and Professionalism Guideline: Decision Making about Vaginal and Caesarean Delivery [2020]
  • FIGO Ethics and Professionalism Guideline 076: Criminal Proceedings for Medical Errors in Obstetrics and Gynecology [2020]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • When accountability meets power: realizing sexual and reproductive health and rights [2020]

• International Planned Parenthood Federation
  • IMAP statement on COVID-19 and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2020]
  • IMAP Statement on sexual and reproductive health and rights of the ageing population [2018]
  • IMAP statement on conscientious objection: refusal of care and professional conduct of reproductive health services in the context of legal restrictions [2016]

• Lancet
  • Accelerate progress-sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission [2018]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Masculinities and sexual and reproductive health and rights: a global research priority setting exercise [2024]

• Lancet Planetary Health
  • Key considerations for research into how climate change affects sexual and reproductive health and rights [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • How Are Gender Equality and Human Rights Interventions Included in Sexual and Reproductive Health Programmes and Policies: A Systematic Review of Existing Research Foci and Gaps [2016]

• Reproductive Health
  • Virginity testing: a systematic review [2017]

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • The dynamics of funding for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) advocacy and movement building [2023]
  • A digital health governance agenda for sexual and reproductive health and rights [2023]

• United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights | OHCHR

• United Nations Population Fund
  • The Future of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2024]
  • Advancing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Private Sector [2024]
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: A Global Review [2023]
  • Sexual and Reproductive Justice Cannot Wait: All Rights, All People, Acting Now [2023]
  • Gender Transformative Approaches to Achieve Gender Equality and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2023]
  • Advancing Rights, Transforming Lives: Strategic Engagement with the United Nations Human Rights System to Advance Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2023]
  • No Exceptions, No Exclusions: Realizing sexual and reproductive health, rights and justice for all [2021]
  • Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights [2020]
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: An Essential Element of Universal Health Coverage [2019]
  • From Commitment to Action on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2019]

Iran

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • A pronatalist turn in population policies in Iran and its likely adverse impacts on reproductive rights, health and inequality: a critical narrative review [2023]

Iraq

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights regulatory frameworks across the Arab states region - Iraq [2022]

Japan

• PLoS ONE
  • Characteristics and trends of medical malpractice claims in Japan between 2006 and 2021 [2023]

Jordan

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights regulatory frameworks across the Arab states region - Jordan [2022]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Lancet Global Health
  • Ethnic group inequalities in coverage with reproductive, maternal and child health interventions: cross-sectional analyses of national surveys in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries [2018]

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Health Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean. A Baseline for the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health [2023]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: A Latin America and the Caribbean Review [2024]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Medical Ethics
  • Ethical tensions in the informed consent process for randomized clinical trials in emergency obstetric and newborn care in low and middle-income countries [2019]

• BMC Public Health
  • What interventions are effective on reducing inequalities in maternal and child health in low- and middle-income settings? A systematic review [2014]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Expanding access to sexual and reproductive health and rights through evidence-based policy dialogue: implications for practice from a multicountry initiative [2025]
  • Necessary but not sufficient: a scoping review of legal accountability for sexual and reproductive health in low-income and middle-income countries [2021]

• BMJ Open
  • Systematic review of reviews on interventions to engage men and boys as clients, partners and agents of change for improved sexual and reproductive health and rights [2025]

• BMJ Public Health
  • Climate change and sexual and reproductive health and rights research in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2024]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • A composite index; socioeconomic deprivation and coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions [2024]

• Global Health: Science and Practice
  • Accelerating Progress in Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Decision-Making: Trends in 32 Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Future Perspectives [2024]

• Journal of Urban Health
  • The Urban Environment and Disparities in Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in the Global South: a Scoping Review [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Broadening understanding of accountability ecosystems in sexual and reproductive health and rights: A systematic review [2018]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Family planning, antenatal and delivery care: cross-sectional survey evidence on levels of coverage and inequalities by public and private sector in 57 low- and middle-income countries [2016]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Accelerating Progress in Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Decision-Making: Trends in 32 Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Future Perspectives [2024]

Malawi

• Ministry of Health Malawi
  • National sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) policy [2017]

Mexico

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Prevalence of different variations of non-consented care during the childbirth process in Mexico by geographical regions: comparing ENDIREH survey data from 2016 to 2021 [2024]

Netherlands

• BMJ Quality & Safety
  • Consent and refusal of procedures during labour and birth: a survey among 11 418 women in the Netherlands [2024]

Nigeria

• Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
  • National Policy on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Persons with Disabilities with emphasis on Women and Girls [2018]

Norway

• Regjeringen.no
  • Norwegian guidelines for sexual and reproductive health [2022]

OECD countries

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  • Transforming laws and norms to achieve universal sexual and reproductive health and rights [2025]

Palestine

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights in Palestine - securing spaces to speak out [2024]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights Regulatory Frameworks across the Arab States Region - Palestine [2022]

Portugal

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Medico-legal litigation in Obstetrics: a characterization analysis of a decade in Portugal [2015]

South Africa

• National Department of Health South Africa
  • National Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health and Right Policy 2020 [2020]

• South African Medical Research Council
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights and Disability Policy Analysis [2021]

Southern Africa

• Southern African Development Community
  • Score Card for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the SADC Region Fast tracking the Strategy for SRHR in the SADC Region 2019 – 2030 [2019]

• United Nations Development Programme
  • Strengthening Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Young Key Populations in Law and Policy: A Handbook for Decision Makers [2024]

Spain

• PLoS ONE
  • Professional responsibility in obstetric-gynecological nursing: Update of the case law of the High Court of Justice of Andalusia (Spain) [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Health technology assessment for sexual reproductive health and rights benefits package design in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review of evidence-informed deliberative processes [2024]

• Reproductive Health
  • Support for sexual and reproductive health and rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: a new index based on World Values Survey data [2024]

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • Attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health and rights and their associations with reproductive agency: a population-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zimbabwe [2024]

Sweden

• International Journal of Public Health
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for Young Migrants in Sweden: An Ideal-Type Analysis Exploring Regional Variations of Accessible Documents [2024]

• Public Health Agency of Sweden
  • National Strategy for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) [2022]

Switzerland

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Are pregnancy outcomes affected by the lack of legal status? A demographic study based on 850,288 live births in Switzerland [2023]

Tanzania

• Center for Reproductive Rights
  • Report on Tanzania’s Compliance with its Human Rights Obligations on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2021]

Uganda

• Women's Health
  • A scoping review of qualitative studies on sexual and reproductive health and rights in Uganda: Exploring factors at multiple levels [2024]

Ukraine

• Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
  • Sexual and reproductive health, rights and justice in the war against Ukraine 2022 [2022]

United Kingdom

• Department of Health and Social Care
  • Virginity testing and hymenoplasty multi-agency guidance

• Frontiers in Dementia
  • Intersecting sex and gender diversity with sexual rights for people living with dementia in later life: an example of developing a learning framework for policy and practice [2024]

• Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
  • Inequalities in sexual and reproductive outcomes among women aged 16-24 in England (2012-2019) [2024]

• Midwifery
  • Consent practices in midwifery: A survey of UK midwives [2024]

United States

• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement: Breastfeeding As a Basic Human Right [2022]
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement and Guideline: Infant Feeding and Lactation-Related Language and Gender [2021]
  • ABM Clinical Protocol #33: Lactation Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Plus Patients [2020]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Obstetrics and Gynecology [2024]
  • Ethical Considerations for Increasing Inclusivity in Research Participants [2024]
  • Addressing Social and Structural Determinants of Health in the Delivery of Reproductive Health Care: ACOG Committee Statement No. 11 [2024]
  • ACOG Committee Statement No. 12: Health Care for Women and Gender-Diverse Active-Duty and Reserve Uniformed Service Members and Veterans [2024]
  • Health Care for Immigrants [2023]
  • Ethical Considerations for the Delivery of Obstetric and Gynecologic Care During a Pandemic [2023]
  • Reproductive Health Care for Incarcerated Pregnant, Postpartum, and Nonpregnant Individuals [2021]
  • Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making in Obstetrics and Gynecology [2021]
  • Sexual Misconduct [2020]
  • Legal Considerations in Genetic Screening and Testing: Three Case Studies [2020]
  • Elective Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery [2019]
  • Restrictions to Comprehensive Reproductive Health Care [2018]
  • Ethical Considerations for Performing Gynecologic Surgery in Low-Resource Settings Abroad [2018]
  • Employment Considerations During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period [2018]
  • Refusal of Medically Recommended Treatment During Pregnancy [2016]

• American Psychological Association
  • APA Resolution on Confidentiality and Reproductive Health [2023]

• Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
  • The Use of Chaperones during Sensitive Examinations and Treatments [2022]
  • Racism and Bias in Maternity Care Settings [2021]
  • Nursing Care of Incarcerated Women During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period [2018]

• Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
  • America's Racial Reckoning Within Perinatal Communication: A Rapid Review Using Sociotechnical Systems Theory to Compare Publications Before and After 2020 [2023]

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Advancing Clinical Research with Pregnant and Lactating Populations [2024]
  • Research with Pregnant and Lactating Persons: Mitigating Risk and Liability: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief [2023]
  • Inclusion of Pregnant and Lactating Persons in Clinical Trials: Proceedings of a Workshop [2022]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Integrating Lawyers Into Perinatal Care Teams to Address Unmet, Health-Harming Legal Needs [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Birth and prenatal care outcomes of Latina mothers in the Trump era: Analysis by nativity and country/region of origin [2023]

• Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [2025]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Social determinants of health and obstetric outcomes: A report and recommendations of the workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine [2024]
  • Executive summary: Workshop on social determinants of health and obstetrical outcomes, February 1–2, 2022, cosponsored by the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, the Commonwealth Foundation, and the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health, with support from the Society for Women’s Health Research [2023]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Cognitive bias and medical error in obstetrics—challenges and opportunities [2022]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #62: Best practices in equitable care delivery–Addressing systemic racism and other social determinants of health as causes of obstetrical disparities [2022]

• Women's Health
  • Centering disability visibility in reproductive health care: Dismantling barriers to achieve reproductive equity [2023]

Vietnam

• BMC Public Health
  • Causes and determinants of inequity in maternal and child health in Vietnam [2012]

West and Central Africa

• United Nations Population Fund
  • Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive and Health and Rights in Climate Commitments: A West and Central Africa Review [2024]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • The role of artificial intelligence in sexual and reproductive health and rights [2024]
  • Self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health and rights: country cases [2024]
  • Extending sexual and reproductive health and rights to future generations through science and evidence [2024]
  • Self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health and rights to advance universal health coverage: 2023 joint statement by HRP, WHO, UNDP, UNFPA and the World Bank [2023]
  • Inequality monitoring in sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health [2022]
  • Companion workbook: exercises to guide the process of inequality monitoring in sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health [2022]
  • Sexual and reproductive health interventions in the WHO UHC Compendium [2021]
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights: Infographic snapshot [2021]
  • Economic and financing considerations of self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health and rights [2020]
  • WHO consolidated guideline on self-care interventions for health: sexual and reproductive health and rights [2019]
  • WHO meeting on ethical, legal, human rights and social accountability implications of self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health [2018]
  • Eliminating virginity testing – An interagency statement [2018]
  • Statement on the promotion, protection and fulfilment of sexual and reproductive health and rights [2017]
  • State of inequality: reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health [2015]
  • Sexual and reproductive health during protracted crises and recovery [2011]
  • Sexual and reproductive health core competencies in primary care: attitudes, knowledge, ethics, human rights, leadership, management, teamwork, community work, education, counselling, clinical settings, service, provision [2011]
  • WHO's strategic vision in sexual and reproductive health and rights: business plan 2010-2015 [2010]
  • Policy approaches to engaging men and boys in achieving gender equality and health equity [2010]
  • Evaluation of the WHO training initiative: transforming health systems: gender and rights in reproductive health 1997-2007 [2010]
  • Women’s health and human rights: monitoring the implementation of CEDAW [2007]
  • Advancing Safe Motherhood through Human Rights [2001]
  • Considerations for formulating reproductive health laws [2000]
  • Sexual and reproductive health and rights
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights national policies
  • Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR)

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sterilization
  • Prenatal screening and diagnosis
  • Induced abortion
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: fetus, newborn
  • Ethics, jurisprudence: assisted reproductive technology
  • Cloning, stem cells
  • Adolescence