Maternal and neonatal infections

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Group B streptococcal infections

Africa

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies [2023]

• Pathogens
  • Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types [2021]

Australia

• NSW Health
  • Maternity - Maternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and minimisation of neonatal early-onset GBS sepsis

• Queensland Health
  • Early onset Group B streptococcal disease

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Maternal Group B Streptococcus in pregnancy: screening and management [2019]

Belgium

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Group B Streptococcus maternal colonization and neonatal sepsis in Belgium between 2012 and 2021: a description of the epidemiological situation and identification of risk factors [2025]

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
  • Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women in Brazil: prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance [2019]

Canada

• Association of Ontario Midwives
  • Antepartum, Intrapartum and Postpartum Management of Group B Streptococcus [2022]

• Government of Alberta
  • Alberta public health disease management guidelines : streptococcal disease – group B, newborn

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Group B Streptococcus Screening and Prophylaxis

• Public Health Ontario
  • Group B Streptococcal Disease, Neonatal (Group B strep)

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • The Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease [2018]
  • Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy [2018]

China

• Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
  • Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and antibiotic resistance in China: systematic review and meta-analyses [2023]

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Incidence for Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants and Antimicrobial Resistance, China [2020]

• Pediatrics and Neonatology
  • Updates in prevention policies of early-onset group B streptococcal infection in newborns [2021]
  • Epidemiology of group B streptococcal infection in pregnant women and diseased infants in mainland China [2019]

Denmark

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • The Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus in Denmark From 2005 to 2018 [2020]

Denmark, Netherlands

• Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
  • Mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments, and economic outcomes after invasive group B streptococcal disease in early infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: a national matched cohort study [2021]

Dominican Republic

• Vaccine
  • Attitudes of pregnant women in the Dominican Republic towards a future maternal Group B Streptococcus vaccine [2024]

Ethiopia

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Recto-Vaginal Colonization, Vertical Transmission, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• SAGE Open Medicine
  • Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of group B streptococci among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis study [2022]

Europe

• Infection
  • Maternal Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in Europe: data from the multi-center DEVANI study [2025]

France

• Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Multidrug-Resistant Hypervirulent Group B Streptococcus in Neonatal Invasive Infections, France, 2007–2019 [2020]

Greece

• Pathogens
  • Poor Adherence to the Screening-Based Strategy of Group B Streptococcus Despite Colonization of Pregnant Women in Greece [2021]

High-income countries

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • Self-collected versus health-care professional taken swab for identification of vaginal-rectal colonisation with group B streptococcus in late pregnancy: a systematic review [2023]

Iceland

• Journal of Medical Microbiology
  • Group B streptococcal infections in infants in Iceland: clinical and microbiological factors [2021]

India

• Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease
  • Disease burden due to Group B Streptococcus in the Indian population and the need for a vaccine – a narrative review [2021]

International

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Universal screening versus risk-based protocols for antibiotic prophylaxis during childbirth to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Gestational diabetes as a risk factor for GBS maternal rectovaginal colonization: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Risk Factors Associated With Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses [2022]
  • Infant Group B Streptococcal Disease Incidence and Serotypes Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses [2017]
  • Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide for Pregnant Women, Stillbirths, and Children: Why, What, and How to Undertake Estimates? [2017]
  • Estimates of the Burden of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide for Pregnant Women, Stillbirths, and Children [2017]

• EClinicalMedicine
  • Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Group B streptococcal infections in newborn infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing various strategies [2024]

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • Group B streptococcal disease in the mother and newborn—A review [2020]

• Frontiers in Immunology
  • Vaccines for Streptococcus agalactiae: current status and future perspectives [2024]

• Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • Current research update on group B streptococcal infection related to obstetrics and gynecology [2024]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Group B streptococcus infection during pregnancy and infancy: estimates of regional and global burden [2022]

• PLOS Computational Biology
  • Estimation of country-level incidence of early-onset invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in infants using Bayesian methods [2021]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Maternal immunisation against Group B Streptococcus: A global analysis of health impact and cost-effectiveness [2023]

• Vaccine
  • Vaccines for maternal immunization against Group B Streptococcus disease: WHO perspectives on case ascertainment and case definitions [2019]
  • WHO consultation on group B Streptococcus vaccine development: Report from a meeting held on 27–28 April 2016 [2016]

Iran

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Group B streptococcus drug resistance in pregnant women in Iran: a meta-analysis [2020]

Ireland

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • Group B Streptococcal Disease

• Ireland's Health Services
  • National Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Term Infants [2023]

• Irish Journal of Medical Science
  • Assessing standards for prevention of early onset group B streptococcal (GBS) disease in Ireland [2021]

Islamic countries

• Iranian Journal of Public Health
  • Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus in Vagina and Rectum of Pregnant Women of Islamic & Non-Islamic Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

Italy

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Strategies for preventing group B streptococcal infections in newborns: a nation-wide survey of Italian policies [2017]

• Microorganisms
  • Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates and Infants, Italy, Years 2015–2019 [2021]

Japan

• BMC Research Notes
  • A nationwide survey of the opinions of paediatricians regarding the management of neonates born to women with group B Streptococcus in Japanese maternity homes [2019]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Early-onset and late-onset group B streptococcal disease in Japan: a nationwide surveillance study, 2004–2010 [2013]

• Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • A Multicenter Study on the Utility of Selective Enrichment Broth for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women in Japan [2024]

Latin America

• Vaccine
  • Differences in maternal group B Streptococcus screening rates in Latin American countries [2020]

Lebanon

• Le Infezioni in Medicina
  • A study of group B streptococcus in pregnant women in Lebanon: prevalence, risk factors, vaginal flora and antimicrobial susceptibility [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• Vaccine
  • Ethical considerations for designing GBS maternal vaccine efficacy trials in low-middle income countries [2015]

Malaysia

• Malaysian Journal of Pathology
  • Strategies to reduce invasive neonatal Group B Streptococcal disease in Malaysia [2025]

Netherlands

• Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
  • Epidemiology of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in the Netherlands before and after introduction of guidelines for prevention [2007]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Barriers and facilitators related to the uptake of four strategies to prevent neonatal early-onset group B haemolytic streptococcus disease: a qualitative study [2017]
  • Implementation of a cost-effective strategy to prevent neonatal early-onset group B haemolytic streptococcus disease in the Netherlands [2013]

• Scientific Reports
  • Increasing incidence of group B streptococcus neonatal infections in the Netherlands is associated with clonal expansion of CC17 and CC23 [2020]

• Vaccine
  • Cost-effectiveness of maternal immunization against neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus in the Netherlands [2021]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Prevention of Neonatal Group B Streptococcus Infection (GBS) [2024]

Nordic countries

• EuroSurveillance
  • Early-onset group B streptococcal infections in five Nordic countries with different prevention policies, 1995 to 2019 [2024]

Norway

• Pediatric Research
  • Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study [2021]

Portugal

• EuroSurveillance
  • Epidemiological surveillance of colonising group B Streptococcus epidemiology in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley regions, Portugal (2005 to 2012): emergence of a new epidemic type IV/clonal complex 17 clone [2014]

Qatar

• BMC Pediatrics
  • Incidence and outcomes of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis in Qatar-a multicentre study [2025]

Republic of Korea

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
  • Utility of neonatal early-onset sepsis calculator in risk-based group B Streptococcus screening approach [2020]

• Yonsei Medical Journal
  • A Retrospective National Study on Colonization Rate and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae in Pregnant Korean Women, 2018-2020 [2022]

Saudi Arabia

• Pathogens
  • Group B Streptococcus among Pregnant Women and Neonates in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review [2022]

South Africa

• BMC Research Notes
  • Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women in Garankuwa, South Africa [2015]

• PLoS ONE
  • Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in South Africa: Importance of Surveillance Methodology [2016]

South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa

• Lancet Microbe
  • Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonisation in mother-newborn dyads in low-income and middle-income south Asian and African countries: a prospective, observational study [2024]

Spain, United States

• Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
  • Group B Streptococcus neonatal infections, the ongoing history [2022]

Sweden

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Reduced incidence of neonatal early-onset group B streptococcal infection after promulgation of guidelines for risk-based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in Sweden: analysis of a national population-based cohort [2017]

United Kingdom

• Health Technology Assessment
  • A rapid intrapartum test for group B Streptococcus to reduce antibiotic usage in mothers with risk factors: the GBS2 cluster RCT [2022]

• Right Decisions
  • Group B Streptococcal Prophylaxis

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Prevention of Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Disease [2017]

• Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease
  • To screen or not to screen women for Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) to prevent early onset sepsis in newborns: recent advances in the unresolved debate [2020]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Group B streptococcal infections: guidance, data and analysis

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Group B streptococcus

• WISDOM
  • Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease Guideline [2023]

United States

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Management of Infants at Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease [2019]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns [2020]

• American Society for Microbiology
  • Guidelines for the Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus [2021]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Group B Strep Disease

• Clinics in Perinatology
  • Antibiotic Stewardship: Reassessment of Guidelines for Management of Neonatal Sepsis [2014]

• Journal of Clinical Microbiology
  • Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the Xpert GBS LB Assay for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Prenatal Screening Specimens [2014]

• Journal of Women's Health
  • Association Between Maternal Obesity and Group B Streptococcus Colonization in a National U.S. Cohort [2020]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Chorioamnionitis and Culture-Confirmed Early-onset Neonatal Infections [2015]
  • Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues [2011]

• Pediatrics
  • 2010 Perinatal GBS Prevention Guideline and Resource Utilization [2014]

• Pediatrics in Review
  • Neonatal Group B Streptococcus Disease [2024]

• StatPearls
  • Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO recommendation on screening of pregnant women for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcus disease in newborns [2024]
  • Group B Streptococcus vaccine: full value of vaccine assessment. Financial analysis [2021]
  • Group B Streptococcus Vaccine: full value vaccine assessment [2021]
  • Full Value of Vaccine Assessment: Group B Streptococcus Vaccine Executive Summary [2021]
  • Full Value of Vaccine Assessment: Group B Streptococcus Vaccine - Policy and Implementation Issues [2021]
  • WHO preferred product characteristics for group B streptococcus vaccines [2017]
  • Group B streptococcus vaccine development technology roadmap: priority activities for development, testing, licensure and global availability of group B streptococcus vaccines [2017]
  • Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal infections
  • Infections in pregnancy