HIV/AIDS

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Antiretroviral therapy

Africa

• Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
  • HIV cure strategies: which ones are appropriate for Africa? [2022]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Guidelines for the implementation of multi-month dispensing of antiretrovirals. Version 1, 23 July 2020 [2020]

Armenia

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Access to antiretroviral therapy and survival in eastern Europe and central Asia: a case study in Armenia [2014]

Asia

• IeDEA
  • Survival after long-term ART exposure: findings from an Asian patient population retained in care beyond 5 years on ART [2020]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Asian developing countries: a systematic review [2012]

Asia-Pacific

• IeDEA
  • Temporal trends from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation among adults living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific (2013-2023) [2025]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Adult Antiretroviral Guidelines

• BMC Public Health
  • HIV treatment regimens and adherence to national guidelines in Australia: an analysis of dispensing data from the Australian pharmaceutical benefits scheme [2019]

Botswana

• AIDS
  • Trends and determinants of survival for over 200000 patients on antiretroviral treatment in the Botswana National Program: 2002–2013 [2016]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Outcomes of the Botswana national HIV/AIDS treatment programme from 2002 to 2010: a longitudinal analysis [2014]

• Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering
  • Modelling Botswana's HIV/AIDS response and treatment policy changes: Insights from a cascade of mathematical models [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Using Health Surveillance Systems Data to Assess the Impact of AIDS and Antiretroviral Treatment on Adult Morbidity and Mortality in Botswana [2014]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Variation in attrition at sub-national level: Review of the Botswana National HIV/AIDS Treatment (Masa) program data (2002–2013) [2015]

Brazil

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006–2015 [2019]

• Cadernos de Saúde Pública
  • Antiretroviral manufacturers and the challenge of universal access to drugs through the Brazilian National STD/AIDS Program [2009]

• Health Affairs
  • AIDS Treatment In Brazil: Impacts And Challenges [2009]

• PLoS ONE
  • Modeling HIV/AIDS Drug Price Determinants in Brazil: Is Generic Competition a Myth? [2011]

• Revista de Saúde Pública
  • Instruments to assess adherence to medication in people living with HIV: a scoping review [2023]

Burundi

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Loss to follow-up of patients in HIV care in Burundi: A retrospective cohort study [2022]

Cambodia

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • What are the determinants of antiretroviral therapy adherence among stable people living with HIV? A cross-sectional study in Cambodia [2023]

Cameroon

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Trends and determining factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Cameroon: a systematic review and analysis of the CAMPS trial [2012]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Research priorities for accelerating the achievement of three 95 HIV goals in Cameroon: a consensus statement from the Cameroon HIV Research Forum (CAM-HERO) [2021]

Canada

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Pharmacoeconomic Review Report: Cabotegravir Tablets, Cabotegravir Extended-Release Injectable Suspension, and Rilpivirine Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (Vocabria, Cabenuva) [2020]
  • Clinical Review Report: Cabotegravir Tablets, Cabotegravir Extended-Release Injectable Suspension, and Rilpivirine Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (Vocabria, Cabenuva) [2020]
  • CADTH Canadian Drug Expert Committee Recommendation: Cabotegravir Tablets, Cabotegravir Extended-Release Injectable Suspension and Rilpivirine Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (Vocabria, Cabenuva — ViiV Healthcare ULC) [2020]
  • Pharmacoeconomic Review Report: Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (B/FTC/TAF) (Biktarvy): Indication: A complete regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with no known substitution associated with resistance the individual components of Biktarvy [2018]

• HIV Medicine
  • Predictors of unstructured antiretroviral treatment interruption and resumption among HIV-positive individuals in Canada [2014]

Canada, Europe, United States

• Pharmacotherapy
  • Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists [2024]

Central Asia, Europe

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Thematic report: HIV treatment and care [2017]

China

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • INSTIs-centered antiviral regimens for first-line treatment of HIV/AIDS: a network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis [2025]

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Optimizing Treatment for Adults with HIV/AIDS in China: Successes over Two Decades and Remaining Challenges [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Comparisons of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in a High- Risk Population in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2016]

Denmark

• Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
  • A Regional Drug and Therapeutics Committee-led Intervention to Reduce the Hospital Costs of Expensive HIV Drugs [2016]

Eswatini

• PLoS ONE
  • Enrollment in HIV Care Two Years after HIV Diagnosis in the Kingdom of Swaziland: An Evaluation of a National Program of New Linkage Procedures [2016]

Ethiopia

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • HIV patients retention and attrition in care and their determinants in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Public Health
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy is necessary but not sufficient. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality incidence rates and predictors among HIV-infected adults receiving treatment in Ethiopia, a surrogate study for resource-poor settings [2024]
  • HIV/AIDS treatment failure and associated factors in Ethiopia: meta-analysis [2020]

• BMJ Open
  • Satisfaction with HIV/AIDS treatment and care services and its associated factors among adult people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Exploring optimal HAART adherence rates in Ethiopian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
  • Health related quality of life and its association with social support among people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Discontinuation from Antiretroviral Therapy: A Continuing Challenge among Adults in HIV Care in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2017]

Europe

• European AIDS Clinical Society
  • Major revision version 12.0 of the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines 2023 [2024]
  • Major revision version 11.0 of the European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines 2021 [2022]
  • 2019 update of the European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines for treatment of people living with HIV version 10.0 [2020]

• European Medicines Agency
  • Clinical development of medicinal products for treatment of HIV infection - Scientific guideline

• EuroSurveillance
  • Refugees from Ukraine receiving antiretroviral therapy in destination countries and territories of the World Health Organization European Region, including EU/EEA countries, February 2022 to March 2023 [2024]

• HIV Medicine
  • HIV treatment strategies across Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: New times, old problems [2023]

France

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • The effect of adherence to guidelines for initial antiretroviral therapy on 1-year outcomes: a French cohort study [2014]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • French 2013 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection in adults [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Dolutegravir in HIV-1 Treatment-Experienced (TE) Patients in France [2015]

Germany

• Medicine
  • Analysis of contemporary HIV/AIDS health care costs in Germany: Driving factors and distribution across antiretroviral therapy lines [2016]

Ghana

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Five-year trends in treatment changes in an adult cohort of HIV/AIDS patients in Ghana: a retrospective cohort study [2017]

• BMC Public Health
  • Temporal trend analysis of the HIV/AIDS burden before and after the implementation of antiretroviral therapy at the population level from 1990 to 2020 in Ghana [2023]

Haiti

• BMC Health Services Research
  • A sub-group evaluation of the multi-month dispensing strategy for differentiated HIV care: is personalization of care guidelines warranted in Haiti? [2022]
  • Closing the gap in implementation of HIV clinical guidelines in a low resource setting using electronic medical records [2020]

• Global Health Action
  • Attrition from antiretroviral treatment services among pregnant and non-pregnant patients following adoption of Option B+ in Haiti [2017]

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Lives Saved by Expanding HIV Treatment Availability in Resource-Limited Settings: The Example of Haiti [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Early Versus Standard Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults in Haiti [2011]

High-income countries

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Influence of Material Deprivation on Clinical Outcomes Among People Living with HIV in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • How do migrants living with HIV adhere to the HIV care process in high-income countries? A systematic review [2025]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Barriers to Uptake of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Products for Treatment and Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in High-Income Countries [2022]

India

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Implementation of the Treat All Policy Among Persons with HIV Infection Enrolled in Care But Not on Antiretroviral Therapy — India, May 2017–June 2018 [2018]

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Antiretroviral therapy in Indian setting: When & what to start with, when & what to switch to? [2011]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • The cost-effectiveness and budgetary impact of a dolutegravir-based regimen as first-line treatment of HIV infection in India [2018]

• PLoS ONE
  • How Many People Living with HIV Will Be Additionally Eligible for Antiretroviral Treatment in Karnataka State, India as per the World Health Organization 2013 Guidelines? [2014]

Indonesia

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Costs of HIV/AIDS treatment in Indonesia by time of treatment and stage of disease [2015]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Translating international HIV treatment guidelines into local priorities in Indonesia [2018]

International

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Clinical trials of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in people living with HIV - a review [2025]

• Antiviral Research
  • Evolution of HIV treatment guidelines in high and low-income countries: Converging recommendations [2013]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Access to HIV/AIDS care: a systematic review of socio-cultural determinants in low and high income countries [2013]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Does telehealth affect the adherence to ART among patients with HIV? A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Managing Advanced HIV Disease in a Public Health Approach [2018]

• Drugs & Aging
  • Ageing with HIV: Medicine Optimisation Challenges and Support Needs for Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review [2023]

• EClinicalMedicine
  • Comparative efficacy, tolerability and safety of dolutegravir and efavirenz 400mg among antiretroviral therapies for first-line HIV treatment: A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis [2020]

• Globalization and Health
  • Leaving no one behind: lessons from implementation of policies for universal HIV treatment to universal health coverage [2020]

• IeDEA
  • Long-term HIV care outcomes under universal HIV treatment guidelines: A retrospective cohort study in 25 countries [2024]

• International AIDS Society
  • Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021 [2021]
  • Towards Multidisciplinary HIV-Cure Research: Integrating Social Science with Biomedical Research [2016]
  • International AIDS Society: Global Scientific Strategy Towards an HIV Cure 2016 [2016]
  • Progress Towards an HIV Cure: Update from the 2014 International AIDS Society Symposium [2015]
  • Towards an HIV cure: science and debate from the International AIDS Society 2013 symposium [2013]
  • Towards an HIV cure: a global scientific strategy [2012]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Implementation of “Treat-all” at adult HIV care and treatment sites in the Global IeDEA Consortium: results from the Site Assessment Survey [2019]
  • Choice of antiretroviral drugs for continued treatment scale-up in a public health approach: what more do we need to know? [2016]
  • Maximizing the benefits of antiretroviral therapy for key affected populations [2014]
  • Preferred antiretroviral drugs for the next decade of scale up [2012]

• Lancet HIV
  • Two-drug regimens for HIV treatment [2022]

• PLoS Medicine
  • The HIV Treatment Gap: Estimates of the Financial Resources Needed versus Available for Scale-Up of Antiretroviral Therapy in 97 Countries from 2015 to 2020 [2015]

• UNAIDS
  • A shot at ending AIDS — How new long-acting medicines could revolutionize the HIV response [2025]
  • How many people living with HIV access treatment? [2016]
  • Fast-tracking HIV treatment: Parliamentary action and policy options [2015]
  • Treatment 2015 [2013]

Iran

• Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
  • Survival and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS: A 30-year national survey in Iran [2019]

Ireland

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • HIV Treatment and PrEP

Italy

• BMC Public Health
  • Impact of social determinants on antiretroviral therapy access and outcomes entering the era of universal treatment for people living with HIV in Italy [2018]

• ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research
  • Economic evaluation of initial antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients: an update of Italian guidelines [2013]

• New Microbiologica
  • Evidence-based renewal of the Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons [2018]
  • Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons. Update 2016 [2017]
  • Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons. Update 2015 [2016]
  • Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons. Update December 2014 [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV Clinical Pathway: A New Approach to Combine Guidelines and Sustainability of Anti-Retroviral Treatment in Italy [2016]

Jamaica

• PLoS ONE
  • Trends and factors associated with initiation of HIV treatment among PLHIV in Jamaica, 2015-2019 [2023]

Japan

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Understanding the Actual Use of Anti-HIV Drugs in Japan from 2016 to 2019: Demonstrating Epidemiological Relevance of NDB Open Data Japan for Understanding Japanese Medical Care [2022]

• Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
  • Prevalence and clinical characteristics of people with HIV with limited treatment options in Japan: A Japanese claims data analysis [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Antiretroviral therapies and status of people living with HIV in Japan: An update from hospital survey and national database [2025]

• Scientific Reports
  • Analysis of antiretroviral therapy switch rate and switching pattern for people living with HIV from a national database in Japan [2022]

Kenya

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Antiretroviral Treatment Scale-up Among Persons Living With HIV in Kenya: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey [2014]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • An in vitro evaluation of drugs used in the Kenyan ART program [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Progress in Reversing the HIV Epidemic through Intensified Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: Results from a Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey in Kenya, 2012 [2016]

Latin America

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Progress and challenges in implementing HIV care and treatment policies in Latin America following the treatment 2.0 initiative [2015]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Updated Recommendations for Determining the Number of People with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy, September 2021 [2021]

Lesotho

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Adoption of new HIV treatment guidelines and drug substitutions within first-line as a measure of quality of care in rural Lesotho: health centers and hospitals compared [2012]

Low and middle income countries

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Ensuring People Living with HIV Inform the Future of HIV Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for a Community-Led Research Agenda [2024]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Vital Signs: Progress Toward Eliminating HIV as a Global Public Health Threat Through Scale-Up of Antiretroviral Therapy and Health System Strengthening Supported by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief — Worldwide, 2004–2022 [2023]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Social and Structural Determinants of Household Support for ART Adherence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review [2020]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Marked sex differences in all-cause mortality on antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • Early Mortality in Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2011]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Self-transfer and mortality amongst adults lost to follow-up in ART programmes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis [2015]

• World Health Organization
  • Update on the transition to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy [2022]
  • Antiretroviral medicines in low- and middle-income countries: forecasts of global and regional demand for 2021–2025 [2022]
  • Demand forecast for antiretroviral drugs in low and middle-income countries, 2007-2008 [2008]

Malawi

• BMC Public Health
  • Act local, think global: how the Malawi experience of scaling up antiretroviral treatment has informed global policy [2016]

• Implementation Science
  • The feasibility of automating audit and feedback for ART guideline adherence in Malawi [2011]
  • From PALSA PLUS to PALM PLUS: adapting and developing a South African guideline and training intervention to better integrate HIV/AIDS care with primary care in rural health centers in Malawi [2011]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Antiretroviral drug supply challenges in the era of scaling up ART in Malawi [2011]

Mozambique

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact Analysis of the Implementation of Differentiated Service Delivery Models for HIV Treatment in Mozambique: a Modelling Study [2024]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Evaluation of the Mozambique Antiretroviral Therapy (MozART) database as an antiretroviral therapy patient surveillance system, 2017-2018 [2022]

Myanmar

• International Health
  • Advanced HIV disease and associated attrition after re-engagement in HIV care in Myanmar from 2003 to 2019: a retrospective cohort study [2023]

Namibia

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
  • Tenofovir substitution in Namibia based on an analysis of the antiretroviral dispensing database [2015]

• Ministry of Health and Social Services
  • National guidelines for antiretroviral therapy [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Predictors of loss to follow-up from HIV antiretroviral therapy in Namibia [2022]
  • Nurse Task Shifting for Antiretroviral Treatment Services in Namibia: Implementation Research to Move Evidence into Action [2014]

Nepal

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Strengthening adherence to Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) monitoring and support: operation research to identify barriers and facilitators in Nepal [2015]

Netherlands

• BMJ Open
  • AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) national observational HIV cohort: cohort profile [2018]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Increased Virological Failure in Naive HIV-1–Infected Patients Taking Lamivudine Compared With Emtricitabine in Combination With Tenofovir and Efavirenz or Nevirapine in the Dutch Nationwide ATHENA Cohort [2014]

Nigeria

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Rapid Scale-up of an Antiretroviral Therapy Program Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Nine States, Nigeria, March 31, 2019–September 30, 2020 [2021]

• Journal of Research in Health Sciences
  • Retention in Care Among People Living with HIV in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Predictors of interruptions in antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV in Nigeria: a retrospective cohort study using the Nigeria national data repository [2025]
  • High rates of loss to follow-up during the first year of pre-antiretroviral therapy for HIV patients at sites providing pre-ART care in Nigeria, 2004–2012 [2017]
  • What Is the Economic Burden of Subsidized HIV/AIDS Treatment Services on Patients in Nigeria and Is This Burden Catastrophic to Households? [2016]
  • Outcomes of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS Treatment Program for Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Treatment between 2004-2012 [2016]
  • Long-Term Outcomes on Antiretroviral Therapy in a Large Scale-Up Program in Nigeria [2016]

Portugal

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness of the Third-Agent Class in Treatment-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in Portugal [2012]

• Revista de Saúde Pública
  • Direct treatment costs of HIV/AIDS in Portugal [2014]

Republic of Korea

• Scientific Reports
  • Effect of single tablet regimen on prescription trends for treatment-naïve patients with HIV/AIDS in Korea [2022]

• Yonsei Medical Journal
  • Survival Trend of HIV/AIDS Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Korea between 2001 and 2015 [2020]

Rwanda

• BMC Medicine
  • Improving health outcomes through concurrent HIV program scale-up and health system development in Rwanda: 20 years of experience [2015]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Phased implementation of spaced clinic visits for stable HIV-positive patients in Rwanda to support Treat All [2017]

Serbia, United Kingdom

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Choice of first-line antiretroviral therapy regimen and treatment outcomes for HIV in a middle income compared to a high income country: a cohort study [2016]

Singapore

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral therapy in adults living with HIV in Singapore [2022]

South Africa

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence and trends of advanced HIV disease among antiretroviral therapy-naïve and antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients in South Africa between 2010-2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• IeDEA
  • The effect of care interruptions on mortality in adults resuming antiretroviral therapy [2024]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Will differentiated care for stable HIV patients reduce healthcare systems costs? [2020]
  • Changes in second-line regimen durability and continuity of care in relation to national ART guideline changes in South Africa [2016]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Assessment of epidemic projections using recent HIV survey data in South Africa: a validation analysis of ten mathematical models of HIV epidemiology in the antiretroviral therapy era [2015]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • Supporting re-engagement with HIV services after treatment interruption in South Africa: a mixed method program evaluation of MSF's Welcome Service [2024]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Estimating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on adult mortality trends in South Africa: A mathematical modelling study [2017]
  • Convergence of Mortality Rates among Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa and North America [2014]
  • Elimination of HIV in South Africa through Expanded Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Model Comparison Study [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Changing the South African national antiretroviral therapy guidelines: The role of cost modelling [2017]
  • Views of Medical Doctors Regarding the 2013 WHO Adult HIV Treatment Guidelines Indicate Variable Applicability for Routine Patient Monitoring, for Their Family Members and for Themselves, in South-Africa [2016]
  • The Impact of the New WHO Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines on HIV Epidemic Dynamics and Cost in South Africa [2011]

• Southern African HIV Clinicians Society
  • Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2023 update [2023]
  • 2023 Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Adult Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines: What's new? [2023]
  • Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2020 update [2020]
  • Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Guidance on the use of dolutegravir in first-line antiretroviral therapy [2018]
  • Adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines 2017 [2017]

• Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
  • Ten years of nurse-initiated antiretroviral treatment in South Africa: A narrative review of enablers and barriers [2021]
  • Loss to follow-up from antiretroviral therapy clinics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in South Africa from 2011 to 2015 [2019]

Southern Africa

• Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
  • The role of rilpivirine in Southern Africa [2019]

Spain

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Potential healthcare resource use and associated costs of every 2 month injectable cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting regimen implementation in the Spanish National Healthcare System compared to daily oral HIV treatments [2024]

• ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research
  • Antiretroviral treatment switch strategies for lowering the costs of antiretroviral therapy in subjects with suppressed HIV-1 viremia in Spain [2013]

• Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
  • Reasons for noncompliance with the national guidelines for initial antiretroviral therapy of HIV-infected patients in Spain, 2010–2015 [2019]

• Farmacia Hospitalaria
  • 2022 update of the indicators for quality of care and pharmaceutical care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus [2023]

• GESIDA
  • Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir/rilpivirine in real-world clinical practice. GeSIDA study 1119 [2023]
  • Executive summary of the GESIDA/National AIDS Plan Consensus Document on Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Updated January 2016) [2016]
  • Costs and cost-efficacy analysis of the 2016 GESIDA/Spanish AIDS National Plan recommended guidelines for initial antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults [2016]

• Journal of Clinical Medicine
  • Temporal Trends and Geographic Variability in the Prescription of Antiretroviral Treatments in People Living with HIV in Spain, 2004-2020 [2022]

• PLoS ONE
  • Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors [2019]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Community-Based ART Service Delivery for Key Populations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Scoping Review of Outcomes Along the Continuum of HIV Care [2022]
  • A Systematic Review of Linkage-to-Care and Antiretroviral Initiation Implementation Strategies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Across Sub-Saharan Africa [2022]

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Standard of care in advanced HIV disease: review of HIV treatment guidelines in sub-Saharan African countries-an extension study of eight countries [2025]
  • Standard of care in advanced HIV disease: review of HIV treatment guidelines in six sub-Saharan African countries [2023]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Barriers and facilitators to the implementation and scale up of differentiated service delivery models for HIV treatment in Africa: a scoping review [2022]
  • From policy to practice: exploring the implementation of antiretroviral therapy access and retention policies between 2013 and 2016 in six sub-Saharan African countries [2017]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Bridging the gap: identifying barriers and strategies for widespread implementation of long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review [2025]

• BMC Medicine
  • The potential to expand antiretroviral therapy by improving health facility efficiency: evidence from Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • A systematic review of the effectiveness of non- health facility based care delivery of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa measured by viral suppression, mortality and retention on ART [2021]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Intergenerational spillover effects of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review and future directions for research [2023]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Predictors of lost to follow up from antiretroviral therapy among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Interventions to Improve Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Updated Systematic Review [2021]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Risk factors for late linkage to care and delayed antiretroviral therapy initiation among adults with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses [2022]

• Journal of Infection and Public Health
  • Systematic review of interventions aimed at improving HIV adherence to care in low- and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa [2022]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Acceleration of differentiated service delivery for HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa during COVID-19 [2021]

• Journal of Virus Eradication
  • Treating all people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a new era calling for new approaches [2018]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Population size, HIV prevalence, and antiretroviral therapy coverage among key populations in sub-Saharan Africa: collation and synthesis of survey data, 2010-23 [2024]

• Lancet HIV
  • Updated assessment of risks and benefits of dolutegravir versus efavirenz in new antiretroviral treatment initiators in sub-Saharan Africa: modelling to inform treatment guidelines [2020]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Evidence for scaling up HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: A call for incorporating health system constraints [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • The proportion of loss to follow-up from antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its association with age among adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Strategies for retention of heterosexual men in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review [2021]
  • Uptake of WHO Recommendations for First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia [2015]
  • Multi-Country Analysis of Treatment Costs for HIV/AIDS (MATCH): Facility-Level ART Unit Cost Analysis in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia [2014]

• Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
  • When will sub-Saharan Africa adopt HIV treatment for all? [2016]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • Systematic review: Development of a person-centered care framework within the context of HIV treatment settings in sub-Saharan Africa [2022]

• World Health Organization
  • Review of product information for selected antiretroviral medicines circulating in five African countries [2022]

Sweden

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV drug therapy duration; a Swedish real world nationwide cohort study on InfCareHIV 2009-2014 [2017]

Switzerland

• PLoS ONE
  • A Comparison of Initial Antiretroviral Therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and the Recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA [2011]

Taiwan

• Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection
  • Profiles and persistence of initial antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study from 2011 to 2017 [2022]

Tanzania

• Journal of Global Health
  • Changes in patterns of retention in HIV care and antiretroviral treatment in Tanzania between 2008 and 2016: an analysis of routinely collected national programme data [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV viral suppression in the era of dolutegravir use: Findings from a national survey in Tanzania [2024]

Thailand

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents 2014, Thailand [2015]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Long-term outcomes of rapid antiretroviral NNRTI-based initiation among Thai youth living with HIV: a national registry database study [2023]

Togo

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Loss of HIV-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy programs in Togo: risk factors and the fate of these patients [2013]

Uganda

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Scale-Up of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and Estimation of Averted Infections and HIV-Related Deaths — Uganda, 2004–2022 [2023]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Annual cost of antiretroviral therapy among three service delivery models in Uganda [2016]

Ukraine

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Comparative Clinical Outcomes With Scale-up of Dolutegravir as First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Ukraine [2022]

United Kingdom

• British HIV Association
  • BHIVA guidelines on antiretroviral treatment for adults living with HIV-1 2022 (2023 interim update) [2023]
  • BHIVA guidelines on antiretroviral treatment for adults living with HIV-1 2022 [2022]
  • British HIV Association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV-2-positive individuals 2010 [2010]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Cabotegravir with rilpivirine for treating HIV-1 [2022]

• NHS England
  • Dolutegravir-rilpivirine for treating HIV-1 in adults [2020]
  • Dolutegravir / lamivudine for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infected adults and adolescents over 12 years of age [2020]
  • Doravirine for the treatment of HIV-1 in adults [2019]
  • Immediate antiretroviral therapy for treatment of HIV-1 in adults and adolescents [2018]
  • Dolutegravir for treatment of HIV1 in adults and adolescents [2018]
  • Clinical Commissioning Policy: Use of cobicistat as a booster in treatment of HIV infection (all ages) [2018]
  • Tenofovir Alafenamide for treatment of HIV 1 in adults and adolescents [2017]
  • Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir for treatment of HIV in adults [2015]

United States

• AIDS and Behavior
  • A Systematic Review of Factors Critical for HIV Health Literacy, ART Adherence and Retention in Care in the U.S. for Racial and Ethnic Minorities [2022]

• AIDS Research and Treatment
  • Current Challenges to the United States' AIDS Drug Assistance Program and Possible Implications of the Affordable Care Act [2013]

• Annals of Internal Medicine
  • Economic savings versus health losses: The cost-effectiveness of generic antiretroviral therapy in the United States [2013]

• Antiviral Therapy
  • The best backbone for HIV prevention, treatment, and elimination: Emtricitabine+tenofovir [2022]

• BMC Public Health
  • Achieving the "Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S." incidence reduction goals among at-risk populations in the South [2023]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Impact of the US Food and Drug Administration registration of antiretroviral drugs on global access to HIV treatment [2018]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Nonadherence to Any Prescribed Medication Due to Costs Among Adults with HIV Infection — United States, 2016–2017 [2019]
  • Differences in Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes Among Hispanic/Latino Men and Women Receiving HIV Medical Care — United States, 2013–2014 [2018]

• Clinicalinfo
  • Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV

• Drugs
  • HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: A Comparative Review of Efficacy and Safety [2020]

• Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
  • Beyond one pill, once daily: current challenges of antiretroviral therapy management in the United States [2019]

• Infectious Diseases Society of America
  • A Call to Action: The Role of Antiretroviral Stewardship in Inpatient Practice, a Joint Policy Paper of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, HIV Medicine Association, and American Academy of HIV Medicine [2020]
  • Essential Components of Effective HIV Care: A Policy Paper of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Ryan White Medical Providers Coalition [2011]

• International Antiviral Society-USA
  • Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV in Adults: 2024 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel [2025]
  • Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel [2023]

• National HIV Curriculum
  • Antiretroviral Therapy
  • Antiretroviral Medications

• New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
  • Second-Line ART After Treatment Failure or for Regimen Simplification [2024]
  • Use of Injectable CAB/RPV LA as Replacement ART in Virally Suppressed Adults With HIV [2023]
  • Rapid ART Initiation [2023]
  • Selecting an Initial ART Regimen [2022]
  • HIV Treatment

• PLoS ONE
  • Geographic Variations in Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Adults in the United States [2016]
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Single- Versus Generic Multiple-Tablet Regimens for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection in the United States [2016]

• StatPearls
  • HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

Vietnam

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Enhancing the Benefits of Antiretroviral Therapy in Vietnam: Towards Ending AIDS [2014]

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Costing Analysis of National HIV Treatment and Care Program in Vietnam [2014]

West and Central Africa

• UNAIDS
  • The western and central Africa catch-up plan — Putting HIV treatment on the fast-track by 2018 [2017]
  • 90–90–90 - An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic [2017]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Supporting re-engagement in HIV treatment services [2024]
  • Optimization of second-line and third-line antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV: meeting report, 27-28 November 2023 [2024]
  • 2023 WHO think tank on treatment optimization of HIV [2024]
  • Policy brief on integrating and strengthening monitoring of differentiated ART service delivery [2023]
  • Priorities for antiretroviral drug optimization in adults and children report of a CADO, PADO and HIVResNet joint meeting [2022]
  • Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens [2019]
  • Treat all: policy adoption and implementation status in countries [2019]
  • Updated recommendations on first-line and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV [2018]
  • Policy brief: updated recommendations on first-line and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV: HIV treatment, interim guidance [2018]
  • Policy brief: update on antiretroviral regimens for treating and preventing HIV infection and update on early infant diagnosis of HIV: interim guidance [2018]
  • Data quality assessment of national and partner HIV treatment and patient monitoring data and systems: implementation tool [2018]
  • Transition to new antiretroviral drugs in HIV programmes: clinical and programmatic considerations [2017]
  • Key considerations for differentiated antiretroviral therapy delivery for specific populations: children, adolescents, pregnant and breastfeeding women and key populations [2017]
  • HIV treatment: transition to new antiretrovirals in HIV programmes: policy brief [2017]
  • Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy [2017]
  • Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach, 2nd ed [2016]
  • Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV [2015]
  • The next generation of the World Health Organization's global antiretroviral guidance [2013]
  • WHO consultation: the strategic use of antiretrovirals for treatment and prevention of HIV infection: 2nd Expert Panel meeting: executive summary: 4 May 2012, Geneva [2012]
  • Global forecasts of antiretroviral demand 2012-2013: joint WHO/UNAIDS annual consultation with pharmaceutical companies [2012]
  • Short-term priorities for antiretroviral drug optimization: meeting report [2011]
  • Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach (2010 revision) [2010]
  • Interventions to address HIV in prisons: HIV care, treatment and support [2007]
  • Antiretroviral Drug Optimization

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Accelerating HIV treatment in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean and UNAIDS Middle East and North Africa regions [2013]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis
  • Microbicides
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Antiretroviral therapy: laboratory testing
  • Antiretroviral therapy: drug resistance
  • Antiretroviral therapy: adverse events, complications