Maternal and neonatal infections

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Rubella

Africa

• BMC Research Notes
  • Serological makers of rubella infection in Africa in the pre vaccination era: a systematic review [2015]

• Journal of Immunological Sciences
  • Congenital Rubella Syndrome in The African Region - Data from Sentinel Surveillance [2018]

Albania

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Albania [2020]

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • 1999-2024 TAG recommendations for Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome [2024]
  • Regional Framework for the Monitoring and Re-Verification of Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas. Revised edition [2022]
  • Measles and Rubella Risk Assessment Tool. User Guide [2022]
  • Regional Framework for the Monitoring and Re-Verification of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas [2021]
  • Rubella

Andorra

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Andorra [2020]

Armenia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Armenia [2020]

Australia

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Rubella | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

• NSW Health
  • Rubella (German Measles) control guideline

• SA Health
  • Rubella in Pregnancy

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • Using the two-source capture–recapture method to estimate the incidence and case ascertainment of congenital rubella syndrome in Australia, 1993–2013 [2016]

Austria

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Austria [2020]

Azerbaijan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Azerbaijan [2020]

Belarus

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Belarus [2020]

Belgium

• EuroSurveillance
  • Pitfalls of rubella serology while on the brink of elimination: evaluation of national data, Belgium, 2017 [2021]

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Belgium [2020]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Bosnia and Herzegovina [2020]

Bulgaria

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Bulgaria [2020]

Cameroon

• International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications
  • Identification of Ocular and Auditory Manifestations of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Mbingo [2014]

Canada

• Government of Alberta
  • Alberta public health disease management guidelines : rubella
  • Alberta public health disease management guidelines : congenital rubella infection/syndrome

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Re-verifying the elimination of measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Canada, 2016–2020 [2021]
  • Rubella vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide
  • Rubella
  • Measles and Rubella Weekly Monitoring Report

• Public Health Ontario
  • Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Rubella in Pregnancy [2018]

China

• Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
  • Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles-Mumps-Rubella in China's Mainland during 2014-2021 [2024]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Long-term trends in rubella incidence across various regions and age groups in China, 2004-2021 [2025]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of susceptibility to rubella among women preparing for pregnancy in rural China [2017]

• Scientific Reports
  • Analysis of complete genomes of the rubella virus genotypes 1E and 2B which circulated in China, 2000–2013 [2016]

Croatia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Croatia [2020]

Cyprus

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Cyprus [2020]

Czech Republic

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Czech Republic [2020]

Denmark

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Denmark [2020]

Estonia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Estonia [2020]

Ethiopia

• BMC Public Health
  • Epidemiology of rubella virus cases in the pre-vaccination era of Ethiopia, 2009–2015 [2016]

• Epidemiology & Infection
  • Epidemiological analysis of rubella-confirmed cases from measles suspected cases in Ethiopia: Threat for Congenital Rubella Syndrome [2022]

Europe

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Rubella Elimination — World Health Organization European Region, 2005–2019 [2021]

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
  • Retrospective surveillance and enhanced case-finding of congenital rubella syndrome cases [2018]
  • Measles and rubella surveillance - 2017 [2018]
  • Vaccine Scheduler - Rubella
  • Measles and Rubella monthly report
  • Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)

• WHO European Region
  • Twelfth meeting of the European Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination: 8–11 September 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark [2024]
  • Eliminating measles and rubella in the WHO European Region: integrated guidance for surveillance, outbreak response and verification of elimination [2024]
  • Eleventh meeting of the European Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination, 8–10 November 2022 [2023]
  • Tenth meeting of the European Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination: summary of virtual sessions held on 6 October 2021, 2 November 2021, 8 December 2021 and 16 February 2022 [2022]
  • Measles and rubella regional and country profiles
  • Measles and rubella EURO

Fiji

• Journal of Tropical Medicine
  • Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Fiji, 1995–2010 [2013]

Finland

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Finland [2020]

France

• EuroSurveillance
  • Resurgence risk for measles, mumps and rubella in France in 2018 and 2020 [2018]

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: France [2020]

Georgia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Georgia [2020]

Germany

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Germany [2020]

Ghana

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • An 11-year trend of rubella incidence cases reported in the measles case-based surveillance system, Ghana [2021]

Greece

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Greece [2020]

Hungary

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Hungary [2020]

Iceland

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Iceland [2020]

India

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination — India, 2005–2021 [2022]
  • Sentinel Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome — India, 2016–2017 [2018]

• Indian Academy of Pediatrics
  • IAP perspectives on measles and rubella elimination strategies [2014]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • National operational guidelines for introduction of measles-rubella vaccine [2017]

• PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India based on data from cross-sectional serosurveys, 2017 and 2019–20 [2021]
  • Epidemiology of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in India, 2016-18, based on data from sentinel surveillance [2020]

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Progress towards measles and rubella elimination – India, 2005–2021 [2023]

Indonesia

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination — Indonesia, 2013–2022 [2023]

International

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination — Worldwide, 2012–2022 [2024]
  • Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination — Worldwide, 2012–2020 [2022]
  • Progress in Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2016 [2017]

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
  • Strategies for elimination of rubella in pregnancy and of congenital rubella syndrome in high and upper-middle income countries [2020]

• Lancet Global Health
  • The epidemiology of rubella, 2007–18: an ecological analysis of surveillance data [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • Using Seroprevalence and Immunisation Coverage Data to Estimate the Global Burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 1996-2010: A Systematic Review [2016]

• Vaccines
  • The Impact of Rubella Vaccine Introduction on Rubella Infection and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling Studies [2021]

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Genetic characterization of measles and rubella viruses detected through surveillance for global measles and rubella elimination, 2016–2018 [2019]

Iran

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Sero-epidemiological evaluation of rubella immunity among pre-marriage women in Iran [2019]

• International Journal of Fertility & Sterility
  • Rubella Immunity in Pregnant Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2019]

Ireland

• Health Information and Quality Authority
  • Rubella

• Health Protection Surveillance Centre
  • Rubella

• Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
  • Rubella [2024]

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Ireland [2020]

Israel

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Israel [2020]

Italy

• EuroSurveillance
  • Congenital rubella still a public health problem in Italy: analysis of national surveillance data from 2005 to 2013 [2015]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Effect of the mandatory vaccination law on measles and rubella incidence and vaccination coverage in Italy (2013-2019) [2022]
  • Surveillance and vaccination coverage of measles and rubella in Northern Italy [2014]
  • Progress in the elimination of measles and congenital rubella in Central Italy [2013]

• Vaccine: X
  • Prevalence and management of rubella susceptibility in healthcare workers in Italy: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Italy [2020]

Japan

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Predicting congenital rubella syndrome in Japan, 2018–2019 [2019]
  • Investigating the immunizing effect of the rubella epidemic in Japan, 2012-14 [2015]

Kazakhstan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Kazakhstan [2020]

Kyrgyzstan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Kyrgyzstan [2020]

Laos

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Comparison of population-based measles-rubella immunoglobulin G antibody prevalence between 2014 and 2019 in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Impacts of the national immunization program [2023]

Latvia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Latvia [2020]

Lesotho

• BMC Public Health
  • Rubella epidemiology in Lesotho after vaccine introduction: a five-year review, 2018-2022 [2024]

Lithuania

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Lithuania [2020]

Low and middle income countries

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Estimated Current and Future Congenital Rubella Syndrome Incidence with and Without Rubella Vaccine Introduction — 19 Countries, 2019–2055 [2025]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • The impact of Measles-Rubella vaccination on the morbidity and mortality from Congenital Rubella Syndrome in 92 countries [2019]

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Estimated current and future incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in 19 countries with and without introduction of rubella vaccine, 2019–2025 [2025]

Luxembourg

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Luxembourg [2020]

Macedonia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Republic of North Macedonia [2020]

Malaysia

• Malaysian Society of Infectious Diseases & Chemotherapy
  • Rubella

Malta

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Malta [2020]

Moldova

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Republic of Moldova [2020]

Monaco

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Monaco [2020]

Montenegro

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Montenegro [2020]

Namibia

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Rubella immunity among pregnant women aged 15–44 years, Namibia, 2010 [2016]

Nepal

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Confronting Rubella: the story of how Nepal protected its people from rubella and congenital rubella syndrome [2018]

Netherlands

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: the Netherlands [2020]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Rubella: congenital
  • Rubella

• Immunisation Advisory Centre
  • Rubella

• Starship
  • Rubella

Nigeria

• Vaccine
  • The impact of sub-national heterogeneities in demography and epidemiology on the introduction of rubella vaccination programs in Nigeria [2024]

Norway

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Norway [2020]

Philippines

• International Journal of Pediatrics
  • Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the Philippines: A Systematic Review [2016]

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • The burden of congenital rubella syndrome in the Philippines: results from a retrospective assessment [2017]

Poland

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Poland [2020]

Portugal

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Portugal [2020]

Republic of Korea

• BMJ Open
  • Recent trends in seroprevalence of rubella in Korean women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study [2020]

Romania

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Romania [2020]

Russia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Russian Federation [2020]

San Marino

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: San Marino [2020]

Senegal

• Viruses
  • Measles and Rubella Incidence and Molecular Epidemiology in Senegal: Temporal and Regional Trends during Twelve Years of National Surveillance, 2010-2021 [2022]

Serbia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Serbia [2020]

Singapore

• National Centre for Infectious Diseases
  • Rubella

Slovakia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Slovakia [2020]

Slovenia

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Slovenia [2020]

Solomon Islands

• Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal
  • An outbreak investigation of congenital rubella syndrome in Solomon Islands, 2013 [2016]

South Africa

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance in South Africa Using a Sentinel Site Approach: A Cross-sectional Study [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • A retrospective 5-year review of rubella in South Africa prior to the introduction of a rubella-containing vaccine [2022]

Spain

• Vaccine
  • Last cases of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Spain, 1997–2016: The success of a vaccination program [2019]

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Spain [2020]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Sero-prevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis [2020]

Sweden

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Sweden [2020]

Switzerland

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Switzerland [2020]

Taiwan

• Medicine
  • Epidemiological features and risk factors for measles and rubella in Taiwan during 2011 to 2020 [2022]

• Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Is birth cohort 1985/9–1990/8 a susceptibility window for congenital rubella syndrome in Taiwan? [2016]

Tajikistan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Tajikistan [2020]

Turkey

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Turkey [2020]

Turkmenistan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Turkmenistan [2020]

Uganda

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Rubella IgM epidemiology in the pre-rubella vaccination era in Uganda [2020]

Ukraine

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Ukraine [2020]

United Kingdom

• EuroSurveillance
  • Rubella infection in pregnancy and congenital rubella in United Kingdom, 2003 to 2016 [2018]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Rubella (German measles): guidance, data and analysis

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Rubella susceptibility

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [2020]

United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine (PRIORIX): Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 [2022]
  • Rubella | Pink Book
  • Rubella Infection Control in Healthcare Personnel
  • Rubella
  • Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Safety
  • Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Uzbekistan

• WHO European Region
  • Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Uzbekistan [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Targeted and selective strategies in measles and rubella vaccination campaigns: interim guidance [2024]
  • Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper – July 2020 [2020]
  • Measles and rubella strategic framework: 2021-2030 [2020]
  • Manual for the Laboratory-based Surveillance of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome [2018]
  • Congenital Rubella Syndrome: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards [2018]
  • Roadmap to elimination standard measles and rubella surveillance [2017]
  • Planning and implementing high-quality supplementary immunization activities for injectable vaccines using an example of measles and rubella vaccines: field guide [2016]
  • Introducing rubella vaccine into national immunization programmes: a step by step guide [2015]
  • Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012-2020 [2012]
  • The immunological basis for immunization series: module 11: rubella [2008]
  • Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella virus infection, 2nd ed [2007]
  • Total rubella - number of reported cases
  • Rubella: Fact sheet
  • Rubella reported cases and incidence
  • Rubella (Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals)
  • Rubella (German Measles)
  • Provisional monthly measles and rubella data

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Rubella

WHO South-East Asia Region

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Progress towards rubella elimination - WHO South-East Asia Region, 2013-2021 [2023]

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Strategic Plan for measles and rubella elimination and sustenance in the WHO South-East Asia Region: 2024–2028 [2024]
  • Ninth South-East Asia Regional Meeting of Virologists of the Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, Lucknow, India, 1–2 September 2022 [2023]
  • Seventh Meeting of the WHO South-East Asia Regional Verification Commission for measles and rubella [2022]
  • Review of progress and way forward on measles and rubella elimination activities in the WHO South-East Asia Region [2022]
  • Fourth Regional workshop to review progress towards measles-rubella and other priority VPD surveillance and outbreak preparedness and response in WHO South-East Asia region [2022]
  • Framework for verification of measles and rubella elimination in the WHO South-East Asia Region [2020]
  • Strategic plan for measles and rubella elimination in WHO South-East Asia Region: 2020–2024 [2019]
  • Measles and rubella in SEARO

WHO Western Pacific Region

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Rubella Elimination — Western Pacific Region, 2000–2019 [2020]

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination in the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 9-13 September 2024: meeting report [2024]
  • Measles-Rubella Bulletin 2024 [2024]
  • Guidelines for the surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome in the Western Pacific Region [2022]
  • Consultation on Regional Measles and Rubella Elimination in the Western Pacific Inherent Physical Requirements of the Position, Manila, Philippines, 19-21 April 2017 : meeting report [2017]
  • Sixth Hands-on Training on Molecular Laboratory Diagnosis of Measles and Rubella, Hong Kong SAR (China), 29 February to 4 March 2016 : report [2016]

Zambia

• Epidemiology & Infection
  • Estimated incidence and transmission intensity of rubella infection in Zambia pre-vaccine era 2005-2016 [2022]

• Scientific Reports
  • Leveraging a national biorepository in Zambia to assess measles and rubella immunity gaps across age and space [2022]

Zimbabwe

• BMC Public Health
  • Trends of rubella incidence during a 5-year period of case based surveillance in Zimbabwe [2015]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal infections
  • Infections in pregnancy